Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern Of Isolates Research Articles

Molecular detection of Class 1, 2, and 3 integrons in hypervirulent and classic Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: A cross-sectional study.

The "hypervirulent" variant of Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) is an emerging pathogen that cause life-threatening infection. The present study was conducted to identify the prevalence of hvKp and to investigate the presence class 1, 2, and 3 integrons in these isolates. A cross-sectional study was conducted at three teaching hospitals, Ahvaz, South-west of Iran, from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020. Samples were collected from inpatients and included only the first samples collected from each patient. K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from different specimens using biochemical test and confirmed by targeting 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer. HvKp isolates were recovered using string test and were further characterized by detection virulence-associated genes (rmpA, iucA, and magA). Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates were determined using the disc diffusion method. Isolates were screened for presence the integron genes (intI, intII, and intIII) and repetitive element sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed to determine strain relatedness. SPSS version 22 was used for the data analysis. Seventy-one (77%) of isolates showed multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype. HvKP accounted for 14% (13/92) of cKp isolated from blood (46%) and urinary tract infection (38%), and the great majority of them (61.5%; 8/13) exhibited MDR phenotype. Using the PCR assay, 29 of 92 isolates (31.5%) were found to have positive results for the presence of IntI. Three of the IntI-positive strains were hvKP. Class 2 integron was present in 8/92 cKp isolates. Integron Class 2 was found to coexist with Class 1 integron in 3/8 isolates. All integron-positive isolates (IntI and/or IntII) were resistant to at least three different classes of antibiotics and showed MDR phenotype. No Class 3 integrons were detected among the isolates. The results of our study revealed that considering the role of integrons in facilitating the acquisition and dissemination of resistance genes among bacteria, monitoring the emergence of hvKp, emphasizing on the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance, can prevent from the spread of carbapenemase-producing hvKp strains.

Bacteriological and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile in Biliary Tract Infections: A Retrospective Study

Introduction In the past few years, although there has been no change in the bacteriological profile of organisms responsible for biliary tract infections (BTIs), changes in the drug susceptibility pattern of these organisms have been reported. Material and Methods We planned a retrospective study to evaluate the microbiological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates from patients with BTI.The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology over a period of 1 year. We recorded the culture positivity rates, organisms identified, and the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. Results Out of 226 bile samples received, 60.2% samples were found to be culture positive. Most of the patients were older than 40 years. Hypertension (33.1%), diabetes (28.7%), and cardiovascular diseases (8.1%) were the common underlying diseases. Common patient symptoms were abdominal pain (77.89%), jaundice (42.24%), and fever (41.52%). Cholangitis was present in 20.6% patients. Cholelithiasis or choledocholithiasis was the most common underlying etiology (39%). A total of 142 isolates were obtained, with most patients with a predominance of gram-negative isolates. Tigecycline and aminoglycosides were found to be effective against gram-negative isolates with a susceptibility of 93.4 and 95.7%, respectively. Of the gram-negative isolates, approximately 70% were multidrug resistant (MDR), with approximately 80 and 75% being extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemase producers, respectively. Enterococci were 100% susceptible to linezolid and 25% of these were vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Conclusion In summary, the predominant bacteria in our study were gram-negative bacteria that showed increased resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems. This makes the treatment of bile duct infections increasingly difficult. A comprehensive analysis of the bacterial distribution and drug resistance profiles in patients with BTIs helps physicians to make better antibiotic policies for empiric treatment.

