Antifungal Activity Of Ethanolic Extracts Research Articles

Calliandra haematocephala’s phytochemical analysis and antifungal effectiveness against fish pathogen in the lake of Bhopal

Aquaculture has been a major part of our Economy from ancient times and antimycotic resistant fish illnesses have emerged as a major threat in aquaculture from a very long time. As routinely used anti-fungal medications have become less effective and traditional medicinal herbs have been identified as a possible medication source that can counteract antifungal resistance. The current study will look at the antifungal efficacy of leaf and flower extracts of the nutritional and traditional medicinal plant called Calliandra haematocephala against 3 common fish fungal pathogens (Achlya, Saprolegnia and Aphanomyces) that were isolated from Lower Lake of Bhopal (M.P.) and causes illness in fishes present in Lower Lake, Bhopal (M.P.). The leaves and flowers of Calliandra haematocephala were extracted sequentially with ethanol as a solvent, and the presence of possible phytoconstituents was qualitatively evaluated. Flavonoids, phenol, alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins and saponins were present in both flowers and leaves and steroids were found exclusively in the ethanolic extract of the leaf only not in flower extract. The antifungal activity of ethanolic extract was determined using the agar well diffusion technique. The ethanolic fraction of the flower demonstrated a wide range of activity against fish pathogens, with a maximal inhibitory or clearance activity against Saprolegnia in a amount of 20 μL (4 mm) and in leaves it showed maximum clearance zone in Achlya and Saprolegnia in 20μL (4 mm). In conclusion, Calliandra haematocephala’s extracts consist of potential secondary metabolites that might be employed as antifungal treatments for 3 prevalent fish Pathogens, and the leaf ethanolic extracts have more inhibitory efficacy than the flower ethanolic extract.

AKTIVITAS ANTIJAMUR EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KRATOM (Mitragyna speciosa) TERHADAP JAMUR Microsporum canis

The world population experiencing dermatophytosis has reached 20%. Dermatophytosis is an infection caused by dermatophyte fungi. The prevalence in Asia reaches 35.6%. One of the fungi that causes dermatophytosis is Microsporum canis. Microsporum canis is known to be resistant to antifungal drugs. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant originating from Southeast Asia and in Indonesia it is often found in the Kapuas Hulu area, West Kalimantan. Kratom leaves are widely used as herbal medicine and have secondary metabolite compounds that have the potential to be used as antifungals. This study aims to determine the antifungal activity of ethanol extract of kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) on the growth of Microsporum canis. Phytochemical screening was carried out using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) scanner method and spray testing to determine the secondary metabolite compounds of the extract being tested. The test extract was made in concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% (w/v) with ethanol as a solvent. 8 µg itraconazole discs were used as a positive control and 10% DMSO was used as a negative control. Antifungal activity testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method by measuring the fungal growth inhibition zone. The ethanol extract of kratom leaves contains secondary metabolite compounds, namely alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids and tannins with the most dominant groups of alkaloid and tannin compounds. The results showed that there was no growth inhibition zone for Microsporum canis at all extract concentrations tested. The ethanol extract of kratom leaves does not have antifungal activity against the growth of Microsporum canis.

Differentiation and prediction of the in vitro antifungal activity of Brazilian propolis against Fonsecaea pedrosoi using chemometrics and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier Transform spectroscopy

The in vitro antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts of propolis was evaluated at five different concentrations in twelve Fonsecaea pedrosoi strains using agar dilution. Eight propolis extracts were collected from towns located in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier Transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was employed to analyze the spectra of lyophilized propolis extracts. The use of chemometric tools allowed for the development of models with more relevant factors and with fewer variables. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was applied, allowing for the development of PLS-DRIFTS models to predict antifungal activity of all fungal strains with root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) lower to 5.00 mm2 and coefficient correlation of cross-validation (R2) upper to 0.99 with five to eight latent variables at 4000-2400 and 2200-600 cm-1. Concluding, DRIFTS models associated with chemometrics are powerful screening tools of propolis samples with fungistatic properties against Fonsecaea pedrosoi.

