Antibiotics In Dental Practice Research Articles

Towards Wiser Prescribing of Antibiotics in Dental Practice: What Pharmacists Want Dentists to Know

Antibiotics have various indications for treatment and prophylaxis in dental practice. While only a handful of antibiotics are typically prescribed in dentistry, unlike in medicine, clear indications and appropriate dosing and duration remain controversial among antibiotic-prescribing dentists, which may result in inappropriate or excessive antibiotic prescriptions. This practice can increase the risk of antibiotic resistance and expose patients to unnecessary side effects. Moreover, the concept of antibiotic stewardship in dental practice remains in its early stages. This review was developed by pharmacists (general and infectious disease pharmacists) in collaboration with a periodontist and a maxillofacial surgeon to provide an antibiotic prescription guide for dentists who frequently prescribe antibiotics. It also sheds light on antibiotic stewardship. The review discusses in detail antibiotic indications for treatment and prophylaxis in dental practice and provides tables that can be used by dentists in their everyday practice. It also discusses the concept of antibiotic stewardship and provides recommendations that can be applied to the practice of antibiotic prescribing in dentistry. Antibiotic prescribing in dental practice should be limited to cases with documented infections or when indicated for prophylaxis. Every dentist can act as an antibiotic steward by prescribing antibiotics wisely and only when necessary, using their discernment to identify appropriate cases and exclude those that do not meet infection criteria. Collaboration with pharmacists is encouraged to provide such recommendations and implement antibiotic stewardship interventions, such as developing antibiotic prescription protocols.

Trends in Prescribing Systemic Antibiotics by Libyan Dentists and Periodontists

Antibiotic prescription is a common practice in everyday dentistry. Although antibiotics play a crucial role in managing periodontal disease, the threat of antibiotic resistance is an issue that requires more exploration. The aim of this study was to describe the patterns of prescribing systemic antibiotics treating periodontal and peri-implant diseases among Libyan dentists and periodontists. An online cross-sectional survey was designed to investigate the patterns and perspectives of antibiotic prescription. Indication parameters and timing of prescription that were analysed included: chronic gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, acute gingival and periodontal conditions, periodontal surgery, implant placement surgery, peri-implantitis treatment, and antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis. Out of the 3000 registered Libyan dentists, only 181 participated in the study. Systemic antibiotic prescription patterns varied markedly for different periodontal or peri-implant diseases among respondents. 72.29% of the respondents reported prescribing systemic antibiotics for the treatment of aggressive periodontitis, while 34.93% prescribed them for chronic periodontitis, 10.24% for chronic gingivitis, 71.15% for periodontal surgery, 64.64% for implant placement surgery, and 67.95% for peri-implanttitis treatment. The most commonly prescribed systemic antibiotics were amoxicillin, the combination of amoxicillin with metronidazole, and clavulanate potassium. This study revealed a high prevalence of overuse and misuse of systemic antibiotics in dental practice. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of improving antimicrobial resistance awareness among Libyan dentists and incorporating antimicrobial stewardship.

A Pharmacy-Based Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Antibiotic Prescription Pattern by Medical and Dental Practitioners in Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT Introduction: The misuse and overuse of antibiotics in dental practice are well known and have become widespread worldwide. Its potential effect and high risk of serious reaction have emphasized the need to reduce and limit the precipitation. In this study we aimed to identify the prevalence, type, dose, and duration of antibiotics prescribed by general medical and dental practitioners in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed from April 2020 to December 2020. A total of 45,100 antibiotic prescriptions were collected from different governmental and private pharmacies and screened to be included in this study. Data extraction from all prescriptions followed a standardized form that included the following information: Doctor specialty, type of antibiotic, duration, and dose of antibiotic. Results: A total of 38,175 antibiotic prescriptions prescribed by licensed doctors practicing in governmental or private hospitals were included in this study. Thirty-five thousand one hundred and seventy-eight (92%) outpatient antibiotics were prescribed by medical practitioners, and 2997 (8%) antibiotics were prescribed by dentists. The most commonly prescribed antibiotic was Augmentin (60%), followed by metronidazole and amoxicillin (35%). The most common dose and duration prescribed by dentists for Augmentin was 625 mg, 3 times per day for 5 days, whereas that of metronidazole was 500 mg, 3 times per day for 7 days. Prescribed dose and duration of amoxicillin was 500 mg, 3 times per day for 7 days. Conclusions: This study helps in understanding healthcare practitioners’ patterns and adds to the knowledge on how to deal with odontogenic infections. Further national studies are recommended to include more regions in Saudi Arabia and to illustrate the misuse of outpatient antibiotics.