Study of bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of pus isolates in tertiary care hospital

Surgical wound causes invasion of pathogens causing surgical site infections which are commonly polymicrobial in nature. This pus forming infection causes delayed wound healing, wound dehiscence and wound breakdown contributing to important healthcare associated infections (HAI) Multidrug resistance has emerged among organisms isolated in pus sample due to failure of appropriate use of antibiotics.: 1. To study the bacteriological profile of pus samples 2. To determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated pathogens from pus samples.The study was conducted in department of microbiology, Shimoga institute of medical sciences, Shimoga from January 2018 to June 2018.All pus samples were processed on blood agar, MacConkey agar and incubated at 37°c under aerobic conditions for 24 hours. The organisms were identified as per standard conventional methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done by Kirby–Bauer’s Disk Diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton Agar and interpreted as per clinical laboratory standard institution guidelines (CLSI). Out of 350 samples 250 were culture positive 100 were culture negative. Among culture positive most common organism isolated was followed by 86(34.45%), 72(28.8%), 55(22%), 20(8%), 9(3.6%), 2(0.8%), 3(1.2%) 3(1.2%), 3(1.2%). Gram positive organisms were most sensitive for linezolid, vancomycin and least sensitive to cefoxitin, erythromycin. Gram Negative Organisms Were Most Sensitive for Imipenam, Piperacillin tazobactam and least Sensitive for Ampicillin-sulbactam, Ciprofloxacin is most common etiology of pus forming infection most importantly surgical site infections (SSI). MRSA prevalence in hospital set up indicates the failure of proper infection control practices implementation in the hospitals causing healthcare associated infections (HAI). Emergence of multidrug resistance among the pus isolates is because of non-judicious use of antibiotics.

Recovery of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococci from Public Vehicles in Kathmandu

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of staphylococcal contamination in public vehicles in Kathmandu and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to May 2023 in the Microbiological laboratory of Padma Kanya Multiple Campus, Kathmandu. A total of 120 swab (sterile cotton swab moistened with sterile normal saline) samples were collected by gently rubbing the surfaces from 19 different micro-buses during the time of heavy passenger flow (office time) and transported to the laboratory maintaining a cold chain. Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) were identified by their characteristic yellow pigmented colonies on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and the ability of S. aureus to produce coagulase enzyme. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was employed to test the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates. MRSA were identified on the basis of the zone of inhibition (<21 mm diameter) against Cefoxitin 30mcg disc. Results: Out of 41 Staphylococcal isolates, 46.36% were S. aureus, among which 84.21% exhibited methicillin resistance (MRSA). All Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) isolates (n=22) were resistant to methicillin (MRCoNS). MRSA and MRCoNS isolates were also resistant to antibiotics like Penicillin and Erythromycin. Conclusion: This study reports relatively high occurrence of MRSA in environmental samples, predominantly in areas frequently touched by people indicating the possibility of easy spread of these organisms and subsequent opportunistic infections.

Indoor air bacterial load and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates at Adare General Hospital in Hawassa, Ethiopia.

Air is the agent of pathogenic microbes that cause significant problems in the hospital environment. Multidrug resistance poses a major therapeutic challenge to these airborne microorganisms in hospital indoor environments. This study was conducted at Adare General Hospital in Hawassa City, Sidama, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted. The proportional allocation method was used to select the sampled 50 rooms from the total available rooms in each category of wards and staff offices. A total of 100 indoor air samples were collected using settle plates in all units twice a day, morning (9:00-4:00 a.m.) and afternoon (3:00-4:00 p.m.). The types and number of colonies were determined in the laboratory, and the pathogenic bacteria were isolated by appropriate bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar for each potentially pathogenic bacterium isolated. For each bacterium, a total of 12 antibiotics were tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The test organism was adjusted to McFarland turbidity standards of 0.5. Data were entered and analyzed using the SPSS version 25 window. Descriptive analysis and one-way analysis of variance were performed. The indoor air bacterial load of Adare General Hospital was found in the range between 210 and 3,224 CFU/m3. The highest indoor air bacterial load was identified from the gynecology ward with a mean of 2,542.5CFU/m3 at p < 0.05. From 100 indoor air samples, a total of 116 bacterial pathogen isolates were obtained. Gram-positive isolates predominated at 72.4%, of which 37.1% were Staphylococcus aureus, 26.7% were coagulase-negative Staphylococci, and the rest 8.6% were Streptococcus pyogenes. The isolation of pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci showed a high level of resistance to ampicillin. A high bacterial load was found in the study area as compared to different indoor air biological standards. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci were the isolated predominant bacteria. Attention should be given to preventing and minimizing those environmental factors that favor the multiplication of bacteria in the indoor environment of a hospital for the safe health of patients, visitors, and staff.

