C-reactive Protein Antibodies Research Articles

Enzyme-free immunoassay for rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of C-reactive protein.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein made by the liver, which is released into the bloodstream in response to inflammation. Furthermore, CRP is a potential risk factor for heart disease. Hence, it is of great importance to develop a rapid, sensitive, accurate, and cost-effective method for CRP detection. Herein, we report an enzyme-free fluorescent assay for the rapid and ultra-sensitive detection of CRP with a limit of detection (LOD) reaching as low as 3.08 pg/mL (i.e., ~ 27 fM). The high sensitivity of our method was simply achieved via dual-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). By regulating the molar ratio of DNA to CRP antibody immobilized on the AuNP surface, hundreds to thousands-fold amplification in the analyte signal could be instantly accomplished. Furthermore, our sensor was selective: non-target proteins such as interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, procalcitonin, bovine serum albumin, and human serum albumin did not interfere with the target CRP detection. Moreover, simulated serum samples were successfully analyzed. Given the excellent sensitivity, selectivity, and high resistance to complicated matrices, the enzyme-free CRP detection strategy developed in this work can be used as a generic platform to construct sensors for a wide variety of protein biomarkers and hence offers potential as a tool for rapid, accurate, and low-cost medical diagnosis.

A Visual Distance-Based Capillary Immunoassay Using Biomimetic Polymer Nanoparticles for Highly Sensitive and Specific C-Reactive Protein Quantification.

The low-cost daily monitoring of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels is crucial for screening acute inflammation or infections as well as managing chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we synthesized novel 2-Methacryloyloxy ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-based biomimetic nanoparticles with a large surface area to develop a visual CRP-quantification assay using affordable glass capillaries. The PMPC nanoparticles, synthesized via reflux precipitation polymerization, demonstrated multivalent binding capabilities, enabling rapid and specific CRP capture. In the presence of CRP, PMPC nanoparticles formed sandwich structures with magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with CRP antibodies, thereby enhancing detection sensitivity and specificity. These sandwich complexes were magnetically accumulated into visible and quantifiable stacks within the glass capillaries, allowing for the rapid, sensitive, and specific quantification of CRP concentrations with a detection limit of 57.5 pg/mL and a range spanning from 0 to 5000 ng/mL. The proposed visual distance-based capillary biosensor shows great potential in routine clinical diagnosis as well as point-of-care testing (POCT) in resource-limited settings.

Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as a biomarker of systemic inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Additionally, the study aimed to establish an association between PLR and SLE disease activity, specifically lupus nephritis (LN). We conducted a comprehensive search across Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases to identify relevant articles. Subsequently, we performed meta-analyses to compare PLR between SLE patients and controls, as well as active and inactive SLE cases, along with LN and non-LN groups. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was conducted on correlation coefficients between PLR and various parameters in SLE patients, including the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), C3, C4, anti-dsDNA, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP). In total, fifteen studies comprising 1,522 SLE patients and 1,424 controls were eligible for inclusion. The meta-analysis demonstrated a significant elevation of PLR in the SLE group compared to the control group (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD] = 0.604, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.299-0.909, p < 0.001). Upon stratification by ethnicity, an elevated PLR was observed in the SLE group among both Asian and Arab populations. Subgroup analysis based on sample size revealed consistently higher PLR in both small (n < 200) and large sample (n ≥ 200) SLE groups. Moreover, when considering disease activity, there was a noteworthy trend of increased PLR in the active disease group compared to the inactive group (SMD = 0.553, 95% CI = 0.000-1.106, p = 0.050). However, the meta-analysis did not demonstrate a significant distinction in PLR between the LN and non-LN groups. Notably, a positive association was established between PLR and SLEDAI (correlation coefficient = 0.325, 95% CI = 0.176-0.459, p < 0.001). Furthermore, PLR exhibited positive correlations with ESR, CRP, proteinuria, C3, and anti-dsDNA antibody levels. The outcomes of this meta-analysis underscored the elevated PLR in SLE patients, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for gauging systemic inflammation in SLE. Additionally, PLR exhibited correlations with SLEDAI, as well as with key indicators such as ESR, CRP, proteinuria, C3, and anti-dsDNA antibody levels.

Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of C-reactive protein antigen.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide, and the determination of C-reactive protein (CRP) from human serum is of vital importance for the diagnosis of the disease. For this study, we have developed an electrochemical immunosensor based on onion-like carbon@polyacrylonitrile (OLC-PAN) for the detection of CRP antigens. This was accomplished by immobilizing CRP antibodies on a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Several electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to evaluate the electrochemical detection of the CRP antigen. This ultrasensitive method for CRP antigen detection exhibited a very good logarithmic plot from -4.52 to -12.05 g mL-1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.9 fg mL-1. The high selectivity, sensitivity, and stability of the developed electrochemical immunosensor would facilitate miniaturization for point-of-care applications and the efficient diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.

Water soluble silicon quantum dot based fluorescence immunoassay probe for C-reactive protein (CRP) detection

Silicon quantum dot (SiQD) based water soluble fluorescence immunoassay probe with aggregation induced emission features (AIE) was developed for the sensitive detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) biomarker. The solid state and solution phase photophysical properties of SiQD attributed from AIE effect was studied successfully. Later the ability of CRP antibody functionalized SiQD against the detection CRP antigen was evaluated systematically. The method relies on the decrease in fluorescence intensity of CRP antibody functionalized SiQD (CRPAb) upon the gradual addition of CRP antigen (CRPAg) via antigen-antibody interaction. The intensity of the antibody functionalized fluorophore quenched linearly by the addition of CRPAg within the concentration range of 50–150 nM and the limit of detection (LOD) was as sensitive as about 0.89 nM. Detection mechanism was assigned further by evaluating the interaction that exists between SiQD-CRPAb and CRPAg, which suggests that the effective complexation through a lock and key mechanism could be the plausible reason behind the fluorescence quenching of SiQD-CRPAb in presence of CRPAg. The solid state fluorescence features of SiQD arises from AIE phenomena which suggest that as a promising alternative to conventional QDs and organic fluorophores, integration of SiQD with lateral flow strips could result in powerful eco-friendly point-of-care device for in vitro diagnosis and the detection of other biomarkers.

An integrated immunochromatographic device for C-reactive protein detection using hierarchical dendritic gold nanostructure films

Immunochromatographic test strips typically consist of sample pad, conjugate pad, nitrocellulose membrane, and absorbent pad. Even minute variations in the assembly of these components can lead to inconsistent sample-reagent interactions, thereby reducing reproducibility. In addition, the nitrocellulose membrane is susceptible to damage during assembly and handling. To address this issue, we propose to replace the sample pad, conjugate pad, and nitrocellulose membrane with hierarchical dendritic gold nanostructure (HD-nanoAu) films to develop a compact integrated immunochromatographic strip. The strip uses quantum dots as a background fluorescence signal and employs fluorescence quenching to detect C-reactive protein (CRP) in human serum. A 5.9 μm thick HD-nanoAu film was electrodeposited on an ITO conductive glass by the constant potential method. The wicking kinetics of the HD-nanoAu film was thoroughly investigated, and the results indicated that the film exhibited favorable wicking properties, with a wicking coefficient of 0.72 μm ms−0.5. The immunochromatographic device was fabricated by etching three interconnected rings on HD-nanoAu/ITO to designate sample/conjugate (S/C), test (T), and control (C) regions. The S/C region was immobilized with mouse anti-human CRP antibody (Ab1) labeled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), while the T region was preloaded with polystyrene microspheres decorated with CdSe@ZnS quantum dots (QDs) as background fluorescent material, followed by mouse anti-human CRP antibody (Ab2). The C region was immobilized with goat anti-mouse IgG antibody. After the samples were added to the S/C region, the excellent wicking properties of the HD-nanoAu film facilitated the lateral flow of the CRP-containing sample toward the T and C regions after binding to AuNPs labeled with CRP Ab1. In the T region, CRP-AuNPs-Ab1 formed sandwich immunocomplexes with Ab2, and the fluorescence of QDs was quenched by AuNPs. The ratio of fluorescence intensity in the T region to that in the C region was used to quantify CRP. The T/C fluorescence intensity ratio was negatively correlated with the CRP concentration in the range of 26.67–853.33 ng mL−1 (corresponding to 300-fold diluted human serum), with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.98. The limit of detection was 15.0 ng mL−1 (corresponding to 300-fold diluted human serum), and the range of relative standard deviation: 4.48–5.31%, with a recovery rate of 98.22–108.33%. Common interfering substances did not cause significant interference, and the range of relative standard deviation: 1.96–5.51%. This device integrates multiple components of conventional immunochromatographic strips onto a single HD-nanoAu film, resulting in a more compact structure that improves the reproducibility and robustness of detection, making it promising for point-of-care testing applications.