PATTERN OF PRESCRIPTION OF ANTIBIOTICS AMONG THE DENTAL PRACTITIONERS OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN

Objectives: To determine pattern of prescription of antibiotics among the dental practitioners of Peshawar, Pakistan.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online study was conducted in Peshawar over a period of 2 months using a convenient sampling technique. A total of 320 dental practitioners were included in the study. Data was collected through a reliable and validated questionnaire. Association between the variables was determined using the Chi-square test.Results: The mean age of study participants was 34.15±11.79years. Of the total 320, 183(57.2%) were female with a mean age of Most dentists prescribe a prophylactic antibiotic for root canal therapy i.e., 64(20.00%), and infi ltration injection with 31(9.68%), whereas for therapeutic purposes, the prescription of antibiotics was high in the case of acute peripheral abscesses with 157(49.06%) and chronic peripheral abscesses with 153(47.81%). Preferred antibiotics for different dental procedures were Metronidazole with 185 (57.8%) and Amoxicillin with 134(42%). A statistically significant association was observed between the use of diff erent antibiotics in anaphylactic and systematic situations with age, gender, and Higher-Qualifi cation (p<0.05).Conclusion: Lack of uniformity is observed in the rational use of antibiotics among study participants. Concrete measures should be undertaken to prevent the irrational use of antibiotics in dental practice and to curb resistance.

Prospective Evaluation of Dental Practitioners' Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Adult Dental Pain Management: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study.

Background Dental pain among adults is a prevalent concern impacting oral health and quality of life. Dental pain management presents a significant challenge for dental practitioners in effectively alleviating patient discomfort. Among the medications available, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered the most effective analgesics in dental care. While numerous studies have been conducted to assess the role of antibiotics in dental practice, there is a scarcity of studies specifically examining the prescription patterns of analgesics. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dental practitioners (DPs) in India concerning the management of adult dental pain. Method This survey utilized a computer-aided questionnaire-based approach. A total of 110 dentists, including 16 from metropolitan areas and 84 from non-metropolitan cities practicing at dental healthcare setups, clinics, and hospitals, were interviewed as part of the survey. The participants comprised dental professionals specializing in prosthodontics, endodontics, orthodontics, periodontics, oral surgery, pedodontics, and oral medicine. The study was conducted between September 2022 and January 2023. Results The primary reason patients seek dental consultation, as reported by 95% of dentists, is tooth cavities, followed by tooth sensitivity, post-root canal treatment, and pulpitis. All surveyed dentists prescribed NSAIDs to their patients for managing dental pain. Local anesthesia (LA) was the second choice for 75% of dentists, prescribed to 23% of their patients. The primary use of NSAIDs was for patients experiencing severe pain and to manage post-procedure pain. Eighty percent of DPs recognized ketorolac as a fast-acting molecule, providing immediate relief within 10-15 minutes. Overall, analysis indicated that 98% of DPs are satisfied and 67% are extremely satisfied with ketorolac among monotherapies for dental pain management due to its quick onset of action, fast pain relief, and usefulness in post-surgical pain management. Conclusion NSAIDs like ketorolac, diclofenac, and aceclofenacwere the preferred prescriptions for overall dental pain management. Dental practitioners associated ketorolac with fast pain relief, quick onset of action, and effectiveness in post-surgical pain management, emphasizing its lasting effects. The insights from the study contribute to enhancing dental pain management strategies.