Evaluation of the Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Isolates from Feed and Water of Selected Poultry Farms in Awka Anambra State, Nigeria

The susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from poultry feeds and poultry water samples to selected antibiotics was assessed. Standard methods were used to analyze selected poultry feeds and poultry water samples. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined against the following antibacterial agents: erythromycin (10 µg), ciprofloxacin (10 µg), ampiclox (20 µg), rifampicin (20 µg), amoxil (20 µg), septrin (30 µg), ampicillin (30 µg), ceporex (10 µg), levofloxacin (20 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), streptomycin (30 µg), norfloxacin (10 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), ofloxacin (10 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), reflecine (10 µg), and augmentin (30 µg).The highest viable counts of bacteria isolated from poultry feed and water samples were 2.7x106 cfu/g and 1.69x103 cfu/ml, respectively. The highest fungal counts in the poultry feed and water samples were 1.60x105 cfu/g and 2x105 cfu/ml, respectively. Bacterial isolates from poultry feed and water samples included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella species, and Staphylococcus aureus. Fungal isolates included Aspergillus species, Penicillium species, Mucor species, and Candida species.Staphylococcus aureus exhibited the highest susceptibility to most of the antibiotics, while Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the highest resistance, as it was resistant to five out of the ten antibiotics tested in this study. The research has demonstrated that poultry feed and poultry water showed varying levels of contamination, which may pose serious health risks to poultry. Amoxil, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, reflecine, and ofloxacin are recommended for use as antibiotics to treat diseases that may be caused by some of these pathogens.

Uropathogenic bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates among gynecological cases admitted to Jimma Medical Center, South West Ethiopia

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in women; about 50% of women get during their life time. Moreover, it is a common health problem in patients with gynecological pathologies, which increases the chance of acquiring infection. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial profile that causes UTI and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern among admitted gynecological cases. A cross-sectional study was conducted in south west Ethiopia region. A total of 386 patients admitted with gynecological cases were recruited by sequential sampling technique and structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and risk factor-related data. About 10 ml freshly voided midstream and catheterized urine specimens were collected using sterile containers. Identification of isolate was done using culture characteristics, gram staining, and a series of biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed as per the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique. The data obtained were entered into EpiData Version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS Version 25. A P value of less than 0.05 was used as a level of significance. In this study, the overall prevalence of UTI was 25.4%. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated bacteria, which accounted for 38 (37.6%), followed by Klebsiella species 22 (21.8%), CONS 14 (13.9%), Staphylococcus aureus 10 (9.9%), Enterobacter species 6 (5.9%), Citrobacter species 5 (4.9%), Proteus mirabilis 4 (4%), and Pseudomonas aeroginosa 2(2%). Histories of UTI (AOR = 1.977, 95% CI 1.06, 3.68, P = 0.032) and catheterization (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.28, 4.45, P = 0.006) were found to be statistically associated with significant bacteriuria. Gram-negative isolates showed a high level of resistance, 88.3% for ampicillin and 66.2% for tetracycline, and a relatively low level of resistance against ceftazidime, 22.1%, and meropenem, 3.9%. Gram-positive uropathogens showed a high level of resistance to penicillin, 91.6%, whereas all isolates were sensitive 100.0% to nitrofurantoin. Furthermore, 80 (79.2%) of the isolates had multidrug resistance, and 16 (26.7%) of both E. coli and Klebsiella spp. produced Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). In this study, a high prevalence of uropathogenic bacteria and multidrug resistance for commonly prescribed drugs were observed with a significant number of ESBL producers. Therefore, screening admitted gynecological patients, especially for those who have history of catheterization and UTI, by urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing is important.

Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates in Neonatal Sepsis

Sepsis in newborns is a serious medical condition having a high mortality. Pakistan and other developing countries have a high burden of neonatal sepsis. Objectives: To determine the bacterial spectrum and antibiotic activity pattern in neonatal sepsis. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional research was performed at the Pediatrics Unit of Ziauddin University Hospital Karachi from 1st June 2022 till 1st December 2022. A total of 120 medical records of neonates admitted with the clinical suspicion of sepsis were reviewed. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used. Data regarding clinical characteristics of neonates, type of bacteria isolated and antibiotic susceptibility results were recorded. SPSS version 20 was used for statistical analysis. The results were written as frequencies / percentages. Results: Neonatal sepsis was suspected in 120 newborns but blood culture-proven infection was present in 32 (13.3%) neonates with 23(71.8%) having early -onset sepsis. The mean age on admission was 7.61±3.61 days. Acinetobacter was the commonest bacteria implicated in sepsis followed by Klebsiella ,Burkholderia and Serratia. The mortality rate in study population was 8.3%. Mortality was highest in Klebsiella sepsis. None of the bacterial species were sensitive to ampicillin while Acinetobacter and Burkholderia species responded to colistin, polymyxin and meropenem but showed resistance to imipenem. Conclusion: Early-onset neonatal sepsis has a high prevalence especially with gram -negative bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance to first line empiric therapy is common

Editor's Summaries of the Articles Published in This Issue of Microbiological &amp; Immunological Communications

In this issue, Ejaz and colleagues investigated the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates from patients with urinary tract infection in Karachi, Pakistan; Ahmed and Kazmi studied the role of Siderophore as a therapeutic agent, Faruqui et al. determined the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers of a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, Khan and colleagues reported that hepatitis B-virus genotype D is the most prevalent in the multiethnic population of Karachi, Pakistan, while Athar and colleagues reviewed and discussed the molecular diagnosis of hepatitis C viruses, their technologies, and clinical applications.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Karachi

The prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) can vary significantly in males and females among different age groups. With the increased use of antibiotics, UTIs have now become more challenging to treat and a major healthcare issue in developing countries. Therefore, this retrospective study was designed to recognize the resistance profile of isolates from samples of UTI patients in Karachi, Pakistan, so that a proper treatment plan against the infection can be prescribed. One thousand seven hundred hundred urine samples were processed to isolate pathogens at the One Health Diagnostics Microbiology department, Karachi, for 6 months in 2020. Results were analyzed to determine the age group affected, gender affected, the correlation of age group and gender, the most frequent to least frequent isolates found, and the susceptibility patterns of isolates. Pearson Chi-square test was applied to identify whether an association existed between the different variables. The degree of association between the risk factors and UTI was determined by calculating Cramer's V and Odds Ratio (OR). Out of 1700 samples, 1130 (66.5%) were positive samples for UTI, with 910 (80.5%) females and 220 (19.5%) males. The most frequent isolates were E. coli (50.44%), Klebsiella spp. (21.23%), and Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (7.52%). It was found that the patients between the age group 18-30 and above 60 were the most susceptible, 37% and 32% of the total cases, respectively. Piperacillin-Tazobactam was observed as the most effective drug, as 52.24% of isolates were sensitive to it. Similarly, Doxycycline was found to be the least effective, as 57.75% of isolates were resistant. The most effective antibiotic regime against the most prevalent organism, i.e., E. coli was Imipenem (93.75% sensitive), Amikacin (90.63%), and Fosfomycin (91.28%). A statistically significant association was found between gender and UTI (P&lt;0.01, OR=0.416 (0.326-0.532)) and the most prevalent organism and UTI (P&lt;0.01).