Determination of Antifungal Activity of Leaf Extracts from Hypericum ssp. Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria Alternata

In this study, the antifungal activity of ethanol extracts of three plant species of Hypericum perforatum, Hypericum scabrum and Hypericum origanifolium were evaluated for against two plant pathogenic fungal species of Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata.The antifungal activities of Hypericum ssp. extracts (3, 15, 45, 80, 120, 200, 240, 300 ppm) were tested against fungi. Ethanol 30% as control; Commercial fungicide (1 μg/mL) was used as a positive control. All Hypericum ssp. plant extracts were effective in different rates against the fungi depending on the doses. In addition, IC50 values of the three selected plant Hypericum ssp. leaf extract against pathogenic fungus F.oxysporum and A. alternata were determined with of probit analysis. In terms of the IC50 values, the antifungal activity of H. perforatum plant exract against F.oxysporum (122.525 μg/mL) > A.alternata (108.484 μg/mL). On the other hand, IC50 values of H. scabrum against A.alternata (126.390 μg/mL) > F.oxysporum (113.714 μg/mL). Moreover, the IC50 value of H. origanifolium against two pathogenic fungi was calculated as F.oxysporum (159.931 μg/mL) > A.alternata (55.759 μg/mL). Results showed that H.origanifolium has the best fungicidal activity, with IC50 value of 55.759 μg/mL against A.alternata and H.scabrum 113.717 μg/mL against F.oxysporum. However, the highest concentrations (300 ppm) caused completely inhibition in the both fungi mycelial growth followed by lower concentrations of plant extracts. A. alternata were the sensitive fungal species, while the F. oxysporum were a more resistant to the Hypericum ssp. extracts. Based on the antifungal activity tests, these plants extracts this may have effective as the new natural fungicide protecting crops against fungal diseases.

A study of pharmacognostic profile and antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of kapok banana weevil (Musa balbisiana)

Dandruff is an anomaly on the scalp caused by Pityrosporum ovale. Dandruff-treated Ketoconazole shampoo, Excessive caused dermatitis and hair damage. The problem was solved using the kapok banana weevil as an alternative treatment. This study aims to determine the quality of kapok banana weevil simplicia and its anti-functional activity against P. ovale. The study was conducted in two stages, the first of which involved Pharmacognostic profiles on macroscopy, microscopy, Simplicia quality, and phytochemical screening. Examining the inhibitory zones of the ethanolic extract of P. ovale at doses of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% reveals stage 2 antifungal activity. Employing the Kirby-Bauer diffusion as a positive control with ketoconazole and a negative control with sterile aqua dest. A 95% confidence level LSD post hoc test, one-way ANOVA, and description technique were used to evaluate the data. Results: The Kapuk banana weevil's Simplisia met high standards for Simplisia quality, and its ethanol extract was able to stop P. ovale growth by creating an inhibition zone. The ethanol extract of the Kapuk banana weevil was able to suppress the development of P. ovale with an inhibition zone extending from 0.5 to 17.16 mm and positive control (ketoconazole) of 23.5 mm. The Simplisia of the Kapuk banana weevil had good simplicia quality standards. Extract with concentration of 40%and a 17.16 mm inhibition zone, the activity was at its peak. The pharmacognostic profile demonstrates the high quality of Simplicia, and the activities of the kapok banana weevil extract are at their peak at a concentration of 40% at a diameter of 17.16 mm.

Uji aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak etanol buah renggak (Amomum dealbatum Roxb.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Candida albicans

Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans are microorganisms that cause infection in humans and have developed resistance to several classes of antibiotics and antifungals. Plants in the genus Amomum have been used in traditional medicine and have scientific potential as alternatives to natural antibacterial and antifungal agents. Renggak (Amomum dealbatum Roxb.) is a species of the genus Amomum that is commonly found in Lombok. Scientific research related to the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the fruit is still limited. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanol extract of renggak fruit against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The extraction method used sonication with 96% ethanol. Testing of antibacterial and antifungal activity by disc diffusion method. The positive control used chloramphenicol for antibacterial testing and ketoconazole for antifungal testing, while the negative control used 10% DMSO solution. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extract was measured based on the diameter of the inhibition zone formed around the disc. Data analysis used the Kruskall-Wallis statistical test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the ethanol extract had moderate activity against S. aureus at concentrations of 20% w/v & 30%w/v with inhibitory diameters ranging from 5-7 mm, while at concentrations of 40% w/v & 50% w/v. has strong activity with inhibitory diameters ranging from 10-15 mm. The ethanol extract showed no activity at concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100% in inhibiting the growth of the fungus C. albicans. Statistical test of each extract concentration had a significant effect on the inhibition of growth of S. aureus compared to the negative control. Based on the description above, it can be concluded that the extract of renggak fruit has the potential to inhibit the growth of S. aureus.

