Test For Detection Of Antibodies Research Articles

Development and evaluation of time-resolved rapid immunofluorescence test for detection of TSOL18 specific antibody in porcine cysticercosis infections

BackgroundPorcine cysticercosis, a serious zoonotic parasitic disease, is caused by the larvae of Taenia solium and has been acknowledged by the World Organization for Animal Health. The current detection methods of Cysticercus cellulosae cannot meet the needs of large-scale and rapid detection in the field. We hypothesized that the immunofluorescence chromatography test strip (ICS) for detecting Cysticercus cellulosae, according to optimization of a series of reaction systems was conducted, and sensitivity, specificity, and stability testing, and was finally compared with ELISA. This method utilizes Eu3+-labeled time-resolved fluorescent microspheres (TRFM) coupled with TSOL18 antigen to detect TSOL18 antibodies in infected pig sera.ResultsICS and autopsy have highly consistent diagnostic results (n = 133), as determined by Cohen’s κ analysis (κ = 0.925). And the results showed that the proposed ICS are high sensitivity (0.9459) with specificity (0.9792). The ICS was unable to detect positive samples of other parasites. It can be stored for at least six months at 4℃.ConclusionsIn summary, we established a TRFM-ICS method with higher sensitivity and specificity than indirect ELISA. Results obtained from serum samples can be read within 10 min, indicating a rapid, user-friendly test suitable for large-scale field detection.

Overview on utility of in-house tests for detection of systemic infectious diseases in dogs

For detection of infectious diseases, several point-of-care (POC) tests are on the market in addition to methods performed in commercial laboratories. These POC tests are based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or other immunochromatographic technologies and present results within few minutes in veterinary practice. This article gives an overview of the utility of numerous POC tests of different manufacturers for detection of parvovirus antigen in feces, Dirofilaria (D.) immitis antigen in blood as well as antibodies against Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi, Anaplasma (A.) spp., Ehrlichia (E.) spp., Leptospira (L.) spp. and Leishmania (L.) infantum in blood (single or in different combinations). Sensitivity and specificity of these tests are important for their usefulness in veterinary practice. Furthermore, presence of antibodies or detection of antigen has to correlate with the presence of clinical signs. POC tests for detection of canine parvovirus antigen have a very high specificity, the sensitivity of all evaluated POC tests, however, is very low. POC tests for detection of D. immitis antigen have a very high sensitivity and specificity. As they detect antigen from the uterus of female adult parasites, test results are negative when only very few female or only male adults are present. POC tests for detection of antibodies against B. burgdorferi only indicate contact with Borrelia spp. and do not prove clinical Lyme disease, as the infection only extremely rarely causes clinical signs. POC tests for detection of antibodies against A. phagocytophilum are also not suitable for diagnosis of clinical anaplasmosis. Infections with A. phagocytophilum only lead to clinical disease in very rare cases and in these, clinical signs occur before the development of antibodies. POC tests for detection of antibodies against E. canis have a very high sensitivity as well as specificity. POC tests for detection of antibodies against L. infantum and Leptospira species (spp.) show a very high specificity and a high sensitivity. However, Leptospira spp. antibody-positive results may occur following vaccination, as the POC tests cannot distinguish between field and vaccination strains.

Diagnostic performance of a rapid immunochromatographic test for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses and donkeys