Antibiotic prescriptions among dentists across Norway and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThe prescription of antibiotics in dental practice contributes significantly to the total use of antibiotics in primary healthcare. This study aimed to evaluate antibiotic prescription in dental practice during the years 2016–2021 in Norway and their relative contribution to national outpatient consumption and to investigate the influence of age, gender, geographic region, and COVID-19. A further aim was to review differences in prescribing patterns to verify effect of governmental strategies to reduce over-prescribing of antibiotics.MethodsThis register study investigated the national antibiotic prescription between 2016 and 2021. Data was obtained from the Norwegian prescription register, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health and Statistics Norway. The consumption of 12 common antibiotics was measured using WHO defined daily doses (DDDs), DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day (DIDs 1000).ResultsA total of 6,049,445 antibiotic prescriptions of the 12 investigated compounds were issued in primary care during the study period. Dentists accounted for 942,350 prescriptions corresponding to 15.6% of the total. An overall decrease in the number of prescriptions by health professions other than dentists during the 5 years (IRR = 0.92, 95% CI:0.92–0.93, p < 0.001) was observed. For dentists a slight increase in the number of prescriptions (IRR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.01–1.01, p < 0.001) was seen over the study period. The increase of antibiotic prescriptions in dentistry was more pronounced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The 4 most prescribed type of antibiotics based on average number of DDDs of the total period 2016–2021 were in descending order; phenoxymethylpenicillin (1,109,150) followed by amoxicillin (126,244), clindamycin (72,565), and metronidazole (64,599). An unexpected finding was that the prescription of the combination compound amoxicillin/clavulanic acid had significantly increased in dentistry during the last 5 years. Geographic, gender, and age differences in the rates of prescriptions were also seen. The data revealed that there are seasonal variations in dental prescriptions.ConclusionsNoticeable differences exist in prescribing patterns of antibiotics in the last 5 years. Restricted access to dental care due to COVID-19 may have resulted in increased antibiotic prescribing in dentistry as opposed to an otherwise downward trend. Despite national guidelines there is still a need for improvement of antibiotic stewardship in dentistry and to define effective methods to disseminate information.

Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiogram of Non-Oral Bacteria Isolates from Patients Attending Dental Clinic at Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Medical Center Enugu

Background and Objectives: Antibiotic-resistance among microbiota found within the oral cavity is a growing concern due to extensive use of antibiotics in dental practice both for therapeutic and prophylactic reasons, but has so far received little attention in recent time. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiogram of non-oral bacteria isolates from patients attending dental clinic at Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Medical Center Enugu (FEDCODTTEN) Methodology: A total of two hundred (200) oral swab samples were collected from patients with dental disease, placed in sterilized Brain Heart Infusion broth and immediately transported to the Microbiology Laboratory Unit of Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Enugu, for bacteriological analysis using standard microbiological methods for isolation and characterization. Antibiogram studies of non-oral bacteria was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and the results were interpreted using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) zone diameter breakpoints. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was determined for Multidrug Resistant (MDR) non-oral bacteria.&#x0D; Results: Phenotypic characterization of non-oral bacteria revealed an occurrence rate of S. aureus&#x0D; 35(17.5%) followed by E. coli 18(9.0%), Salmonella typhi 16(8.0 %) and K. oxytoca 4(2.0%) as the least predominant bacteria species. Among the oral site, lower right quadrant showed increase isolation rate of 30(15.0%) bacteria followed by lower left quadrant 23(11.5%) while upper right quadrant accounted 15(7.5 %) with the least isolation rate. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of non-oral bacteria in right quadrant and left quadrant samples from dental disease patients (P &lt; 0.05). Non-oral bacteria isolate exhibited 57.1-100% resistant to Ertapenem, colisitn, amoxillicin, azetronam, colistin, ampicillin and clindamycin with Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index (MARI) ranged from 0.4-0.7, indicating high level of multi-drug resistance but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin 77.8%, gentamicin 100% and imipenem 100%.&#x0D; Conclusion: The high antibiotic resistant and increase multi-drug resistance outcome reported among non-oral bacteria in this study calls for strengthened efforts in antibiotic stewardship and infection prevention and control measures in dental practices with the need to implement regular awareness programs at time interval to control and manage multi-drug resistance bacteria through judicious use of antibiotic to re-establish dominance over multi-drug resistance non-oral bacteria implicated in dental diseases.

SUMMARIZING ANTIBIOTICS IN DENTISTRY

Dental infections can be caused by dental caries, pulpal necrosis, trauma, and periodontal disorders, and they can have serious effects that impact both the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Pain, fever, and edema are frequent signs of dental infections. Early treatment of infected teeth includes surgical and endodontic procedures, followed by antibiotic medication. Antibiotics are used to treat odontogenic infections, oral non-odontogenic infections, as well as to prevent local infection and spread to nearby tissues and organs. Furthermore, overprescribing antibiotics can have major consequences, including bacterial resistance, gastrointestinal and hematological disorders, and bacterial microbiota diversion. The purpose of this study is to outline the reasons for antibiotic therapy in dentistry and to highlight the most often used antibiotics in dental practice.

Antibiotics or No Antibiotics, That Is the Question: An Update on Efficient and Effective Use of Antibiotics in Dental Practice.

