Harvest Anticipation Research Articles

Effect of ripeners on the nutrient concentrations of sugarcane leaves

Using chemical ripeners in the sugarcane favors the increase of sucrose productivity, regulates the effects of adverse weather conditions for ripening, and promotes the anticipation of harvest. However, it can also modify the nutrient absorption, translocation, and accumulation process and, consequently, affect the nutrient cycling of the straw maintained on the soil surface. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate ripeners’ effects (glyphosate − 0.5 L ha−1; sulfometuron-methyl − 0.02 kg ha−1, and trinexapac-ethyl − 0.8 L ha−1) on the nutritional status of the sugarcane leaf canopy. Natural ripening maintained the highest levels of P and Zn throughout the time. The highest levels of N, P, and K were provided by trinexapac-ethyl in most of the evaluated periods, as well as contributing to the highest levels of Ca, Mg, and S, along with sulfometuron methyl, from 30 to 60 days after application (DAA). The highest levels of B and Zn were observed under sulfometuron methyl. On the other hand, glyphosate was the ripener responsible for the lowest nutrient concentrations in the leaf canopy, including N, Ca, Mg, and S at 45 DAA and B and Mn at 30 and 45 DAA. Considering the importance of maintaining the straw for nutrient cycling, in addition to being a ripener, trinexapac-ethyl contributed to the maintenance of high levels of nutrients in the leaf canopy in relation to the other ripeners, which suggests a greater possibility of availability of these nutrients for the ratoon development in the upcoming cycles.

Effect of time of harvest at different moisture contents on physiological and storability attributes of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)

The physical quality and physiological performance of seeds can be influenced by numerous factors, including the moisture content at harvest and drying temperature. This study evaluated the effect of time of harvest at different moisture contents on physiological attributes and storability potential of pigeon pea in the tropics. The ten pigeon pea genotypes used for the experiment were sourced from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The field experiment was a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The seeds were harvested at maturity on the field at 12, 15 and 17 % moisture content. Harvested seeds from each treatment were divided into three seed lots of 400g each with three (3) replicate each. Packaged seed lots of each treatment were stored under ambient environment. The temperature and relative humidity of the seed stores were monitored and maintained daily using hygrometers. Seed samples were taken from each packaged seed lot for evaluation at 30-days interval for a period of 240 days. The following physiological attributes were evaluated-;Standard germination, Seedling Vigor Index, Acceleration ageing and mean Germination index. Data collected from the above experiment on different characters were subjected to analysis of variance. The study concludes that the anticipation of harvest and drying seed at moisture content above 12 and 15 % in pigeon pea on the field resulted in low and poor physiological performance. Also, pigeon pea harvested with higher moisture (17%) are more susceptible to damage which cause lower viability and seedling vigour with corresponding higher mean germination time. The study showed that, best results across the evaluated attributes during the time of storage were associated with genotypes with the lowest and moderate percentage of moisture at harvest. Therefore, for better physiological performance, optimal harvest timing for pigeon pea seeds should be at 12 to 15% range of moisture content but preferably, 15% in other to reduce the rate of seed scattering and wastages through pod dehiscence.

Herbicidas dessecantes na antecipação da colheita e melhoria da qualidade de sementes de grão-de-bico

ABSTRACT Desiccating herbicides can promote uniformity of maturation, and early harvest and provide improvements in the physical, physiological, and sanitary seeds quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of herbicides in early harvest and in the physiological quality of chickpea seeds. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with four replications, considering a complete factorial design with one control (no application) + two factors (four herbicides x three different doses): glufosinate-ammonium (200, 400 and 500 g a.i./ha); diquat (200, 400 and 500 g a.i./ha); carfentrazoneethyl (15, 30 and 37.5 g a.i./ha) and saflufenacil (49, 98 and 122.5 g a.i./ha). Saflufenacil (49 g a.i./ha) showed the lowest harvest anticipation (4 days) and a low percentage of vigor (50.25%). Glufosinate (400 g a.i./ha), was the most promising as it increased germination to 83.75% and vigor to 78.25%, in addition to promoting the anticipation of harvest by up to 17 days, while the normal cycle of the crop, observed in the control, was 154 days.