Use of some bone-related cytokines as predictors for rheumatoid arthritis severity by neural network analysis

Background. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial membrane inflammation that results in joint damage. Many earlier studies have measured cytokines for a better diagnosis of RA. In the present study, three bone biomarkers [osteopontin, stromelysin-1 (MMP3), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF)] are examined for their ability to estimate the severity of disease by using artificial neural network (NN) analysis and binary logistic regression analysis. Methods. The study enrolled 87 RA patients and 44 healthy control subjects. The biomarkers were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Disease Activity Score (28 joints) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (DAS28-CRP) was calculated by using DAS28-CRP calculator. The patients with DAS28-CRP 5.1 are considered as having high disease activity (HDA). While patients group with DAS28-CRP 5.1 are considered as moderate disease activity (MDA). The neural network (NN) analysis was used for the differentiation between groups. Results. Results showed that the most sensitive predictor for high disease activity (HDA) of RA is MMP3, followed by osteopontin and VEGF. These three biomarkers can differentiate significantly between HDA and MDA with a relatively high size effect (Partial 2 = 0.323, p 0.001). The HDA group has a significantly higher MMP3, CRP, RF, and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) than the MDA group. MMP3 is strongly associated with two inflammatory indicators; CRP and ESR. Conclusion. There was a significant elevation in the serum level of MMP3 in RA patients with HDA compared to the MDA and control groups. High DAS28, RF, CRP, and ACPA were found in HDA patients compared with the MDA group. The use of the NN analysis indicated that the measured biomarkers help predict the HDA state in RA patients. MMP3 and osteopontin are diagnostic biomarkers for the severity of RA and are related to many disease-related characteristics with a sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of 68.4%.

Applying CeO2 nanorods in flexible electrochemical immunosensor to detect C-reactive protein

In this work, we report the development of a flexible electrochemical immunosensor based on CeO2 nanorods (NRs) immobilized with C-reactive protein (CRP) antibody, a biomarker of cardiovascular disease. CeO2 NRs were obtained by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method and characterized by XRD, TEM, and XPS. For the preparation of the working electrode, WE, of the immunosensor, the NRs were dispersed in organic solvent and then functionalized with cystamine and glutaraldehyde, and then modified with CRP antibody. The deposition condition was evaluated for electrode functionalization and immobilization. Functionalization and immobilization were verified by spectroscopic techniques and proved effective repeatability and reproducibility. The developed immunosensor had acceptable reproducibility (coefficient of variation = 4.5 %), allowed detection in the range of 0.3 to 7.0 mg L−1 of CRP with a detection limit of 0.18 mg L−1, and applications that are immediately detectable, easy-to-handle, low-cost and ideal for point-of-care.

HLA typing of patients who developed subacute thyroiditis and Graves’ disease after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a case report

BackgroundCases of subacute thyroiditis (SAT) after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination have been reported. A human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele, HLA-B*35, appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of SAT.Case presentationWe conducted HLA typing of one patient with SAT and another with both SAT and Graves’ disease (GD), which developed after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Patient 1, a 58-year-old Japanese man, was inoculated with a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BNT162b2; Pfizer, New York, NY, USA). He developed fever (38 °C), cervical pain, palpitations, and fatigue on day 10 after vaccination. Blood chemistry tests revealed thyrotoxicosis and elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and slightly increased serum antithyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) levels. Thyroid ultrasonography revealed the characteristic findings of SAT. Patient 2, a 36-year-old Japanese woman, was inoculated twice with a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (mRNA-1273; Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA). She developed fever (37.8 °C) and thyroid gland pain on day 3 after the second vaccination. Blood chemistry tests revealed thyrotoxicosis and elevated serum CRP, TSAb, and antithyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody levels. Fever and thyroid gland pain persisted. Thyroid ultrasonography revealed the characteristic findings of SAT (i.e., slight swelling and a focal hypoechoic area with decreased blood flow). Prednisolone treatment was effective for SAT. However, thyrotoxicosis causing palpitations relapsed thereafter, for which thyroid scintigraphy with 99mtechnetium pertechnetate was conducted, and the patient was diagnosed with GD. Thiamazole treatment was then initiated, which led to improvement in symptoms.ConclusionHLA typing revealed that both patients had the HLA-B*35:01, -C*04:01, and -DPB1*05:01 alleles. Only patient 2 had the HLA-DRB1*11:01 and HLA-DQB1*03:01 alleles. The HLA-B*35:01 and HLA-C*04:01 alleles appeared to be involved in the pathogenesis of SAT after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and the HLA-DRB1*11:01 and HLA-DQB1*03:01 alleles were speculated to be involved in the postvaccination pathogenesis of GD.