A Prospective Study to Determine the Incidence, Clinical Profile, and Outcomes of Patients with Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Objective: The objective was to determine the incidence, etiological agents, and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates causing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Methods: The prospective observational study was carried out on 146 adults admitted to the hospital, who were put on mechanical ventilation for a minimum period of 48 h at NEIGRIHMS, Shillong. The study was conducted for 1 year from December 2019 to December 2020. VAP was diagnosed as per the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score. Demographic, clinical characteristics, culture reports, and antibiotic susceptibility of the patients were noted. Patients were followed up till discharge or death. Outcome measures were risk factors for VAP and mortality. Results: We report an incidence of VAP as 10.6/1000 ventilator days. The predominant organisms seen were Acinetobacter baumannii (62.33%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (47.26%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.18%). 33/146 (22.6%) patients expired, among which 17 patients had VAP (40.48% vs. 15.38%, P = 0.001). VAP patients had significantly higher odds of smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 2.412, P = 0.016), more polybacterial infections (OR = 2.271, P = 0.024), and more mortality (OR = 3.681, P = 0.001). Among the organisms, P. aeruginosa (OR = 0.115, P = 0.013) and K. pneumoniae (OR = 6.818, P = 0.003) were significantly associated with mortality in patients with VAP. Conclusion: We report an incidence of VAP as 10.6/1000 ventilator days among intensive care unit patients. Smoking was a significant risk factor for VAP. VAP patients had a significantly higher risk of mortality with K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa being significant organisms responsible for it.

Microbiological profile of canaliculitis and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns: A 11-year review at a referral eye care centre

PurposeTo analyze the microbiological profile and in vitro antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in canaliculitis, an infection of the lacrimal drainage system of the eye. MethodsThe laboratory records of patients presenting with canaliculitis from whom specimens were obtained for microbiological investigations at our tertiary eye care centre in South India from January 2010 to December 2020, were reviewed. ResultsA total of 130 canalicular pus samples were collected from 112 patients and submitted for microbiological studies during the study period. A total of 183 micro-organisms were isolated from 115 culture-positive specimens. The micro-organisms isolated were predominantly aerobic Gram-positive bacteria (83.44%), with Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS/Other Staphylococcus spp) (31.69%), Corynebacterium spp (15.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.84%) and Viridans Streptococci (9.84%) accounting for a majority of the isolates. Actinomycesspp (6.56%) was the most common anaerobic bacterium isolated. Our study revealed several bacteria not previously associated with canaliculitis namely Ottowia spp, Elizabethkingiameningoseptica, Aeromonassalmonicida, Capnocytophagaochracea and Campylobacter gracilis. Polymicrobial aetiology was observed in 39.13% of culture-positive samples. Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates revealed a high proportion of Gram-positive bacteria susceptible to chloramphenicol (90.16%) compared to fluoroquinolones including ciprofloxacin (74.42%), norfloxacin (64.15%) and gatifloxacin (60.49%). ConclusionThis study represents the largest series of canaliculitis reporting the microbiological profile and antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolated micro-organisms, till date. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for a majority of isolates, predominated by Staphylococcus spp. The increasing resistance of Gram-positive bacteria to fluoroquinolones warrants antibiotic treatment in canaliculitis is based on in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.

Serotyping, antibiogram, and detection of bacterial pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease in selected areas of Ethiopia

BackgroundBovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a multifactorial and economically important illness of cattle. The current study was designed to characterize the major bacterial pathogens associated with BRD and determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates. Samples were collected from 400 pneumonic cases of cattle.ResultsLaboratory assay revealed isolation of 376 (94.0%) bacterial pathogens. The most prevalent bacterial pathogens recovered were Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) followed by Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), Histophilus somni (H. somni), and Bibersteinia trehalosi (B. trehalosi) from 191 (50.80%), 81 (21.54%), 56 (14.89%), and 48 (12.77%) samples, respectively. M. haemolytica strains were confirmed using multiplex PCR assay through the amplification of PHSSA (~ 325 bp) and Rpt2 (~ 1022 bp) genes. Capsular typing of P. multocida revealed amplification of serogroup A (hyaD-hyaC) gene (~ 1044 bp) and serogroup D (dcbF) gene (~ 657 bp). B. trehalosi isolates displayed amplification of the sodA gene (~ 144 bp). Besides, serotyping of M. haemolytica showed the distribution of serotype A:1 (82.20%), A:2 (10.47%), and A:6 (7.33%). Whereas, biotyping of P. multocida revealed a higher prevalence of biotype A:3 (83.95%), then A:1 (8.64%), A:2 (4.94%), and A:12 (2.47%). The majority of the retrieved isolates showed remarkable susceptibility to enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, florfenicol, and ceftiofur (100%). Besides, varying degree of antimicrobial resistance was observed against streptomycin, gentamicin, penicillin-G, and ampicillin.ConclusionsThe current findings confirmed that M. haemolytica (A:1) strain is the most common bacterial pathogen identified from BRD cases in the study areas of Ethiopia. Hence, continuous outbreak monitoring and evaluation of antibiotics susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens associated with BRD are indispensable to reduce the impact of BRD in the study areas. Further investigation of bacterial pathogens and genotypic analysis of pathogens from a wider area of the country is essential to design a cost-efficient control strategy.

Bacteriological Profile and antibiogram of isolates from tracheal secretions of patients in an intensive care unit

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is defined as an infection in patients admitted in hospital for more than 48hours, and ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) can be defined as infection occurring in patients admitted in ICU after 48hrs endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. VAP has a mean of 7.3/1000 ventilator days for medical ICU patients and 13.2/1000 ventilator days for surgical ICU patients. The crude mortality rates for HAP are approximately 10% and are higher for VAP, ranging from 20% to 60%. The culture of endotracheal (ET) aspirates will help know the etiological agent and formulate the antibiotic policy for early treatment. To isolate the bacterial pathogens of ET secretions from patients with VAP and know their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. In the present study, out of 102 endotracheal secretions from cases of VAP, 88 samples (86.27%) were culture positive, and the remaining 14 samples (13.73%) were culture negative. Out of the 88 positive cultures, 62 samples (60.78%) showed growth of single isolates, and 26 samples (25.49%) showed multiple isolates. Out of the 114 isolates, 18 isolates (15.8%) were gram positive organisms, and 96 isolates (84.2%) were gram negative organisms. Of the gram positive isolates, the predominant organism was Methicillin resistant (MRSA) (55.56%), followed by Methicillin sensitive (MSSA) (22.22%) and (22.22%). Out of the gram negative isolates, the predominant organism was (36.46%), followed by Acinetobacter spp (25%), (23.96%), (12.5%), (1.04%), and Proteus mirabilis (1.04%). In the present study, Gram positives isolates showed the highest susceptibility to vancomycin and linezolid (100%), and gram negative isolates showed the highest susceptibility to polymyxin B (100%) and meropenem (47.92%). The study gives insight into the bacterial pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates from endotracheal secretions of mechanically ventilated patients to prevent the mortality and morbidity of mechanical ventilation and VAP, helping in formulating an antibiotic policy for appropriate empirical therapy.

Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates of Wound Infection In Children Visiting Kanti Children Hospital

Objectives: The objectives of this study was to isolate and identify the bacterial etiological agent of wound infection and explore the status of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA), multidrug Resistant (MDR) and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers’ strains in clinical specimens and to find the antibiotic susceptibility pattern.&#x0D; Methods: A prospective cross sectional study design was conducted from period of February 2014 to October 2014 at Kanti Children Hospital, Kathmandu. The organisms were isolated and identified from pus sample by standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by modified the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method to evaluate the status of MRSA and MDR. ESBL detection was performed by the combined disc diffusion method.&#x0D; Results: Out of 365 specimens collected between the age group below &lt; 2 to 15 years, 210 (57.73%) samples from male patients and 155 (42.47%) from female patients. In the total samples processed, Gram-positive organisms were found to be more prevalent in which Staphylococcus aureus accounts for 135(47.20%), followed by P. aeruginosa 62 (21.67%), E. coli 29 (10.20%), K. pneumoniae 27 (9.44%), Acinetobacter spp. 20 (6.70%), P. vulgaris 7 (2.44%) and CoNS 6 (2.10%). Among the S. aureus isolates, 29 (21.48%) were found MRSA. Of the total Gram-negative organisms isolated, 74 (51.03%) were MDR and 14 (100%) ESBL producer, (P&lt;0.01). S. aureus was found to be the most important and leading cause of wound infection in this study.&#x0D; Conclusion: Thus, routine antibiotic susceptibility testing is recommended for empirical drug therapy and proper management of disease.

Methicillin Resistant and Biofi lm Producing Staphylococcus species Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates

Objectives: To determine prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in different clinical specimens and biofilm production along with antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates.&#x0D; Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2019 to February 2020at Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital. Total 3091 clinical specimens like blood, urine, sputum, pus, swab, body fluid were processed. Identification was done on the basis of colony characteristics, gram staining, culture in Mannitol Salt Agar, coagulase and oxidation fermentation test. Antibiotic susceptibility test and biofilm detection were performed by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion methods and Tissue Culture Plate technique (TCP) respectively. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus species were detected by using Cefoxitin disc.&#x0D; Results: Out of 52 Staphylococcus species, 39 were Staphylococcus aureus and 13 were Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species. Highest numbers of Staphylococcus species were isolated from blood Sixteen (30.8%) were Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 5(9.6%) were Methicillin resistant Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species. There was no significant association (p=0.25) between age group and prevalence of MRSA, MSSA, MRCoNS and MSCoNS. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus species were resistant to antibiotics like amoxicillin, cloxacillin, erythromycin and higher sensitivity was found in gentamycin. Among 52 Staphylococcal isolates, 11(21.1%) were biofilm producers and 41(78.9%) were non biofilm producers. 90.9%of 90.9% of Biofilm producing Staphylococcus species were resistant towards penicillin and erythromycin&#x0D; Conclusion: The study shows Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus species were resistant to most antibiotics and rate of resistance was slightly higher in biofilm producing isolates comparing to other isolates. resistance. Regular surveillance of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus species and routine screening of biofilm production is important.

Erythromycin Resistance in Bacterial Isolates from Patients with Respiratory Tract Infections in Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria

Abstract The occurrence of erythromycin resistance in bacteria causing respiratory tract infections varies among populations and is associated with inappropriate antibiotic usage. This study was undertaken to determine erythromycin resistance in bacterial isolates from patients with respiratory tract infections in Ikere-Ekiti. Bacteria were isolated from sputum specimens using standard microbiological protocols while the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer method. Erythromycin resistance genes: mefA, ermA, and ermB were detected using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of the 157 bacterial isolates identified using standard microbiological methods, Klebsiella spp. 40 (25%) was the most frequent followed by Staphylococcus aureus 34 (22%) and Proteus spp. 34 (22%) while Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Bacillus spp. had 19 (12%), 20 (13%), and 10 (6%) respectively. Most of the bacterial isolates were resistant to penicillin 148 (94%), cloxacillin 147 (93.6%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 141 (90%), erythromycin 141 (90%), and tetracycline 124 (79%). However, the isolates were least resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 57 (36%). Out of the 48 bacterial isolates investigated using multiplex PCR amplification for erythromycin resistance genes, 10 (20.8%) were positive for mefA, 3 (6.3%) were positive for ermA, and 2 (4.2%) were positive for ermB. The association between the presence of mefA, ermA, and ermB genes and erythromycin resistance was not significant (p=0.464). The presence of erythromycin resistant genes in pathogenic bacterial isolates from the respiratory tract was revealed in this study. Awareness of the risk of self-medication and abuse of antibiotics should be emphasized.