Harvest Anticipation, Yield and Economic Feasibility of Wheat by Application of Non-Selective Herbicides

The present work aims to evaluate the possibility of anticipating the wheat harvest by the application of non-selective herbicides in the pre-harvest conditions, thereby providing productive and economic viability. In total, 13 treatments were executed, which includes the spraying of different herbicide combinations (glufosinate-ammonium, glyphosate, and paraquat) in the phenological stages (Z-83, Z-85, Z-87, Z-92), and treatments without application of herbicides. Further, the treatment step was followed by providing different harvest conditions such as (i) glufosinate-ammonium: 9.5 and 8.8 days, (ii) glyphosate: 11.2 and 10.9 days, and (iii) paraquat: 7.9 and 8.5, where the first numerical value corresponds to number of days for the year 2016 followed by 2017. A mean reduction in seed yield of 4.6 % (BRS Parrudo) and 25.4 % (TBIO Sinuelo) was observed upon application of herbicides in the first two phenological stages. Additionally, an economic loss reaching up to R$ 2512 ha-1, was demonstrated. Therefore, the application of the non-selective herbicides glufosinate-ammonium and paraquat in the pre-harvest results in wheat phytointoxication, however, promoting harvest anticipation in 4.8 and 5.3 days, respectively.

Effects of inter-annual climate variability on grape harvest timing in rainfed hilly vineyards of Piedmont (NW Italy)

The current scenario of global warming impacts viticulture, influencing grape and wine quality. A study was carried out in the “Basso Monferrato” region, a rainfed hilly vine-growing area in NW Italy, to investigate the relationships between climate variables and grape harvest dates. The dates of harvest for some local wine grape varieties were recorded from 1962 to 2019 in the Vezzolano Experimental Farm and surrounding vineyards. Three series of climate data were investigated by means of trend analysis for temperature variables, Huglin index, and precipitation during the growing period. A significant trend was found for temperature variables (positive) and harvest dates (negative), indicating anticipation of harvest beginning from 11.6 to 34.2 days in the 58-years study period, depending on the variety. The influence of increasing temperature and Huglin index in anticipating the harvest period, particularly the harvest beginning, was also highly significant for all the considered varieties and vineyards in the Monferrato area. Implication under a climate warming scenario, the relevance of having available continuous and homogeneous datasets and possible future studies were also discussed.

Production and quality of cowpea seeds desiccated with saflufenacil and flumioxazin

ABSTRACT The use of desiccants allows to anticipate cowpea harvest at a time closer to physiological maturity. The desiccants saflufenacil and flumioxazin promote the drying and falling of leaves and loss of water from seeds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of saflufenacil and flumioxazin doses applied to the cowpea crop on the production and quality of seeds at harvest and after storage for six months. Two experiments were carried out in a split-plot design (5 × 2). In the first experiment, the main factor consisted of saflufenacil doses (0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 g ai ha-1), while the second factor consisted of evaluation periods (after harvest and six months after harvest). In the second experiment, the main factor consisted of flumioxazin doses (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g ai ha-1) and the second factor consisted of the same evaluation periods. The treatments were designed in randomized blocks, with four replications. Saflufenacil application from 25 g ha-1 compromised the yield components and technological quality, while flumioxazin doses did not affect the yield components. Storage at 20 °C for six months decreased the physiological quality of seeds. Flumioxazin application at cowpea harvest promoted uniformity of maturity and harvest anticipation, without compromising the physiological quality after harvest.

FT-NIR and linear discriminant analysis to classify chickpea seeds produced with harvest aid chemicals

Spectroscopy and machine learning (ML) algorithms have provided significant advances to the modern food industry. Instruments focusing on near-infrared spectroscopy allow obtaining information about seed and grain chemical composition, which can be related to changes caused by field pesticides. We investigated the potential of FT-NIR spectroscopy combined with Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to discriminate chickpea seeds produced using different desiccant herbicides at harvest anticipation. Five herbicides applied at three moments of the plant reproductive stage were utilized. The NIR spectra obtained from individual seeds were used to build ML models based on LDA algorithm. The models developed to identify the herbicide and the plant phenological stage at which it was applied reached 94% in the independent validation set. Thus, the LDA models developed using near-infrared spectral data provided to be efficient, quick, non-destructive, and accurate to identify differences between seeds due to pre-harvest herbicides application.