BackgroundEquine piroplasmosis is caused by two tick-borne protozoan parasites, Theileria equi and Babesia caballi,, which are clinically relevant in susceptible horses, donkeys, and mules. Moreover, equine piroplasmosis significantly constrains international trading and equestrian events. Rapidly diagnosing both parasites in carrier animals is essential for implementing effective control measures. Here, a rapid immunochromatographic test for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to T. equi and B. caballi was evaluated using samples from horses and donkeys collected in Greece, Israel, and Italy. The results were compared with an improved competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for detecting antibodies to both parasites using the same panel of samples.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 255 horses and donkeys. The panel consisted of 129 horses sampled at four locations in northern Greece, 105 donkeys sampled at four locations in Sicily, and 21 horses sampled at two locations in Israel. The rapid test and the cELISA were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the results were subjected to a statistical analysis to determine the sensitivity and specificity of both tests and their association.ResultsThe immunochromatographic test provided a result within 15 min and can be performed in the field, detecting both pathogens simultaneously. The overall coincidence rate between the rapid test and the cELISA for detecting antibodies against T. equi was 93% and 92.9% for B. caballi. The rapid test’s sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for T. equi were above 91.5%. Sixteen samples were positive for both parasites in the rapid test and eight in the cELISA. Either test had no significant association between T. equi and B. caballi detection. The detection rates of both parasites were significantly higher in Italy than in Greece or Israel and in donkeys than in horses. The agreement for T. equi between the results of both tests was high in Greece (93.8%) and Italy (95.2%) and moderate in Israel (76.2%). For B. caballi, the specificity and NPV of the rapid test were high (94.2% and 98.3%, respectively), although the sensitivity and PPV were moderate (69.2% and 39.1%, respectively) due to the small sample size. However, for B. caballi, the sensitivity was higher with the rapid test.ConclusionsThe rapid test detected T. equi and B. caballi simultaneously in the field, potentially replacing laborious cELISA testing and is recommended for import/export purposes. The test can also be helpful for the differential diagnosis of clinical cases, since seropositivity may rule out equine piroplasmosis since it does not indicate current or active infection.Graphical

Establishing and verifying the threshold value of HLA mixed antigen reagent screening test results

Objective: To establish the threshold value of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mixed antigen reagent screening test results, and to verify it by HLA single antigen reagent confirmation test results. Methods: The results of 2 255 serum samples tested for HLA antibodies by HLA mixed antigen reagent in the department of HLA Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from October 2017 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 1 139 samples were also tested by single antigen HLA Class-Ⅰ reagent and 1 116 samples were also tested by single antigen HLA Class-Ⅱ reagent. Based on the same antigens coated with both reagents, the Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) and Nomalized Background ratio (NBG ratio) of 12 HLA Class-Ⅰ beads and 5 HLA Class-Ⅱ beads in the HLA mixed antigen reagent and the MFI of 77 anti-HLA class-Ⅰ antibodies and 35 anti-HLA class-Ⅱ antibodies detected by HLA single antigen reagent were recorded. The MFI and NBG ratio of HLA mixed antigen reagent beads in 1 139 or 1 116 samples were segmented according to the positive rate of antibodyies detected by the single antigen reagent corresponding to the antigens coated with each HLA mixed antigen reagent bead, and the results of the HLA mixed antigen screening test were verified by the HLA single antigen reagent confirmation test. Results: The threshold values of MFI and NBG ratio of HLA mixed antigen reagent's 17 beads were established. The MFI of No. 1 to No. 17 beads of HLA mixed antigen reagent ranged from 26.86 to 21 925.58, and the NBG ratio ranged from 0 to 434.65. According to the positive detection rate of HLA single antigen reagent corresponding to the coated antigens, the MFI and NBG ratio of the beads of HLA mixed antigen reagent were divided into positive interval, suspicious positive interval, suspicious negative interval and negative interval. The positive rates of anti-HLA class-Ⅰ antibodies by HLA mixed antigen reagent and single antigen HLA Class-Ⅰ reagent were 87.5% (997/1 139) and 66.3% (755/1 139). The positive rates of anti-HLA class-Ⅱ antibodies were 63.4% (707/1 116) and 44.9% (501/1 116). In the samples with suspicious negative, suspicious positive and positive results of HLA class-Ⅰ、Ⅱ antibodies detected by HLA mixed antigen reagent, the positive detection rates of single antigen HLA Class-Ⅰ reagent were 14.9% (17/114), 41.3% (145/351) and 91.3% (590/646), respectively. The positive detection rates of single antigen HLA Class-Ⅱ reagent were 15.5% (58/375), 26.5% (81/306) and 88.8% (356/401), respectively. Conclusions: In this study, the threshold values of MFI and NBG ratio of HLA mixed antigen reagent screening test are established, and the threshold values are verified by the results of HLA single antigen reagent confirmation test. HLA mixed reagent screening test can be used for screening of HLA antibodies, and if necessary, it should be combined with HLA single antigen confirmatory test for clinical detection of HLA antibodies.