The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenomenon is an emerging global problem and is induced by overuse and misuse of antibiotics in medical practice. In total, 10% of antibiotic prescriptions are from dentists, usually to manage oro-dental pains and avoid postsurgical complications. Recent research and clinical evaluations highlight new therapeutical approaches with a reduction in dosages and number of antibiotic prescriptions and recommend focusing on an accurate diagnosis and improvement of oral health before dental treatments and in patients’ daily lives. In this article, the most common clinical and operative situations in dental practice, such as endodontics, management of acute alveolar abscesses, extractive oral surgery, parodontology and implantology, are recognized and summarized, suggesting possible guidelines to reduce antibiotic prescription and consumption, maintaining high success rates and low complications rates. Additionally, the categories of patients requiring antibiotic administration for pre-existing conditions are recapitulated. To reduce AMR threat, it is important to establish protocols for treatment with antibiotics, to be used only in specific situations. Recent reviews demonstrate that, in dentistry, it is possible to minimize the use of antibiotics, thoroughly assessing patient’s conditions and type of intervention, thus improving their efficacy and reducing the adverse effects and enhancing the modern concept of personalized medicine.

Antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures: do dental students know enough?

Introduction According to the American Heart Association (AHA) the cardiac conditions with the highest risk of infective endocarditis (IE) for which antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) is reasonable are: prosthetic cardiac valves, previous IE, congenital heart disease and cardiac transplantation recipients [1,2]. The aim of this study was to analyse the knowledge of AP in Dental Medicine students. Materials and methods A prospective and analytical study was conducted using a questionnaire designed to describe the knowledge of AP and covering issues such as: AP guidelines, dental procedures and medical conditions needing AP, and recommended antibiotics. A 0–10 score was attributed to the questionnaire and the correct answers were based on AHA guidelines. The questionnaire was applied to students of the two last curricular years (4th and 5th year) of a Master in Dental Medicin and to newly graduated trainees at a University Dental Clinic – both in the Greater Lisbon area. The questionnaire was authorised by the students through a declaration of informed consent. This study was authorised by the Clinical Director of CDEM and approved by Egas Moniz Ethics Committee. Results A total of 275 questionnaires were obtained with an answer rate of: 93.8%/4th year (n = 135), 84.5%/5th year (n = 120) year and 57.1%/trainees (n = 20). The median score of the questionnaire was 6.0, 6.4 and 6.8 for 4th and 5th year students and trainees, respectively. The results were more satisfactory regarding: guideline existence knowledge, high-risk conditions recommended for AP and antibiotic selection in non beta lactam allergic patients. Unsatisfactory answers were related to: dental procedures in need of AP, heart conditions associated with IE, and antibiotic selection in beta lactam allergic patients. Noteworthy, antibiotic selection and dental procedure knowledge was significantly better in postgraduates. Discussion and conclusions The knowledge of the undergraduates and newly graduates concerning AP for dental procedures was not totally satisfactory, however there was a positive evolution according to the academic degree. As pharmacology subjects are taught in the early years of the course, antibiotic therapeutics should be reinforced later during the study cycle, and students should be made aware of the importance of a rational and adequate use of antibiotics in dental practice. There is a need to improve the knowledge and communication over this topic not only among undergraduates but also regarding postgraduates, in order to encourage clearer and more homogeneous antibiotic prescription patterns.

Updating recommendations for prescribing antibiotics in dental practice

According to World Health Organization, antibiotic resistance is one of the alarming global issues requiring the collaboration of different human resources, including clinicians. Based on some countries' recent survey results, there is an increased rate of prescribing antibiotics in dental practice (20%), and most of them are often unnecessary (80%). Some reasons could be cited here are (1) the appearance of some new dental treatments having prophylactic antibiotics, (2) an increase of the aging population, and (3) dentists may be more likely to prescribe an antibiotic while patients wait for the main intervention, etc. Due to this situation, many international and national dental organizations have developed specific recommendations related to the indication and utilization of antibiotics in dental practice. In Vietnam, although there were several alerts and studies concerning antibiotic resistance in dentistry, official and national recommendation has not presented yet. This review aims to synthesize and compare the recommendations of antibiotics prescription in the dental practice of credible professional organizations in certain developed countries in the period of ten years (2011-2020). Besides, we suggest several research directions to provide further scientific evidence to establish specific guidelines for Vietnam's circumstances and improve antibiotic resistance and the community's oral health.