CHEMICAL DESICCANTS FOR ANTICIPATION OF HARVEST AND PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF COWPEA SEEDS

ABSTRACT Information about the effect of herbicides on cowpea seed quality is scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of using chemical desiccants at pre-harvest on the anticipation of harvest and physiological quality of cowpea seeds of the cultivar BRS-Tumucumaque, before and after storage. Two experiments were conducted: experiment 1 was conducted under a randomized block design, with four replications; the treatments consisted of seven herbicides (carfentrazone-ethyl, saflufenacil, glyphosate, paraquat, flumioxazin, glufosinate-ammonium, and diquat) and a control treatment; anticipation of harvest, and seed water content, germination, and vigor were evaluated. The seeds were stored for six months in controlled environment and not-controlled environment rooms and evaluated for water content, germination, and vigor in Experiment 2, which was conducted in a 7^2+1 factorial arrangement, with four replications; the first factor consisted of the seven herbicides, the second factor was the two storage environments, plus a control treatment. The results showed 3 to 9 days of anticipation of harvest relative to the control. The glufosinate -ammonium herbicide negatively affected seed germination and vigor. The glyphosate herbicide decreased seed germination and vigor after storage. The physiological quality of cowpea seeds at the post -harvest period and after six months of storage was not affected by the carfentrazone-ethyl and flumioxazin herbicides. Paraquat and diquat were the most efficient herbicides for the anticipation of harvest (nine days). Glyphosate and glufosinate -ammonium were the most harmful herbicides to seed physiological quality. The controlled environment room was the most adequate environment for seed conservation.

Produção de mudas de maracujazeiro-azedo em ambiente protegido: dimensionamento e manejo do ambiente de produção

A produção de mudas de maracujazeiro-azedo em ambiente protegido é uma tecnologia diferenciada, que qualifica o setor produtivo a reduzir ou até eliminar o risco de disseminação de doenças e pragas através das mudas. Também proporciona a obtenção de mudas avançadas (maiores que 80cm de altura), que possibilitam antecipação de colheita e maior produtividade em áreas de ocorrência endêmica da virose do endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro, principal doença dessa cultura. Termos para indexação: Passiflora edulis; virose do endurecimento dos frutos; mudas sadias.

Dessecação pré-colheita em sorgo granífero: qualidade fisiológica das sementes e efeito sobre a rebrota

The use of pre-harvest desiccants in sorghum can make this step in the field more agile and efficient. However, herbicide application on the crop poses risks to seed germination and vigor. In this context, the desiccant effect on harvest anticipation, the physiological quality of the seeds and the control of regrowth in grain sorghum were studied. The experiment was conducted in a factorial scheme (2 x 4) +1, with two herbicides glyphosate (Roundup original) and paraquat (Gramoxone 200) with two doses (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 L ha-1 of the commercial product) plus the control control (without application) in the randomized block design. The harvests were: anticipation of the harvest, first germination count, germination, water content and electrical conductivity of the seeds and control of plant regrowth. Paraquat allows an anticipation of the harvest in up to 14 days and when it is used in the doses of 2.0 L ha-1 not harmful to the germination of the seeds and, therefore, a contact herbicide, it is not necessary to make a control on a regrowth of sorghum plants. Glyphosate, because it is a systemic herbicide, exerts efficient control of sorghum regrowth and allows harvesting in up to 12 days.