Simultaneous Detection of Antigen and Antibodies of African Swine Fever in a Novel Combo Lateral Flow Assay.

African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious disease of wild boar and domestic pigs notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health due to its high socio-economic impact. ASF is caused by the complex ASF virus (ASFV), and it can present different clinical manifestations that can be confused with other diseases; for this reason, laboratory testing is necessary for the proper diagnosis of clinically suspected animals. Despite the efforts put into it over decades, no treatment or safe vaccine is globally available, and disease control is based on early diagnosis and the implementation of strict biosecurity measures. In this context, rapid tests have the potential to accelerate and facilitate the identification of infected animals by giving fast on-site results. In this work, we improved the available point-of-care assays for the diagnosis of the disease by the development of a more specific antigen test and a more sensitive antibody test. This antibody detection test allowed for the earlier detection of infected animals than two commercial indirect ELISAs (statistically significant). Moreover, we developed a combined dual rapid test, unifying, in the same cassette, an antigen detection strip and an antibody detection strip. In this study, we confirmed that this combo approach is a useful tool for implementing rapid tests in the field since it increases the percentage of positive samples detected, even when PCR turns negative, while maintaining a good specificity.

Histoplasma antigens as novel players for the development of new enzyme immunoassays for the serodiagnosis of histoplasmosis: A comparative study of their analytical performance.

Definitive diagnosis of histoplasmosis relies on culture and/or cytology/histopathology; however, these procedures have limited sensitivity and cultures are time-consuming. Antibodies detection by immunodiffusion has low sensitivity in immunocompromised individuals and uses histoplasmin (HMN), a crude antigenic extract, as reagent. Novel protein antigen candidates have been recently identified and produced by DNA-recombinant techniques to obtain standardized and specific reagents for diagnosing histoplasmosis. To compare the analytical performance of novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for antibodies testing for diagnosing histoplasmosis using different Histoplasma capsulatum antigens as reagents. The H. capsulatum 100kDa protein (Hcp100), the M antigen and its immunoreactive fragment F1 were produced by DNA-recombinant techniques. Galactomannan was purified from both the yeast and mycelial cell walls (yGM and mGM, respectively). The analytical performance of the ELISA tests for the serological detection of antibodies against these antigens was evaluated and compared with those obtained using HMN as reagent. Antibodies detection by the Hcp100 ELISA demonstrated 90.0% sensitivity and 92.0% specificity, versus 43.3% sensitivity and 95.0% specificity of the M ELISA, 33.3% sensitivity and 84.0% specificity of the F1 ELISA, 96.7% sensitivity and 94.0% specificity of the yGM ELISA, 83.3% sensitivity and 88.0% specificity of the mGM ELISA, and 70.0% sensitivity and 86.0% specificity for the HMN ELISA. In summary, Hcp100 is proposed as the most promising candidate for the serodiagnosis of histoplasmosis. The primary immunoreactive element in HMN proved to be GM rather than the M antigen. Nevertheless, a higher incidence of cross-reactions was noted with GM compared to M.