Trends of prescribing antibiotics in various dental diseases at different private clinical setups of Sialkot, Pakistan.

Objectives: Antibiotics widely used now a day in dental practice for treatment of acute odontogenic, non-odontogenic infections and as a prophylactic purpose for focal infections in patients at possibility for infective endocarditis development as well as prevention of surgical infection of wound and controlling of orofacial infections. Studies of prescribing trends provide information about the quality &amp; pattern of use causes of drug use, and their outcomes. The main objective of this study was to assist trends and the rational utilization of antibiotics in dental practice. Study Design: Descriptive study. Settings: The current study was conducted among the different private dental clinical settings of Sialkot. Period: Eight months study (Jan-Aug 2018). Material and Methods: Sample size was 700 prescriptions which were gathered during. A purposive sampling was used for collection of prescription. A proforma was used for recording all required demographic &amp; prescribing data was designed to collect all information associated to antibiotic prescribing trend. The data was collected, compiled, &amp; analysed on MS Excel and descriptive statistics was used for analysing the result of the study. Results: A total of 700 prescriptions were collected from various Dental clinics. Among the study, 58.7% patients were male and 41.3 % females and more frequent age group was 51-68 (37%). Mostly patients have pervious medication history (38.8%) and most common diagnosis was periodontal abscess (16.6%) observed during our study followed by pulpitis (15.9%). The trend observed was that majority 35.3% would prescribe antibiotics for patients who presented with elevated body temperature. Commonly 5 drugs per prescription prescribed (26.7%) least numbers of drugs prescribed per prescription is 2(5.9%). Total 3445 drugs were prescribed in 700 prescriptions. Analgesics are frequently prescribed drug category (22.3%) followed by antibiotics (21.8%) Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was mostly used (31.9%) in these dental centres. Conclusion: This study show that most prevalent dental disease for which doctors prescribed antibacterial was periapical or periodontal abscess and Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid used as a 1st choice for oral infections.

KNOWLEDGE OF ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIPTION FOR ENDODONTIC TREATMENT IN FINAL YEAR STUDENTS AND HOUSE OFFICERS.

Background: Antibiotics have been used extensively for the management of odontogenic infections since their discovery. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge of the antibiotic prescription during endodontic therapy and common errors made by fourth-year students and house officers at Multan Medical and Dental College. This study conducted in August 2017. Methods: Questionnaire was designed, regarding pattern of prescription of antibiotics by the dentists and the conditions for which they were prescribed. The self investigated questionnaire investigated dental students and house officer's knowledge of the indications for prescribing antibiotics for a number of systemic clinical signs that may be associated with a dental infection. Results: For chronic periapical lesions and chronic periapical abscess plus sinus tracts, 58.1% and 55.8% of respondents prescribed antibiotics, respectively. The drug of choice for these cases was Amoxicillin+calvulanic acid (52.6%) and Amoxicillin alone (47.3%). In this study the maximum antibiotics prescribed were prophylactic for congenital heart diseases 69.7% and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus 62.8%. Conclusion: This study supports the conclusion that there is a lack of knowledge about the correct indication, type, and dosage of antibiotics in dental practice.

Antibiotic prescription for endodontic infections: a survey of Brazilian Endodontists.

To investigate antibiotic prescribing habits reported by Brazilian endodontists in specific clinical situations. Brazilian endodontists (n=13853) were invited to answer an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first part contained personal data such as age, gender, years of experience and location of endodontic practice; the second part included questions regarding their behaviour when prescribing antibiotics in dental practice. The subjects provided their registration number in the Regional Council of Dentistry (RCD) to prevent duplication of data. Data were collected and analysed by SPSS 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to test the significance of possible associations (P<0.05). From the 13853 questionnaires, a total of 615 were answered (4.44%). The first-choice antibiotic was amoxicillin (81.5%), followed by amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (30.7%). For acute apical abscesses with intra- and extraoral diffuse swelling, fever and trismus, 90.1% reported they would prescribe antibiotics, whilst 88.1% reported they would prescribe antibiotics even without extraoral swelling, fever and trismus, and 20.5% would prescribe antibiotics in cases of chronic apical periodontitis, and sinus tract. The first-choice antibiotics varied by age of dentist (P<0.001) and time elapsed since their endodontic graduation (P=0.001). Many endodontists reported prescribing antibiotics insituations where they would not be indicated. Likewise, the general administration of antibiotics was longer in duration than necessary, reinforcing the need of continuous education regarding the use of antibiotics.