Antifungal Activity Test of the Ethanol Extract of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) Leaves Against the Fungus C. albicans Growth

AbstractResearch on the antifungal activity test of ethanol extract of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) leaves against the fungus C. albicans growth was carried out. The aim of this study was to examine the antifungal activity of ethanol extracts of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) leaves on the growth of the fungus C. albicans. The ethanol extract of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) leaves was obtained through maceration method. The ethanol extract of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) leaves was tested for antifungal activity by liquid and solid dilution methods in determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum kill concentration (MKC). The results of the antifungal activity of the ethanol extract of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) leaves on the growth of the fungus C. albicans by the liquid dilution method showed the MIC value of 25 ppm and MKC value of 500 ppm. While the results of the antifungal activity of the ethanol extract of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) leaves on the growth of the fungus C. albicans by solid dilution method showed the MIC value of 5 ppm with inhibitory ability of 50.13% of media control and a MKC value of 250 ppm.

Antifungal activity of purple amomum (Amomum longiligulare T.L. Wu) plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. and Helminthosporium sativum P. K. & B.

Purple amomum (Amomum longiligulare T.L. Wu), which belongs to the monophyletic Zingiberaceae family, is a valuable medicinal plant in Vietnam. The studies on the biological activities of the extracts or essential oils of this species are very limited. So far, there has been no evaluation of the antifungal activity of purple amomum extracts. Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. and Helminthosporium sativum P. K. & B. fungi which are the causal agent of a wide variety of cereal and many economically important crop species diseases, causing significant losses to agricultural production. The use of plant extracts to control these fungi is an alternative to synthetic fungicides. The attempt of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of ethanol extracts from different organs of purple amomum against both fungi species. The antifungal effect of purple amomum extracts (including ethanol extract of leaf, seed, rhizome and root, and pseudo-stem) concentrations of 0.05 and 0.10 mg/mL were investigated. Our present study showed that the extracts of purple amomum had different effects on the two fungi species. Extracts of 0.10 mg/mL seed and 0.10 mg/mL leaf in most of the treatments showed the best antifungal effect on both studied fungal species. In all the treatments using seed extract, the lowest indicator of the specific growth rate (m) of the fungi was observed. On the other hand, the antifungal effect of purple amomum extracts on H. sativum fungus appeared to be better than on F. oxysporum fungus. The results of this study open up the prospect of developing new fungicides from purple amomum extracts to treat diseases caused by F. oxysporum and H. sativum fungi in crops.

Comparing Crop Yield, Secondary Metabolite Contents, and Antifungal Activity of Extracts of Helichrysum odoratissimum Cultivated in Aquaponic, Hydroponic, and Field Systems.

The overexploitation of wild plants for medicinal uses and conventional agricultural farming methods, which use high amounts of water, fertilizers, and pesticides, have had devastating environmental consequences. This study aimed to evaluate the prospects of using aquaponics and hydroponics as alternative approaches to soil cultivation by comparing the crop yields, secondary metabolite contents, and the antifungal activities of ethanol extracts of Helichrysum odoratissimum (L.) Sweet, a widely used medicinal plant species in Southern Africa. Six-week-old H. odoratissimum seedlings were grown in aquaponic and hydroponic systems. The growth parameters, secondary metabolite contents, and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum were assessed. The results for crop yield (plant height, fresh and dry weights) and the tissue nutrient contents did not change substantially (p > 0.05) between aquaponic and hydroponic treatments. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed that monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were the most abundant compounds in H. odoratissimum; however, no statistical difference was observed among the field, hydroponic, and aquaponic plants (DF = 2; χ2 = 2.67; p > 0.05). While there was no significant difference in polyphenol contents among the three treatments, remarkably, the flavonol contents in the leaves varied significantly (DF = 2; χ2 = 6.23; p < 0.05) among the three treatments. A higher flavonol content occurred in leaves from the hydroponic system than in leaves from the aquaponic (p < 0.05) and field (p > 0.05) systems. The MIC results showed that the ethanolic extract of H. odoratissimum was fungistatic against F. oxysporum; however, this effect was more prominent in the ethanol extracts of plants grown in the aquaponic system, with a mean MIC value of 0.37 ± 0.00 mg/mL The key findings of this study are that aquaponically cultivated plants exhibited the best antifungal activity, while higher total flavonol contents occurred in the hydroponically cultivated plants. In conclusion, aquaponics and hydroponics performed better or similar to field cultivation and are viable alternative methods for cultivating H. odoratissimum plants.