A clinical utility evaluation of dual HIV/Syphilis point-of-care tests in non-clinical settings for screening for HIV and syphilis in men who have sex with men

BackgroundDual point-of-care tests (POCTs) for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to HIV and syphilis have been developed. Since community-based organisations (CBO) are effective providers of HIV and syphilis testing among men who have sex with men (MSM), evaluation of the utility of these dual tests at CBO testing services is a high priority. The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of performing dual HIV-syphilis POCT testing among both users and providers at these non-clinical sites.MethodsThis evaluation assessed the utility of two lateral flow immunochromatographic antibody technologies for dual screening for HIV/syphilis among MSM seeking testing in four CBO testing services in Spain, Slovenia, Latvia, and Ukraine. The study’s conceptual framework divides the concept of feasibility into two inter-related domains, acceptability, and usability and further breaks it down into six subdomains: learnability, willingness, suitability, satisfaction, efficacy, and effectiveness. The feasibility analysis was performed by calculating the median score in 3 stages (for individual questions, subdomains, and domains), using a summated scores method.ResultsThe final sample included 844 participants, 60 of which were found to be HIV test positive (7.1%) and 61 (7.2%) positive on testing for syphilis. There was a small difference (1.1%) when comparing the results of the two dual POCTs under evaluation to the tests routinely used at each site. The inter-rater agreement showed a high concordance between two independent readings. The analysis of the feasibility for the users of the services indicated good satisfaction, suitability, and willingness. In addition, among 18 providers the total mean score showed good acceptability and usability, good willingness, easy learnability, high suitability, and good efficacy, but lower satisfaction and effectiveness. The operational characteristics of both dual study POCTs were well evaluated by providers.ConclusionsThe introduction of dual HIV and syphilis POCTs in CBO testing services for screening of MSM is feasible, with a high acceptability and usability both for users and providers. Implementation of dual POCTs for HIV and syphilis in CBO testing services is an opportunity for scaling up integrated HIV/syphilis testing for MSM.

Corona virus – A natural catastrophe

Viruses, ultra-microscopic structures mainly are pathogens, which affect the human beings by causing endemic, epidemic and even pandemic diseases. Coronaviruses (CoV) - large family of enveloped viruses containing single stranded RNA, belong to the family: Coronaviridae, order: Nidovirales. Zoonotic coronaviruses have emerged in recent years to cause human outbreaks such as SARS - severe acute respiratory syndrome, MERS - Middle East respiratory syndrome and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-like CoVs observed in horse shoe bats like Rhinolophus macrotis & R.sinicus which shed the virus in saliva and urine transmitting to human beings during the processing of bat meat. SARS-CoV-2 virions attach to human cells manifested as a respiratory infection. The clinical spectrum of illness varies from no symptoms or mild respiratory symptoms to severe, rapidly progressive pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, or multi organ failure resulting in death. There are many ways of diagnosis of COVID-19 through thermal checking for fever, symptoms like severe cough, cold etc., lung X-ray, antibody detection and PCR tests. ‘Prevention is better than cure’, a common proverb has lot of meaning in the present pandemic. Physical distancing, wearing mask in public places, sanitizing hands are now considered as most important steps in preventing COVID-19. Recently designated Omicron subvariant JN.1 is spreading causing the disease among the people. Probiotic drinks play an important role in inhibiting the ACE inhibiting biopeptide, preventing virus fusion to human lung cells and studies are going on in this aspect. Globally many vaccines have been released and used providing the immunity against the COVID-19. The present review article focuses on virus, classification, place of coronavirus, its impact on humans, clinical manifestation, prevention and control measures.

Profile of gastroduodenal perforation patients admitted in a rural tertiary care hospital: An observational cross-sectional study.