Prescription of antibiotics for pulpal and periapical pathology among dentists in southern Saudi Arabia.

Few dental conditions require treatment with antibiotics, yet dentists account for 7% of antimicrobial prescribing. In light of the emerging global problem of antibiotic resistance, this fact is problematic. Little is known about the antibiotic prescribing practices of dentists in Saudi Arabia. This study therefore aimed to investigate the attitudes of dentists in Saudi Arabia towards the prescription of antibiotics for pulpal and periapical pathology. This was a cross-sectional study involving an online questionnaire on antibiotic prescribing practices. A total of 195 dentists in three areas of southern Saudi Arabia (Najran, Gizan and Asser) completed the survey. No significant differences in prescribing habits were found among respondents according to age, sex, level of education or time in endodontic practice. The percentage of respondents who reported that they would prescribe antibiotics for five endodontic conditions not requiring antibiotic treatment ranged from 8.1% to 28.1%. Most respondents (81.9%) would correctly prescribe antibiotics for a necrotic pulp with acute apical periodontitis and swelling; this result was consistent with previous studies. Reported antibiotic usage among the surveyed dentists was quite high. Relatively high antibiotic use suggests a need to educate both dentists and patients about restricting the use of antibiotics to cases of severe infection and when indicated. More educational initiatives to rationalise the use of antibiotics in dental practice are needed to avoid further contributing to antibiotic resistance.

Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric rods and pseudomonads isolated from the dental prostheses biofilm.

ABSTRACTAspiration of oral bacteria leads to cardiac and respiratory infectious diseases and dentures can act as a reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms.Objective:To determine the occurrence and the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric rods and pseudomonads from the denture biofilm of 52 subjects at the Center for Dental Specialties of Sobral/ Ceara, Brazil.Material and Methods:Denture biofilm was collected and samples plated on MacConkey agar. The isolated bacterial colonies were identified using the BBL Crystal enteric/non-fermenter system. Antibiotic bacterial susceptibility was assessed by the disc diffusion method of amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, doxycycline, tetracycline, tobramycin, imipenem, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of cefotaxime, tobramycin, doxycycline, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin was determined for 40 species by E-test.Results:34 subjects (65.4%) harbored enteric rods in their prostheses. Klebsiella pneumoniae (26.5%), Escherichia coli (23.5%), and Enterobacter aerogenes (23.5%) were the most prevalent species. All organisms were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and most species were resistant to amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, demonstrating variable sensitivity patterns to other antimicrobials. However, the MIC showed the emergence of strains with reduced sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (MIC90≥3 μg/ mL) and cefotaxime (MIC90≥2 μg/mL).Conclusion:The findings show high prevalence of nosocomial diseases-related bacterial species and low susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, these results imply caution against the indiscriminate use of broad spectrum antibiotics in dental practice.

Antibiotics in Dentistry

Antibiotics have become an important part of our treatment plan in endodontic practice. The uses of antibiotics are many but the disadvantages of antibiotics are of significance and they should not be used indiscriminately leading to the development of resistance strain in the body. This article highlights the uses and indications of antibiotics in dental practice.

Antibiotic prescribing in general dental practice.

The purpose of this paper is to review the principles of antibiotic prescribing in light of the increasing worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance and the evidence of inappropriate use of antibiotics in dentistry. Guidance based on a review of the scientific evidence and recommended good practice for prescribing antibiotics in dental practice will be given.

Indications of antibiotic prophylaxis in dental practice–Review

Antibiotics are frequently used in dental practice. Clinical and bacteriological epidemiological factors determine the indications of antibiotics in dentistry. Antibiotics are used in addition to appropriate treatment to aid the host defences in the elimination of remaining bacteria. It is indicated when there is evidence of clinical sign involvement and spread of infection. Antibiotics are prescribed in dental practice for treating odontoge nic infections, non-odontogenic infections, as prophylaxis against focal and local infection. Special care needs to be addressed to patients with organ transplants, poorly controlled diabetes and pregnancy. Antibiotics should be used only as an adjunct to dental treatment and never alone as the first line of care. The present paper reviews the indications of antibiotics in dental practice.

Survey on trends in the use of antibiotics in dental practice among 17 private dental university hospitals in Japan

Survey on trends in the use of antibiotics in dental practice among 17 private dental university hospitals in Japan