THE ROLE OF ENDOTOXICOSIS AND INFLAMMATION IN DEEPENING THE PANCREATIC FUNCTIONAL INSUFFICIENCY IN CHRONIC PANCREATITIS IN COMBINATION WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES.

Aim: To analyze the state of parameters of inflammation, endotoxicosis, and their influence on the functional capacity of the pancreas in the comorbid course of chronic pancreatitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Materials and methods: 115 patients with CP in the phase of mild therapeutic exacerbation in combination with DM2 in the stage of subcompensation were examined. To assess the impact of comorbid DM2 on the clinical condition of patients with CP, a comparison group of 25 patients with CP in the exacerbation phase was included in the study. The assessment of the presence and depth of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) was carried out according to the "gold standard" - determination of the content of fecal α-elastase-1, which was determined by the method of enzyme immunoassay using standard kits. As the main criterion for diagnosis and monitoring of DM, the measurement of HbA1c was used, which was determined by the method of ion exchange chromatography. C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined by the immunoturbidometry method by photometric measurement of the antigen-antibody reaction to human CRP antibodies; reference values of CRP in blood serum are up to 3 mg/l. Endogenous intoxication (EI) was assessed based on the levels of medium-mass molecules (MMM) - MMM1 and MMM2 at wavelengths 254 and 280 nm. The level of circulating immune complexes (CIC) was determined by the method of selective precipitation in 3.75% ethylene glycol followed by photometry. Results: Moderate and moderate inverse correlations were established between CRP and fecal α-elastase in CP and CP-DM2 comorbidity (r=-0.423 and r=-0.565, p<0.05). This proved a reliable influence of the depth of inflammation according to the content of CRP on the increase in PEI according to the level of fecal α-elastase, which was higher in the CP-DM2 comorbidity compared to CP. A deeper level of secretory insufficiency of the pancreas was established in CP with concomitant DM2, which deepened when the CRP level increased, compared to that in isolated CP: an increase in the strength of reliable direct moderate HbA1c-CRP correlations in patients with CP in combination with DM2 was proved in relation to such cases isolated CP (respectively r=0.313 and r=0.410, p<0.05). Conclusions: We proved a reliable influence of the index of endogenous intoxication on the level of PEI according to the level of fecal α-elastase, which was higher in the CP-DM2 comorbidity compared to isolated CP: moderate and medium-strength inverse correlations were established IEI-fecal α-elastase in patients with CP and CP-DM2 comorbidity (r=-0.471 and r=-0.517, p<0.05). An increase in the strength of reliable direct, moderate, and moderate correlations between the levels of HbA1c and the index of endogenous intoxication in patients with isolated CP and CP-DM2 comorbidity (r=0.337 and r=0.552, p<0.05), which proved a deeper level of secretory pancreas insufficiency with concomitant DM2, which worsened with increasing endotoxicosis according to the value of the index of endogenous intoxication.

Comparison of direct and sandwich type immunoassays on electrospun nanofibers using of metal organic frameworks as a fluorescence probe

Here, colloidal fluorescent Fe (III) metal organic frameworks (FeMOFs) were synthesized using FeCl3 as Fe3+ ion source and lactose 1-aminonaphthalene (L1AN) as an organic linker by one-step synthesis approach. C-reactive protein antibody (Anti-CRP) was conjugated to L1AN-FeMOF through amide bond formation, which was then applied to the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) using sandwich-type and immunometric assays. To cover 96-well plate surfaces, polycaprolactone and poly (amic acid) (PCL/PAA) electrospun nanofibers were synthesized. Limit of detection (LOD) for CRP was obtained as 4.8 pg/mL for the sandwich assay and 9.0 pg/mL for the immunometric assay in buffer systems using high throughput sensing approach. Real sample applications in artificial saliva and simulated serum validated the reliability of the approach. Selectivity control tests were performed using common serum-based interferents, for which minimum to no interference was observed. Based on the findings, the developed assay can be offered as a new approach in the detection of CRP in clinical samples.