Gastro-duodenal perforation is a common surgical emergency that remains a formidable health burden worldwide with significant morbidity and mortality. Ulcer disease remains the most common cause of gastro-duodenal perforation. Diagnosing the presence of H. pylori can help eradicate the infection from the community at large and thereby reduce the chances of gastro-duodenal perforation. To assess the clinical presentation of gastro-duodenal perforation patients and to evaluate the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection by available investigations. A descriptive observational study was conducted among 80 patients presenting with clinical features suggestive of gastro-duodenal perforation and confirmed by clinical, radiological basis and operative findings admitted at a rural tertiary care hospital during 2019-2020. Detailed history was taken from the patient/party, clinically examined, and blood/tissue samples were investigated. The patients were managed with standard treatment modality in the studied institute. Data were collected, compiled, and entered MS Excel and analyzed using appropriate software. Descriptive analysis was done in the form of proportion for categorical variables, mean or median for continuous variables. Cases of gastro-duodenal perforations were more among middle to later age of life, mostly affecting married male patients hailed from rural area and unskilled workers. History of intake of spicy food, prolonged starvation, history of NSAID use were common among them. Majority of the patients had history of pain abdomen in the past suggesting of PUD and history of taking variety group of acid reducing agents. Most of them presented with epigastric pain, vomiting, abdominal distension along with other signs of peritonitis. Obliteration of liver dullness and free gas under right dome of diaphragm was also noted in large proportion among them. Majority of cases were found positive for H. pylori on Histology (85%), followed by rapid urease test (RUT) (80%) and a positivity of 72.5% and 68.8% on serum IgG and IgA antibody respectively. Rapid Urease Test was more sensitive as well as specific in diagnosing of H. pylori than antibody detection test. Early detection of H. pylori infection and treatment with potent anti H. pylori therapy postoperatively has been found to be adequate.

Diagnostic accuracy of a novel point-of-care test for simultaneous detection of anti-transglutaminase IgA and anti-deamidated gliadin IgG antibodies.

Point-of-care tests (POCTs) may have a role in detecting undiagnosed cases of Celiac disease (CD). We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a novel POCT, compared with the conventional serological methods, for simultaneous anti-transglutaminase (tTG) IgA and anti-deamidated gliadin (DGP) IgG antibody detection. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of different biological matrices (whole blood and serum) on test performance. Serum and whole blood from celiac or suspected celiac patients who underwent duodenal biopsy were assayed for the presence of anti-tTG IgA and anti-DGP IgG both with the reference standard methods (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden) and with the POCT (PRIMA Lab SA, Balerna, Switzerland). 266 sera (101 negative and 165 positive) and 60 whole blood samples (34 positive and 26 negative) were included in the study. POCT for anti-DGP IgG showed a sensitivity of 84.3% and a specificity of 90.1%, with positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of 91.07% and 82.73%. POCT for anti-tTG IgA showed a sensitivity of 98.31% and a specificity of 98.02%, with a PPV and NPV of 98.31% and 98.02%. Test accuracies were 86.94% and 98.17%, respectively. The agreement of the results between the two different matrices showed a strong correlation rate: 95% for anti-DGP IgG and 100% for anti-tTG IgA. The anti-tTG IgA/anti-DGP IgG-based POCT showed good diagnostic accuracy with comparable sensitivities and specificities to reference standard methods in detecting CD in symptomatic patients and could be considered as a mass screening test before referring to conventional serology.

Performance Analysis of Serodiagnostic Tests to Characterize the Incline and Decline of the Individual Humoral Immune Response in COVID-19 Patients: Impact on Diagnostic Management.

Serodiagnostic tests for antibody detection to estimate the immunoprotective status regarding SARS-CoV-2 support diagnostic management. This study aimed to investigate the performance of serological assays for COVID-19 and elaborate on test-specific characteristics. Sequential samples (n = 636) of four panels (acute COVID-19, convalescent COVID-19 (partly vaccinated post-infection), pre-pandemic, and cross-reactive) were tested for IgG by indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) and EUROIMMUN EUROLINE Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Profile (IgG). Neutralizing antibodies were determined by a virus neutralization test (VNT) and two surrogate neutralization tests (sVNT, GenScript cPass, and EUROIMMUN SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA). Analysis of the acute and convalescent panels revealed high positive (78.3% and 91.6%) and negative (91.6%) agreement between IIFT and Profile IgG. The sVNTs revealed differences in their positive (cPass: 89.4% and 97.0%, NeutraLISA: 71.5% and 72.1%) and negative agreement with VNT (cPass: 92.3% and 50.0%, NeutraLISA: 95.1% and 92.5%) at a diagnostic specificity of 100% for all tests. The cPass showed higher inhibition rates than NeutraLISA at VNT titers below 1:640. Cross-reactivities were only found by cPass (57.1%). Serodiagnostic tests, which showed substantial agreement and fast runtime, could provide alternatives for cell-based assays. The findings of this study suggest that careful interpretation of serodiagnostic results obtained at different times after SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure is crucial to support decision-making in diagnostic management.