Synergistic Antifungal Analysis of Carica papaya Leaf and Solanum melongena Peel Ethanolic Extracts Against Candida albicans

Infectious diseases are responsible for most mortalities and morbidities globally. They are estimated to cause 17 million deaths annually. Candida albicans is a microflora found in mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and vagina. Though a commensal organism, it can cause either oropharyngeal or vaginal candidiasis in immunocompromised states. It thus, is a common opportunistic infection especially in patients living with HIV/AIDS. Management of candidiasis requires use of antifungal agents but some are costly or drug-resistant. Therefore, there is need for exploration of novel and affordable treatment modalities. Medicinal plants offer alternative therapeutic modalities. Against this backdrop, we sought to evaluate synergistic antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves and Solanum melongena fruit peel against Candida albicans. Ethical approval was sought from School of pharmacy, Kabarak University Research Ethics Committee (KUREC) and National commission for science, technology, and innovation (NACOSTI). Experimental research design was employed. Green leaves of Carica papaya were obtained from the school’s herbarium while the eggplant fruit was purchased from Nakuru town market. The sample plants were dried and powdered. Phytochemical analysis was carried out and antifungal activity evaluated via disk diffusion method. Phytochemical studies showed presence of tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids in both plants. Anthraquinone glycosides were absent in both samples. Carica papaya and Solanum melongena ethanolic extracts respectively showed activity against Candida albicans at different concentrations with zones of inhibition of 8.34mm and 7.98mm, respectively, at the highest concentrations. S. melongena extracts showed a lower zone of inhibition against Candida albicans compared to C. papaya extracts. Combined ethanolic extracts of Solanum melongena and Carica papaya showed higher activity at all concentrations than individual extracts, implying synergism between the two plant extracts. The difference in zones of inhibition was significant at different concentrations(P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The study findings have demonstrated that Carica papaya and Solanum melongena extracts have remarkable antifungal activity against Candida albicans. This makes them potential efficacious antifungal agents against Candida albicans.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antifungal Activity of Ethanol Extract of Young Papaya Seeds (Carica papaya L.) against Candida albicans

The object of this study was aimed to determine the antifungal activity of papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) ethanol extract against the fungi Candida albicans. The research method was experimental research consisting of several stages of sample processing, extraction, phytochemical screening, and tested antifungal activity of ethanol extract of papaya seeds young. Screening of Phytochemical results showed that ethanol extract of papaya seeds contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids and saponins. Test antifungal activity carried out by the agar diffusion method (pitting) was by measuring the inhibition zone formed around the wells. The test results showed that the antifungal activity of ethanol extract of papaya seeds had antifungal activity against Candida albicans at 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1% in diameter inhibition zone respectively by 11mm; 12mm; 13mm; and 14 mm and are included in the category of strong inhibition.

Control of black fungus associated with COVID-19 by some safety methods

Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities are all present in silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles have the capacity to penetrate bacterial cell walls, altering cell membrane structure and even causing cell death. The efficiency of silver nanoparticles on the fungi that cause the black fungus linked with Covid was investigated in this study,The poisoned food technique was utilized with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20%, and while all of the concentrations were efficient, the effect was larger when the greatest concentration was employed.The efficacy of mushrooms was also tested against these fungi that cause mucormycosis,The antifungal activity of ethanol extracts of Agaricus bisporus against Rhizopus arrhizus was determined in vitro using the poison food approach and different concentrations of the extract (8, 10, 16 mg/ml). The maximum effect of ethanolic extract against Rhizopus arrhizus growth was achieved at 8 mg/ml, and the maximum effect of ethanolic extract was achieved at 16 mg/ml, with a growth rate of 57.5mm.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the crude ethanol extract, essential oil, and fractions from Campomanesia pubescens leaves

Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae), widely known as “gabiroba”, is a shrub or subshrub used in folk medicine (leaves and barks of the stem) in the form of decoction or infusion in combating urinary tract disorders, diarrhea, and as an astringent. The present work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oil, crude ethanol extract and hexane fractions, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous from C. pubescens leaves against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. The leaves were collected in Hidrolândia - Goiás and the essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus. The extract and fractions were tested against bacteria and fungi using the microdilution method. The aqueous fractions and ethyl acetate showed strong inhibiting activity (MIC= 8 to 16 μg/mL) against Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and moderate activity (MIC= 32 to 64 μg/mL) against Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis. There is no report in the literature on the antifungal activity of ethanol extract and fractions of the leaves of C. pubecens. It is concluded through this study that the aqueous fractions and ethyl acetate from C. pubecens leaves presented strong antifungal activity which may justify its popular use in the treatment of urinary tract disorders. Therefore, this species has therapeutic potential that underlies more in-depth studies. This is the first study of the antifungal activity of crude extract and fractions from C. pubecens leaves.