Pre-Harvest Desiccation in Productivity and Physiological Quality of Cowpea Seeds

ABSTRACT: Pre-harvest desiccation is an important strategy to anticipate harvesting, preventing the seed from being left in the field in unfavorable climatic conditions. However, little is known about the use of desiccants and their application times on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of desiccant application at different seasons and of desiccant herbicides on productivity and physiological quality of cowpea seeds. Five dessicants were evaluated: paraquat, paraquat sequential application, glufosinate- ammonium, glyphosate with sequential application of paraquat and paraquat + diuron mixture applied in four seasons: 50% of the pods with green coloration and with seeds formed (season I); 70% of the pods in the purple coloration (season II), 90% of the pods in the coloration brown (season III) and 100% of the pods in the coloration brown (season IV), plus a control without the application of desiccants, in which harvesting was performed when 100% of the pods were brown. The number of days of anticipation of harvest, productivity, uniformity test, mass of one hundred seeds, germination and vigor of the seeds were evaluated. None of desiccation strategies affect the physiological seed quality, independent of the application season. The desquaments paraquat, glufosinate-ammonium and the paraquat+diuron mixture, when applied in seasons I and II, provided anticipation of the harvest in up to 13 days and 9 days, respectively, however, the size of the seeds and consequently the productivity were affected.

Influência dos períodos de dessecação da soja na germinação e componentes de rendimento

The production of soybean seeds is increasingly becoming a growing and demanding market. And quality is a crucial factor to be considered, which will depend on the crop and physiological maturity of the seed. The objective of this study was to determine the best phenological stage at the end of the soybean crop cycle to perform the desiccation so as to improve the physiological quality of seeds without affecting grain yields. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in the 2016/2017 harvest. Two drying agents - diquat and glufosinate (ammonium salt) - were applied at the R6 and R6.5 and R7.2 growth stages, in addition to R9. An experimental design was used with completely randomized blocks, subdivided in plots (4 × 2). The phenological stages (R6 and R6.5, R7.2 and R9 - control) were assigned to the main plot and the drying agents to the subplots. Germination, vigor, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield and harvest anticipation were evaluated. The use of the drying agents in conjunction with the phenological stages of implementation allowed for the anticipation of harvest by 4 to 13 days, reduced yield and weight of 1000 grains, when applied in R6 and R6.5. Both drying agents had a negative influence on both the germination and vigor of seeds, with glufosinate being the drying agent with the worst germination and vigor indicators. Its use for desiccation is therefore not recommended so as not to affect the physiological quality of soybean seeds.

Physiological performance of wheat seeds as a function of moisture content at harvest and storage system1

ABSTRACT The physiological performance of wheat seeds may be influenced by the harvest season and storage system. This study aimed at evaluating the physiological performance of wheat seeds as a function of different moisture contents at harvest, with later storage under hermetic and conventional systems. Harvest was performed when the seeds reached moisture contents of 28.6 %, 18.5 % and 12.9 %. Subsequently, they were stored for 240 days, in both systems, at room temperature. The evaluation of seed physiological performance was carried out by germination and vigor tests, shoot length and dry matter of seedlings. The germination of wheat seeds stored under the hermetic system increased up to 180 days of storage, due to the seed dormancy breaking, with a subsequent decrease of the values, while those stored under the conventional system showed a linear decrease of germination throughout the storage. The hermetic system provided an increase in seed vigor up to 120 days of storage and, after this period, there was a reduction of the values. The conventional system promoted a linear reduction of seed vigor throughout the storage, except for the results obtained in the tests of first germination count and germination speed index, which showed an increase up to 60 days of storage. Harvest delay negatively influenced seed germination and vigor, regardless of time and storage system. The combination of harvest anticipation and hermetic storage improves the physiological performance of seeds over time.

Produção e qualidade de frutos de mirtileiros sob diferentes intensidades de poda