Magnetic Nanoparticles Detection of C-Reactive Protein Combined with Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio to Predict the Occurrence of Anastomotic Fistula after Rectal Cancer Surgery.

It aimed to explore the effect of C-reactive protein (CRP) combined with neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the early prediction of anastomotic leakage (AL) after rectal cancer surgery and to improve the prediction accuracy. In this study, gold (Au)/ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles were first synthesized and modified with polyacrylic acid (PAA). After modification, they underwent CRP antibody detection. Then, 120 patients with rectal cancer who underwent Dixon surgery were selected as the research objects to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of CRP combined with NLR in predicting AL. It was found that the diameter of the Au/Fe3O4 nanoparticles prepared in this study was about 45 nm. After adding 60 μg of antibody, the diameter of PAA-Au/Fe3O4 was 226.5 nm, the dispersion coefficient was 0.16, the standard curve between CRP concentration and luminous intensity was y = 8,966.5 x + 2,381.3, and R2 = 0.9944. Besides, the correlation coefficient was R2 = 0.991, and the linear regression equation was y=1.103 x - 0.0022 compared with the nephelometric method. By analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of CRP combined with NLR to predict AL after Dixon surgery, the cut-off point was 0.11 on the first day after the surgery, the area under the curve was 0.896, the sensitivity was 82.5%, and the specificity was 76.67%. The cut-off point on the third day after the surgery was 0.13, the area under the curve was 0.931, the sensitivity was 86.67%, and the specificity was 90%. On the fifth day after the surgery, the cut-off point, the area under the curve, the sensitivity, and the specificity were 0.16, 0.964, 92.5%, and 95.83% in turn. In conclusion, PAA-Au/Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles could be used for clinical examination of patients with rectal cancer, and CRP combined with NLR could improve the prediction accuracy of AL after rectal cancer surgery.

Association of polymorphisms in promoter region of TNF-α-238 and -308 with clinical outcomes in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases on anti-TNF therapy.

The hypothesis of the study was that polymorphisms in promoter regions -238 and -308 of TNF-α could be associated with different clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and immune-mediated rheumatic diseases (IMRD). The aim was to examine the possible association of both polymorphisms with concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) and fecal calprotectin (fCAL), onset of the remission and development of the ADA in patients on therapy with anti-TNF inhibitors. The prospective study was done in patients with IBD and IMRD on infliximab (IFX) or adalimumab (ADM). Patients were genotyped for TNF-α-238 and -308 polymorphisms. The concentration of CRP, fCAL, IFX or ADM and antibodies to drugs were measured according to manufacturer's instructions and followed-up for 6 or 12months. Out of all patients (N = 112), number of patients in remission did not differ according to genotypes (for IBD patients P = 0.509 vs 0.223; for IMRD patients P = 0.541 vs 0.132 for TNF-α-238 and -308, respectively). Initial CRP concentration was higher in IBD patients with TNF-α -308 GG than GA/AA genotypes in patients who failed to achieve remission [11.8 (4.4-39.6) vs 3.1 (1.5-6.5), P = 0.033]. In IBD patients with remission, fCAL concentration after at least 6months of therapy was higher in TNF-α-308 GG than in GA genotype [52 (25-552) vs 20 (20-20) µg/g, P = 0.041]. Our results showed the association of TNF-α-308 GG genotype with a higher concentration of CRP and fecal calprotectin in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases on IFX or ADM therapy. Clinical remission and development of antibodies to anti-TNF drugs were not associated with TNF-α-238 and -308 polymorphisms.

Anti-Monomeric C-Reactive Protein Antibody Ameliorates Arthritis and Nephritis in Mice.