In vitro antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of Cocculus laurifolius leaves

The present study was designed to investigate the antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of Cocculus laurifolius leaves. The concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 µg/ml of ethanolic extract were used to evaluate the antifungal potential of extract. The experiment was conducted using agar disc diffusion method against five different fungal strains: Aspergillus niger, Micro sporumcanis, Candida glabrata, Trichphyton rubrum and Candida albicans. The antifungal activity was observed by estimating the zone of fungal growth inhibition. Cocculus laurifolius showed significant decrease in fungal growth at all selected concentrations. However, the extract revealed maximum zone of inhibition at higher doses. The outcomeof this study illustrated that ethanolic extract of Cocculus laurifolius leaves possess substantial in-vitro antifungal properties.

Antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. against Dermatophytes and Candida species

Background: Sphaeranthus indicus as an entire plant or the specific parts like roots, leaves, flowers are used for treating helminthiasis, jaundice, diabetes, dyspepsia, fever, cough, hernia, gastritis, hemorrhoids, migraine, leprosy and skin diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of the whole plant Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Methods: The antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of the whole plant Sphaeranthus indicus Linn was evaluated by incorporating the extract in Sabourauds dextrose agar. This property was studied in vitro using the ethanolic extract on Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum by using Clotrimazole as standard drug.Results: This study revealed that the ethanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus is having good antifungal activity against Dermatophytes and Candida species. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the promising antifungal action of ethanolic extract of whole plant of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. This feature can be exploited in the development of a newer antifungal agent from plant.

Antifungal activity of Morinda citrifolia leaf extracts against Fusarium oxysporum

Fusarium oxysporum is an important disease that causes wilt disease in plants. Fungal pathogen control using synthetic fungicides can cause negative impacts on the environment. Morinda citrifolia is one of the herbs that is known for many benefits. M. citrifolia leaf contains anthraquinone which have potential as antifungal agents. In this study, in vitro anti-fungal assay was conducted against F. oxysporum to analyze the antifungal activity of ethanol extract of M. citrifolia leaves. In vitro evaluation was carried out using poisoned food technique at four different concentrations i.e., 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. The results showed concentration 60% gave the highest inhibitory effect (21,82%) on F. oxysporum mycelium growth.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF ROSEMARY LEAF (Rosemarinus officinalis L.) AGAINST Candida albicans

Background: This study was a preliminary study aimed to investigating the in vitro activity of rosmarinic acid contained on Rosemary leaves (Rosemarinus officinalis L.) on the Candida albicans. Rosmarinic acid can be an inhibitor of the RTPase enzyme in the fungus Candida albicans. Objective: This study is expected to provide information in the development of science about the antifungal activity of ethanol extract of Rosemary leave (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) againsts C.albicans. The recent research was an laboratory experimental. Experiments on an ethanol extract of Rosemary leaves (Rosemarinus officinalis L.) and post-test design of the control group. Methods: The extraction method used in this study was a multilevel extraction method. The antifungal activity testing method uses discs and MIC methods. Replication was done six times at two concentration namely, 80% (b/v) and 100% for each measurement. Results: The data analysis was carried out using SPSS with 95% of confidence level with the Kruskal Wallis analysis then completed with the Mann Whitney U test. The results of the MIC experiment showed all the various concentrations of ethanol extract performed Candida albicans growth on the surface of the media. Extract with 80% (b/v) concentration showed greater antifungal activity. Furthermore the MIC was shown by 80% (b/v) concentration of the ethanol extract of Rosemary leaves against Candida albicans. The test results of the antifungal activity of the Rosemary leaf ethanol extract showed the presence of inhibitory diameter in the ethanol extract of the Rosemary leaf concentration of 80% (b/v) with a mean ± SD of 10.6 ± 0.57735 and RSD of 5.774%. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) has an inhibitory effect on the fungus Candida albicans at a concentration of 80% (b / v)&#x0D; Keywords: Antifungal activity, Candida albicans, Rosemary, RTPase, ethanol extract