O sistema de poda do mirtileiro (Vaccinium ashei Read) utilizado no país se fundamenta em estudos realizados em locais com condições edafoclimáticas distintas da nossa realidade. Assim, foram avaliadas diferentes intensidades de poda de frutificação em dois genótipos de mirtileiro, e seus efeitos na produção e na qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em pomar comercial, localizado em Pelotas-RS. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados completos, em esquema fatorial (2x4), com quatro repetições. Plantas de sete anos de idade, do grupo Rabbiteye, cultivares 'Briteblue' e 'Woodard', foram submetidas às intensidades de poda leve, moderada, drástica e sem poda (testemunha) nos anos de 2010 e 2011, no período de repouso hibernal (primeira quinzena de agosto). Foram avaliadas a produção média por planta, sendo estimada a produtividade por área, peso fresco, diâmetro, teor de sólidos solúveis, pH e acidez titulável dos frutos. De acordo com os resultados, a intensidade de poda tem efeito sobre a antecipação da colheita. Com a decorrência de uma maior intensidade de poda, houve uma tendência de aumento do tamanho dos frutos. Para mirtileiros Briteblue, há decréscimo de produtividade, conforme se aumenta a intensidade de poda. Mirtileiros Briteblue são mais produtivos e apresentam maior matéria fresca de fruto do que Woodard.

Produtividade e qualidade de sementes de soja em função de estádios de dessecação e herbicidas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a melhor época de aplicação de dessecantes, de forma a permitir antecipação da colheita sem prejudicar a produtividade e qualidade de sementes de soja. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial (3x3) + 1, com quatro repetições. Um dos fatores foi constituído pelos herbicidas dessecantes paraquat, glufosinato de amônio e glyphosate, nas doses de 400, 400 e 960 g i.a. ha-1, respectivamente. Outro fator constituiu-se de três estádios de aplicação dos herbicidas, via pulverização (R6, R7.2 e R8.1). Avaliaram-se a antecipação da colheita, massa de 100 sementes, produtividade, germinação e vigor das sementes. A utilização de herbicidas, aliada aos estádios fenológicos de aplicação, permitiu antecipar a colheita de um a seis dias. A dessecação de plantas de soja em pré-colheita com os herbicidas nos diferentes estádios fenológicos não afetou a produtividade. O herbicida glufosinato de amônio reduziu a germinação de sementes de soja quando aplicado no estádio R6. O herbicida glyphosate reduziu o vigor das sementes de soja quando aplicado nos estádios R6 e R7.2. O herbicida paraquat promoveu os melhores índices de germinação e vigor de sementes de soja quando utilizado nos estádios R6 e R7.2.

Anticipation of 'ubá' mango ripening with preharvest ethephon application

Preharvest application of ethephon, a compound that releases ethylene when hydrolyzed, can anticipate and standardize mango harvesting. In this study, the effects of different doses of ethephon, applied at preharvest, on harvest anticipation of 'Ubá' mango were evaluated. On the 17th week after anthesis, 25 mango trees, five per treatment, were sprayed with ethephon at 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg L-1, plus 0.5% of mineral oil. Five fruits from each plant were harvested daily until full ripening, and evaluated. Except, for dose 0mg L-1, in which six days after ethephon application (DAAE), harvest was carried out weekly up to 41DAAE The treated fruit presented a more intense flesh color than the non-treated, particularly at the doses of 500 and 750mg L-1. Fruit treated with 500, 750 and 1000mg L-1showed abrupt firmness reduction from the 1st DAAE and TSS higher than 18°Brix on the 6th DAAE. Non-treated fruit presented slower firmness reduction and reached 18°Brix on the 35th DAAE. The dose of 1000mg L-1 of ethephon resulted in premature fall and low fruit quality. Application of 500 or 750mg L-1 of ethephon allowed to anticipate and to standardize mango harvesting. These doses also allowed harvesting fruit with the best commercial quality and without the need of climatization after harvest.

EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN CYANAMID ON BUD BREAKING OF THE GRAPEVINE 'ITALIA' IN THE SÃO FRANCISCO RIVER VALLEY