Development and Application of a Rapid Test for Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-specific Antibodies

Development and Application of a Rapid Test for Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-specific Antibodies

Feasibility and performance of in-house red blood cell reagents to detect unexpected antibodies in immunized patients in Burkina Faso.

In sub-Saharan Africa, antibody detection tests remain inaccessible because of the high cost and limited shelf life of red blood cell (RBC) reagents. This study aimed at investigating the feasibility and performance of locally prepared RBC reagents for antibody detection in Burkina Faso. We conducted an experimental study comparing commercial RBC panels and a local panel prepared from phenotyped blood donors in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Antibody detection testing was performed by the indirect antiglobulin test using a gel card filtration column in a low-ionic-strength solution. Judgment criteria were the concordance rate and the kappa agreement coefficient of results generated by the two panels. A total of 302 blood donors were phenotyped for the major antigens of the RH, KEL, MNS, FY, JK, LE, and P1PK blood group systems. From this pool of donors, we designed an RBC detection panel that was used to screen for unexpected antibodies in 1096 plasma samples from 832 patients with a history of transfusion and 264 recently delivered or pregnant women with no history of blood transfusion. A positive antibody detection test was observed in 8.1 percent of the samples using the local panel versus 6.4 percent with the commercial panels. A total of 23 samples were negative with the commercial panels and positive with the local panel, while the findings were reversed for four samples. The concordance rate was 97.5 percent, and the kappa agreement coefficient was 0.815. Our results suggest that the development of local RBC panels can be an alternative to commercial panels in countries with limited resources. It could also be a cost-effective intervention, mainly for children under 5 years of age, women of childbearing age, and pregnant women, all of whom are most at risk for malaria and sickle cell disease complications. Blood services could develop and implement appropriate strategies to make phenotyped donor pools available for the design of suitable RBC panels.

Evaluation of solid-phase panreactivity with negative direct antiglobulin testing.

Solid-phase red cell adherence (SPRCA) is a sensitive platform for antibody detection, but nonspecific reactions may occur. One pattern of apparent nonspecific reactivity is a panagglutinin with a negative direct antiglobulin test (DAT). The purpose of this study was to define the clinical characteristics of patients with these nonspecific reactions and their associated serologic findings. Twenty patients with panreactive SPRCA testing results were identified between November 2022 and May 2023. In addition to panagglutinins, these patients had (1) a negative polyethylene glycol (PEG) antibody detection test, (2) a negative PEG autocontrol, and (3) a negative DAT. The strength of SPRCA panreactivity and the results of eluate testing (by tube and SPRCA) were studied. Clinical characteristics of patients included age, sex, and primary diagnosis. Each patient was also assessed for evidence of hemolysis. Fourteen female and six male patients were evaluated (average age 44 years). Primary diagnoses included pregnancy (n = 10), acute bleeding (n = 4), orthopedic (n = 3), and other (n = 3). There was no clinical or laboratory evidence of hemolysis. The predominant strength of SPRCA panreactivity was evenly distributed across reaction grades (1+ to 3+). Fifty-five percent of the eluates tested in PEG showed panreactivity, consistent with warm-reactive autoantibodies, while 85 percent of eluates tested by SPRCA were panreactive. Six discrepant cases, in which PEG eluate testing was negative and solid-phase eluate testing showed panreactivity, were associated with weak solid-phase plasma panreactivity (1+). In addition, the reactivity strengths of the eluates tested by SPRCA were invariably more strongly reactive than those eluates tested in PEG. Panagglutination is a distinct SPRCA-only plasma reactivity pattern. Despite a negative PEG tube and DAT, most panagglutinins are warm-reactive autoantibodies. Fortunately, these "interfering" panagglutinins do not appear to be clinically significant and are easily managed by an alternative testing method such as PEG.