Hoạt tính kháng oxy hóa và kháng nấm của một số cao chiết thực vật thuộc họ gừng (Zingiberaceae) và họ củ nâu (Dioscoreaceae)

The antioxidant and antifungal activity of ethanol extracts of Curcuma longa, Curcuma yunnanensis, Hedychium coronarium, Alpinia conchigera, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea membranacea, Dioscorea hispida and Dioscorea pentaphylla were tested. The highest total polyphenol (44,87±0,14 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid (110,75±6,38 mg QE/g extract) content were observed in Curcuma longa extract. The correlation was observed between biological activities and the amount of polyphenol, flavonoid compounds. All extracts exhibited antioxidant activity in FRAP (ferric reducing-antioxidant power), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and RP (reducing power) assay. Poisoned food technique was used to determine the inhibition of mycelial growth, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration of the extracts on the test pathogens. The C. longa produced complete mycelial growth inhibition in Corynespora cassiicola pathogens at a concentration of 5,000 µg/mL after three days of incubation. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the C. longa on the test fungi were in the range of 2,500-5,000 ����L/mL and >5000 ����L/mL, respectively. These findings confirm the fungicidal properties of plants extract and their potential use in the management of economically important C. cassiicola and as possible alternatives to synthetic fungicides. C. longa used in this study could be potential sources of new antifungal and antioxidant.

Antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina leaves against dermatomycotic agents isolated from domestic animals in South Eastern Nigeria

Dermatomycoses, often caused by both dermatophytic and non dermatophytic fungi, affect the epidermis, nail, and hair. There is an increase in antifungal resistance against antimycotics of many dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes, and this has posed a serious global challenge. Therefore, the search for effective and easily consumable new substances with antimycotic activity is of great necessity. This study aims to isolate dermatomycotic agents from domestic animals and evaluate, using ethanolic leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina, the in vitro antifungal profile of these extracts against these isolates. A total of 698 domestic animals (dogs, sheep, goats, and pigs) were examined for skin lesions suggestive of dermatomycosis and skin scrapings collected. The agar well diffusion assay was used to evaluate the in vitro activity of both leaf extracts using voriconazole and their solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), as control positive and negative respectively. Results showed that among the fungal positive cultures, dermatophytes (5) and non-dermatophytes (55) were observed. These isolates except Penicillium spp. showed activity with ethanolic leaf extracts of O. gratissimum (128 μg/ml) and V. amygdalina (128 μg/ml) and were susceptible also to the positive control voriconazole (0.03 μg/ml). Therefore, the main dermatomycotic agents isolated from domestic animals in South Eastern Nigeria were Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp., Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium spp., and these were susceptible to O. gratissimum and V. amygdalina at 128 μg/ml. The study confirms that these extracts exhibit antifungal activity to these dermatomycotic agents excluding Penicillium spp., and as they were cheap, less toxic, safe natural product, and readily available, they are preferred to synthetic drugs.

Antifungal activity of Juglans spp. and Carya sp. ethanol extracts against Fusarium oxysporum on tomato under greenhouse conditions

Tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the second most consumed vegetable worldwide. It is mainly produced under greenhouse conditions; however, is highly vulnerable to the attack of pathogens. One of the most important diseases in tomato crop is the vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum, that decreases its yield up to 60%. Recently, antimicrobial activity of the species of the Juglandaceae family has been reported, attributed to their content in polyphenols and other secondary metabolites. The aims of this work were: (1) to evaluate the antifungal activity of ethanol extracts of leaves and branches of Juglans microcarpa (JMIL and JMIB, respectively), branches of Carya ovata (COB) and leaves of J. mollis (JMOL) against F. oxysporum in tomato under greenhouse conditions; and, (2) to determine the antioxidant activity and chemical composition. The highest values of total phenolic content (TPC) were obtained in the JMIB and JMIL and had a direct relation with the antioxidant activity, by both 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The chemical compounds identified in the three species of nogalillos are of phenolic, terpenoid, and fatty acids nature. The ethanol extracts of JMOL at 4000 mg L−1, JMIL at 5000 mg L−1, and COB at 5000 mg L−1, showed the greatest antifungal effect against F. oxysporum. The treatment of JMOL at 4000 mg L−1, highlighted as showed a higher growth of tomato plants and fruit quality. This is the first scientific report on the antifungal activity of J. microcarpa, C. ovata and J. mollis against F. oxysporum in tomato crop.