Conformation-specific Ags are ideal targets for mAb-based immunotherapy. Here, we demonstrate that the monomeric form of C-reactive protein (mCRP) is a specific therapeutic target for arthritis and nephritis in a murine model. Screening of >1800 anti-mCRP mAb clones identified 3C as a clone recognizing the monomeric, but not polymeric, form of CRP. The anti-mCRP mAb suppressed leukocyte infiltration in thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, attenuated rheumatoid arthritis symptoms in collagen Ab-induced arthritis model mice, and attenuated lupus nephritis symptoms in MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr lupus-prone model mice. These data suggest that the anti-mCRP mAb 3C has therapeutic potential against rheumatoid arthritis and lupus nephritis.

Simultaneous Detection of Inflammatory Biomarkers by SERS Nanotag-Based Lateral Flow Assay with Portable Cloud Raman Spectrometer.

Inflammatory biomarkers are closely related to infectious diseases. However, traditional clinical tests of laboratory inspection are unable to achieve rapid and accurate detection of these biomarkers on-site due to shortcomings such as complex experimental operation, expensive equipment, and long test time. Herein, we proposed a lateral flow assay (LFA) strip based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotags (SERS-LFA strips) for the simultaneous and quantitative detection of dual infection biomarkers, serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP), respectively. In practice, mesoporous silica (mSiO2)-coated Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) were used as the SERS substrate. Mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) was embedded in the internal gap between Au NPs and the mSiO2 shell to prepare AuMBA@mSiO2 NPs, onto which SAA and CRP antibodies were modified to prepare two AuMBA@mSiO2 SERS nanotags. The Raman intensities of the test and control lines were simultaneously identified for the qualitative detection of SAA and CRP, with limits of detection (LODs) as low as 0.1 and 0.05 ng/mL for SAA and CRP, respectively. Finally, aiming at point-of-care testing (POCT) applications, we used a smartphone-based portable Raman spectrometer to quantitatively analyze the SERS-LFA strips. The Raman signal could still be accurately detected when the concentration of SAA and CRP was 10 ng/mL, which is lower than the LOD required in clinical practice for most diseases. Therefore, taking into account its simple operation and short analysis time, by using a portable Raman spectrometer which can be equipped with a 5G cloud-based healthcare management system, the current strategy based on SERS-LFA provides the potential for the quick and on-site diagnosis of infectious diseases such as sepsis, which is of great significance for medical guidance on the treatment of widely spread infection-related diseases in remote areas that lack well-developed medical resources.

Thermovaccination: Thermoheliox as an Immune Response Stimulant. Kinetics of Antibodies and C-Reactive Protein Synthesis in Coronaviral Infection.

The high efficiency of using thermoheliox (inhalation with a high-temperature mixture of helium and oxygen) in the treatment of patients affected by COVID-19 was shown. The dynamics of accumulation of IgG, IgM, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with coronavirus infection in the “working” and control groups was studied experimentally. It was shown that thermoheliox intensifies the synthesis of IgG, IgM, and CRP antibodies, while eliminating the induction period on the kinetic curves of the synthesis of specific antibodies in the IgG form and transfers the synthesis of CRP to a fast phase. The results of experiments confirm the previously obtained data based on the analysis of the kinetic model of the development of coronaviral infection in the human body.

Preparation and properties of fluorescent quantum dots microbeads encapsulated in-situ by polyisobornyl methacrylate for immunochromatography

In recent years, antibody-labeled fluorescent probes have attracted wide attention in fluorescence immunochromatography. Quantum dots (QDs) are excellent fluorescent materials with some unique optical properties, including strong stability against photobleaching, broad excitation spectra, high emission intensity, good fluorescence efficiency, and narrow excitonic emission. The CdSe/ZnS QDs microbeads were prepared by encapsulation in-situ of CdSe/ZnS QDs in polyisobornyl methacrylate (PIBOMA) herein and then functional QDs microbeads were produced by the binding of active carboxyl-modified QDs microbeads to the C-reactive protein (CRP) antibody. Their fluorescence properties were also investigated and functional QDs microbeads were further evaluated as fluorescent probes to detect different CRP concentrations using the fluorescence immunoassay test strips. The experiment data indicated that functional QDs microbeads possessed good stability, high fluorescence efficiencies, narrow fluorescence spectra, and good linear relationship of detection line signal versus quality inspection line signal (T1 / C) to the CRP concentration varying from 0.001 to 0.2 mg / l. Therefore, functional CdSe/ZnS QDs microbeads encapsulated in PIBOMA bioconjugated to CRP antibody can be used as the potential fluorescent probes to achieve quantitative detection in the immunochromatographic technology.