The Performance of Diagnostic Tests for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the South African Population: A Scoping Review.

To determine the performance and reliability of diagnostic tests for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection in South Africa, we conducted a scoping review to identify published studies undertaken in the English language from March 2020 to August 2022 that evaluated the performance of antigen- and antibody-based diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa. We identified 17 relevant peer-reviewed articles; six reported on SARS-CoV-2 gene and/or antigen detection whilst 11 reported on antibody detection. Of the SARS-CoV-2 gene and/or antigen-based tests, sensitivity ranged from 40% to 100%, whilst for the antibody-based tests, sensitivity ranged from 13% to 100%. All tests evaluated were highly dependent on the stage of infection and the timing of sample collection. This scoping review demonstrated that no single SARS-CoV-2 gene and/or antigen- or antibody-based assay was sufficiently sensitive and specific simultaneously. The sensitivity of the tests was highly dependent on the timing of sample collection with respect to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the case of SARS-CoV-2 gene and/or antigen detection, the earlier the collection of samples, the greater the sensitivity, while antibody detection tests showed better sensitivity using samples from later stages of infection.

Diagnostic Efficacy of Serological Antibody Detection Tests for Hepatitis Delta Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background and Aims Coinfection of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) with hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes the most severe form of viral hepatitis, and the global prevalence of HDV infection is underestimated. Although serological testing of anti-HDV antibodies is widely used in the diagnosis of HDV, its diagnostic efficacy remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of HDV serological tests, the results of which may assist in the diagnosis of HDV. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched from the beginning to 31 May 2023. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. STATA SE was used for the meta-analysis of the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio. Results Among a total of 1376 initially identified studies, only 12 articles met the final inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 1.00 (95% CI: 0.00-1.00) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.50-0.78) for HDV total antibodies, 0.96 (95% CI: 0.83-0.99) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.82-1.00) for anti-HDV IgM and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.86-0.98) and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.67-1.00) for anti-HDV IgG. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for HDV serological tests were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.96-1.00) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.79-0.96). Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests that serological tests have high diagnostic performance in detecting antibodies against HDV, especially in HDV IgM and IgG. However, this conclusion is based on studies of a limited number and quality, and the development of new diagnostic tools with higher precision and reliability is still necessary.

Development of a rapid lateral flow assay for detection of anti-coccidioidal antibodies.

Coccidioides spp. are dimorphic fungi that are capable of infecting human and non-human mammals and can cause diverse manifestations of coccidioidomycosis or Valley fever (VF). In combination with clinical symptoms and radiographic findings, antibody-based diagnostic tests are often used to diagnose and monitor patients with VF. Chitinase 1 (CTS1) has previously been identified as the seroreactive antigen used in these diagnostic assays to detect anticoccidial IgG. Here, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect IgG to CTS1 demonstrated 165 of 178 (92.7%) patients with a positive result by immunodiffusion (ID) and/or complement fixation (CF) had antibodies to the single antigen CTS1. We then developed a rapid antibody lateral flow assay (LFA) to detect anti-CTS1 antibodies. Out of 143 samples tested, the LFA showed 92.9% positive percent agreement [95% confidence interval (CI), 84.3%-96.9%] and 97.7% negative percent agreement (95% CI, 87.9%-99.6%) with ID and CF assays. Serum or plasma from canines, macaques, and dolphins was also tested by the CTS1 LFA. Test line densities of the CTS1 LFA correlated in a linear manner with the reported CF and ID titers for human and non-human samples, respectively. This 10-min point-of-care test for the rapid detection of anti-coccidioidal antibodies could help to inform healthcare providers in real-time, potentially improving the efficiency of healthcare delivery.