Under tropical climate conditions, as in the Sao Francisco River Valley, Northeast Brazil, grapevine presents bud dormancy and high apical dominance. The present work aimed at evaluating the effects of hydrogen cyanamid, spreader-sticker and torsion of the canes on grapevine bud break, yield and fruit quality of the ‘Italia’ table grape cultivar, in the Sao Francisco River Valley. The experiment was carried out at Petrolina-PE, in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil, during two harvest seasons (2001–2002). The treatments were as follows: T1: control; T2: H2CN2 2.45%; T3: H2CN2 2.94%; T4: H2CN2 3.43%; T5: H2CN2 2.94% + BreakThru ® 0.03% and T6: H2CN2 2.45% + torsion of the canes, in a randomized complete block design with four repetitions. The results showed that hydrogen cyanamid, independent of the concentration, increased bud burst and bud fruitfulness, with increments of 68% and 84% in the yield per plant, respectively in the 1 st and 2 nd d harvest seasons. There was no significant effect on berry size, sugar and acidity content of the fruits and harvest anticipation. There was no answer to spreader-sticker. On the other hand, the practice of cane torsion presented a tendency to increase the effects of the hydrogen cyanamid.

Antecipação da colheita na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja

O retardamento da colheita a partir da maturidade fisiológica pode influenciar negativamente a qualidade da semente devido a sua exposição a condições menos favoráveis do ambiente. Normalmente, o produtor aguarda a redução de umidade das sementes e inicia a colheita tão logo seja possível efetuá-la. A pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da colheita da soja, com diferentes teores de água, sobre a qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas, procurando-se determinar o melhor momento de colheita antecipada para a cultura. Para tanto foram realizados experimentos na safra 2006/2007 com duas cultivares: FTS Campo Mourão RR e FTS Cascavel RR, de ciclo precoce e semiprecoce, respectivamente, sendo as sementes de cada cultivar colhidas no estádio R8, com diferentes teores de água, iniciando-se a operação com 28,5% de água e finalizando com 14,0%. A avaliação da qualidade foi efetuada em duas épocas: abril, para analisar a qualidade inicial das amostras e, em outubro, para avaliar a influência do armazenamento. Em cada época de avaliação foram determinados o teor de água das sementes, a germinação e a viabilidade e vigor pelo tetrazólio. Pelos resultados pode-se concluir que é possível a colheita antecipada de sementes de soja, de alta qualidade fisiológica, com teores abaixo de 22,9% de água.

Época de poda e quebra de dormência em videiras cv. Niagara Rosada

This research work had as the aim of verifying the efficiency of five combined concentrations of hydrogen cyanamide (CH) in four consecutive pruning times of sprouting vine and harvest anticipation of ‘Niagara Rosada’ in the county of Ponta Grossa, PR. The experiment had a factorial design (4 x 5) with 3 replications and 3 plants per parcel. The analysis were sprouting percentage, number of clusters per plant, rate of production and average weight per cluster. The effect of CH was shown only at the first pruned time when sprouting but the occurrence of frosting decreased the yield. The delay in the process of pruning showed a higher number of cluster per plant, which consequently resulted in yield increase.

Diferentes épocas de colheita, secagem e armazenamento na qualidade de grãos de trigo comum e duro

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a influência da época de colheita, secagem e período de armazenamento na qualidade de grãos de trigo comum e duro. Os experimentos foram instalados no campo do Núcleo Experimental de Campinas, IAC, usando DOIS genótipos de trigo comum (Triticum aestivum L), um com dormência na espiga (IAC 24), colhido com 30,0%; 21,4% e 12,2% de água e um sem dormência na espiga (IAC 289), colhido com 35,0%; 23,4% e 12,5% de água; além deum genótipo de trigo duro (Triticum durum L.) sem dormência (IAC 1003), colhido com 31,6%; 22,2% e 11,7% de água. A secagem foi realizada a 40, 60 e 80 ºC e um fluxo de ar de 20 m³ min-1.m-2. Após a secagem, os grãos foram armazenados em embalagens de polietileno por um período de 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 meses a 20 ± 2 ºC. Os parâmetros de qualidade de grãos analisados no Laboratório de cereais, raízes e tubérculos na FEA/UNICAMP foram os testes de número de queda, viscosidade, força geral do glúten e peso hectolitro. Observou-se no genótipo IAC 289 um aumento significativo da atividade da enzima alfa-amilase, com o atraso da colheita. Com antecipação da colheita e da secagem não foi reduzida a qualidade dos grãos e, com a armazenagem, houve melhora na qualidade tecnológica da farinha do trigo.