Correlation Between Anti-Topoisomerase I and C-Reactive Protein Antibody Level with Modified Rodnan Skin Score On Systemic Sceloris Patients

A B S T R A C TSystemic sclerosis is characterized by extensive and progressive organfibrosis processes leading to organ failure and death. Modified Rodnan SkinScore (mRSS) had been used as a clinical parameter of skin fibrosis. Anti-topoisomerase I and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) are potential biomarkers forassessing disease activity. The study was performed to determine theassociation of anti-topoisomerase I and CRP antibodies with mRSS values.We performed an observational analytic study based on primary andsecondary data. Systemic sclerosis patient sera data was obtained fromDewi S et al's study, taken from May 2015 to June 2017. Serum Anti -topoisomerase I antibody and CRP level analysis were performed inDecember 2017.Fifty six samples analyzed. Fifty four subjects (96.4%) out of 56 subjects arewomen with an average age of 37 ± 11 years, 41 subjects (73.3%) hasdisease duration over 2 years, 34 subjects (60.7%) has difuse systemicsclerosis, 41 subjects (73.3%) in steroid therapy and 50 subjects (89.3%) inmethotrexate therapy. The statistical analysis showed no correlationbetween anti-topoisomerase I antibody and CRP levels with mRSS values(r = 0.205, p = 0.064; r = -0.134, p = 0.167), but there was a positivecorrelation of anti-topoisomerase I antibody level with mRSS (r = 0,422 p =0,007) and negative correlation between CRP level and mRSS (r = -0,511 p= 0,001) in diffuse sclerosis systemic.From this study we concluded that anti-topoisomerase I antibody and CRPlevel were not correlated with mRSS, but in patient with diffuse systemicsclerosis there was a positive correlation of anti-topoisomerase I antibodylevel with mRSS and negative correlation between CRP level and mRSS.

Metal-enhanced sensing platform for the highly sensitive detection of C-reactive protein antibody and rhodamine B with applications in cardiovascular diseases and food safety.

The potential applications of metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) devices include biosensors for the detection of trace amounts in biosciences, biotechnology, and pathogens that are relevant to medical diagnostics and food control. In the present study, the silver (Ag) film thickness (56 nm) of an MEF system was calibrated to maximize the depth-to-width ratio (Γ) of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) active metal from reflectance dip curves. Upon plasmon coupling with thermally evaporated Ag, we demonstrated a 2.21-fold enhancement compared to the pristine flat substrate with the coefficient of variation (CV) ≈0.22% and the limit of detection (LOD) 0.001 mg L-1 of the concentration of an Alexa Fluor 488-labeled anti-C-reactive protein antibody (CRP@Alexa fluor 488). The structure was developed to simplify the in situ generation of biosensors for the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to determine Rhodamine B (RhB) with a highly robust performance. The procedure presented a simple and rapid sample pretreatment for the determination of RhB with a limit of quantification of 10-10 M and a satisfactory linear response (0.98). The results showed the excellent performance of the surface plasmon coupled emission (SPCE), which opens up possibilities for the accurate detection of small-volume and low-concentration target analytes due to the improved sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

Demonstration of a Label-Free and Low-Cost Optical Cavity-Based Biosensor Using Streptavidin and C-Reactive Protein.

An optical cavity-based biosensor (OCB) has been developed for point-of-care (POC) applications. This label-free biosensor employs low-cost components and simple fabrication processes to lower the overall cost while achieving high sensitivity using a differential detection method. To experimentally demonstrate its limit of detection (LOD), we conducted biosensing experiments with streptavidin and C-reactive protein (CRP). The optical cavity structure was optimized further for better sensitivity and easier fluid control. We utilized the polymer swelling property to fine-tune the optical cavity width, which significantly improved the success rate to produce measurable samples. Four different concentrations of streptavidin were tested in triplicate, and the LOD of the OCB was determined to be 1.35 nM. The OCB also successfully detected three different concentrations of human CRP using biotinylated CRP antibody. The LOD for CRP detection was 377 pM. All measurements were done using a small sample volume of 15 µL within 30 min. By reducing the sensing area, improving the functionalization and passivation processes, and increasing the sample volume, the LOD of the OCB are estimated to be reduced further to the femto-molar range. Overall, the demonstrated capability of the OCB in the present work shows great potential to be used as a promising POC biosensor.