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates from urine of students in Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Nigeria

Background: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) remains one of the most common infectious diseases diagnosed in developing countries. The widespread use of antibiotics against uro-pathogens has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant species. Objectives: The study aimed at determining the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates from urine of students in Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Nigeria. Materials and methods: Three hundred and twenty seven (327) midstream urine samples from 137 (41.9%) males and 190 (58.1%) females were collected from students in hostels of Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo. The urine samples were inoculated into the dried surfaces of Blood agar, MacConkey agar, Eosine Methylene Blue agar and Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte-deficient agar using a calibrated loop. The inoculated plates were aerobically incubated at 37oC for 24h. Colonies were sub-cultured repeatedly to obtain a pure culture. E.coli (ATCC 25922) and S. aureus (ATCC 25923) standard reference strain were used as control. The isolates were identified using cultural and biochemical characteristics such as Gram stain, Triple Sugar Iron agar test, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate utilization, catalase, oxidase, urease and coaulase test. The identified species were then exposed to selected antibiotics to test for their susceptibility. Results: A high prevalence of 15.9% (n=327) was recorded in the study. Significant differences (P&lt;0.05) were observed in the age, sex and number of isolates. Isolation rate showed female (63.5%, n=33) preponderance over male (36.5%, n=19). Isolation rate was highest in students aged 22-26 (44.2%, n=23). E. coli was the most frequently isolated organism. The Gram negative bacterial isolates showed the highest level of resistance to amoxicillin (92.3%, n=36) and SXT (92.3%, n=36) while the Gram positive exhibited the highest level of resistance to SXT (87.5%, n=7). All the isolates were however susceptible to imipenen and gentamycin. Conclusion: The high prevalence showed by this study suggests the existence of a public health concern among the students. The fact that most of these isolates are resistant to one or more of the commonly used antibiotics calls for con

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates from urine of students in Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Nigeria

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates from urine of students in Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Nigeria

Bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolates from blood culture in suspected septicemic patients attending tertiary care hospital

Introduction: Septicemia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in India. Blood culture remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of septicemia. The antimicrobial sensitivity pattern differs in different studies. Knowledge of likely causative organisms of septicemia and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern can help to start appropriate therapy in order to minimize morbidity and mortality. Aim: To isolate the etiological organisms causing sepsis and study the antimicrobial susceptibility profile and its mechanism of resistance pattern. Materials and Methods: The observational study of 206 positive blood culture was carried out in the Department of microbiology, tertiary Care Hospital during the period from December 2015 to November 2016 and processed by standard conventional method. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates was studied by Kirby Bauer Disc diffusion technique. Observations & Results: Total 1281 samples were received during the study period of which 206 (16.08%) samples were found to be positive. Bacteria isolated include CONS (15.04%), S.aureus (14.08%), Klebsiella pneumonia (19.90%), Acinetobacter spp (10.19%), Escherichia coli (8.74%), Pseudomonas spp (7.77%), Salmonella typhi (1.46%) and Salmonella paratyphi A (0.49%). Majority of organisms Isolated were resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Imipenem showed 83% and colistin 94.69% sensitivity for gram negative organisms. Methicillin resistance was found in 2.91% Staphylococcus aureus Isolated. The Gram positive bacteria showed high resistance to Penicillin G (75%) but they were highly susceptible to Azithromycin (70%), Levofloxacin (80%) Linezolid (100%) and Vancomycin (98%) Conclusions: Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most predominant etiological agent of septicemia. Every hospital should monitor its antibiotic sensitivity pattern against the common isolates that can serve as a basis for empirical therapy in emergency conditions. Considering the burden of mortality resulting from s