Agreement between an in-house indirect immunofluorescence assay and a commercial indirect hemagglutination test for detection of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies

El diagnóstico serológico de la enfermedad de Chagas, causada por Trypanosoma cruzi, carece de “gold standard”, siendo considerada la inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) como prueba de referencia para la detección de anticuerpos. Actualmente en Paraguay, el diagnóstico se basa en combinar dos pruebas serológicas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la concordancia entre una prueba in-house de IFI y un test comercial de hemoaglutinación indirecta (HAI), para la detección de anticuerpos IgG anti-T. cruzi. Se evaluaron 54 muestras de pacientes que acudieron al Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS) con solicitud médica de serología para Chagas. Los sueros fueron primeramente analizados por IFI (29 positivos y 25 negativos) y almacenados en una seroteca, posteriormente, se descongelaron para su análisis por HAI. Se determinó la concordancia entre IFI y HAI utilizando el índice Kappa. La concordancia observada entre ambos métodos fue muy buena (Índice Kappa=0,96; p(0,0001). No se observaron diferencias significativas en las frecuencias de muestras que presentaron IgG anti-T.cruzi en los niveles bajo (p=0,759), intermedio (p=1,000) y alto (p=0,592). Los anticuerpos medidos por ambos métodos mostraron buena correlación (Rho de Spearman= 0,715; p<0,01). La sensibilidad y especificidad de HAI frente a IFI fue 96,6% y 100%, respectivamente. Los hallazgos sugieren que la combinación de ambas pruebas evaluadas, o bien HAI con otras pruebas serológicas, sería una buena elección diagnóstica en la enfermedad de Chagas en nuestro medio.

Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among captive Asian elephants in Kerala, India - a short communication

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease of zoonotic significance, caused by distinct members of the genus Leptospira, with a broad spectrum of hosts, including domestic and wild animals. The present paper reports the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among captive Asian elephants in Kerala. Whole blood samples were collected from fifty, apparently healthy captive elephants from different districts of Kerala state. The serum was separated from the whole blood and subjected to the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) for detection of antibodies to different serovars of Leptospira. The test was carried out using actively grown cultures of twelve common leptospiral serovars. Out of the total of fifty serum samples screened by MAT, 19 samples (38 per cent) showed a positive reaction with antibody titres in a 1:200 dilution. The prevalent serovars were Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis, Grippotyphosa and Canicola, and the highest prevalence was noticed for the serovar Pomona. The positive results indicated the presence of infection or the previous exposure of captive elephants to leptospiral antigens. The high rate of prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in captive elephants warrants the monitoring of these animals for clinical disease and adopting the necessary control strategies for preventing this re-emerging zoonotic disease.

Positive direct antiglobulin tests in cancer patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors: A case series from India.

Tumour cells activate immune checkpoints such as programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) signalling pathways to inhibit T lymphocyte activation and thus escape from immune surveillance. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis) reactivate T lymphocytes to recognize cancer cells by blocking CTLA-4 or PD-1. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is a rare, but often severe, complication of ICPis. Therefore, we performed a retrospective clinical case review, including serologic, haematology, and biochemistry laboratory results, of three patients who developed autoantibodies to erythrocytes following treatment with pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 inhibitor. Serologic testing of blood samples from these patients showed their red cells were positive for direct antiglobulin test (DAT+for IgG in two cases and IgG with C3d in one case). Antibody detection test was negative. No patient had clinical and laboratory features of haemolysis. There were no additional immune-related adverse events. IgG antibodies coating red cells were neither IgG1 nor IgG3 in class and elution was found negative in all. In conclusion, immunohaematology laboratories should be aware of the possibility of erythroid autoantibodies and their nature in cancer patients receiving ICPis. The result of a positive DAT should be interpreted carefully in these patients to exclude other possible causes of anaemia.