Antibacterial Solutions Research Articles

Povidone-iodine and silver nitrate are equally effective in eradicating staphylococcal biofilm grown on a titanium surface: an in-vitro analysis

BackgroundThere is no consensus on the irrigation solution and concentration that should be used when performing a debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR)-surgery. AimTo determine the minimum-biofilm-eradication-concentration of five antibacterial solutions and compare their efficacy in eradicating Staphylococcal biofilm embedded on a titanium surface. MethodsMethicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC standard strains were grown over porous Ti-6Al-4V acetabular screw-caps. Antibacterial solutions were povidone iodine, rifampicin, silver nitrate, copper sulphate, chlorhexidine. Minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values were calculated for MSSA and MRSA. After 24 hours, screw-caps were exposed 3 minutes to each solution. Bacterial separation from each specimen was performed with vortex agitation and footprint on agar plate in triplicate. Colony forming units (CFU) were counted pre- and post-agitation, and the delta of CFU/ml was calculated for each solution. A three-fold log reduction in CFU was considered a measure of solution efficacy. Comparison between groups was made with Fisher’s test. FindingsMBEC values for MSSA and MRSA, respectively, were as follows: 8000 ug/mL and 16000 ug/ml for povidone iodine; 64 ug/mL and 128 ug/mL for rifampicin; 10000 ug/mL and 5120 ug/mL for silver nitrate; 900 ug/mL and 900 ug/mL for copper sulphate; 16 ug/mL and 32 ug/mL for chlorhexidine. Rifampicin, copper sulphate and chlorhexidine were ineffective against MSSA and MRSA biofilm compared to povidone iodine (p<0.01) and silver nitrate (p=0.015) that had a delta CFU reduction >8 log. Povidone iodine and silver nitrate showed negative footprints without visible MSSA (p=0.005) and MRSA (p=0.014). ConclusionsPovidone iodine and silver nitrate were the only irrigating solutions capable of eradicating at least 99.9% of 24-hour biofilm.

Recent Advances in Antibacterial Strategies Based on TiO2 Biomimetic Micro/Nano-Structured Surfaces Fabricated Using the Hydrothermal Method.

Ti and its alloys, widely utilized in orthopedic and dental implants, inherently lack antibacterial properties, posing significant infection risks, especially in the context of growing antibiotic resistance. This review critically evaluates non-antibiotic antibacterial strategies, with a particular focus on surface modifications and micro/nano-structured surfaces. Micro/nano-structured surfaces, inspired by natural topographies, utilize physical mechanisms to eradicate bacteria. Despite their potential, the antibacterial efficacy of these surfaces remains insufficient for clinical application. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), known for its excellent photocatalytic antibacterial activity and biocompatibility, is emerging as an ideal candidate for enhancing micro/nano-structured surfaces. By combining the photocatalytic antibacterial effects of TiO2 with the mechanical bactericidal properties of micro/nano-structured surfaces, superior antibacterial performance can be achieved. The hydrothermal method is frequently employed to fabricate TiO2 micro/nano-structured surfaces, and this area of research continues to thrive, particularly in the development of antibacterial strategies. With demonstrated efficacy, combined antibacterial strategies based on TiO2 micro/nano-structured surfaces have become a prominent focus in current research. Consequently, the integration of physical stimulation and chemical release mechanisms may represent the future direction for TiO2 micro/nano-structured surfaces. This review aims to advance the study of TiO2 micro/nano-structured surfaces in antibacterial applications and to inspire more effective non-antibiotic antibacterial solutions.

Hybrid Planar Copolymer Membranes with Dual Functionality against Bacteria Growth.

Antibacterial surfaces can be classified into two categories: passive surfaces, which repel bacteria by affecting surface wettability, and active surfaces, which have bactericidal properties that disrupt cell membranes upon contact. With the increasing demand for effective antibacterial solutions that combine these properties, advanced strategies are concentrating on developing surfaces with dual antimicrobial functionalities. Here, we present surfaces with nanotexture resulting from the phase separation of two different amphiphilic block copolymers displaying efficient dual functionality against bacteria growth. This approach combines the inherent antifouling properties of poly(ethylene oxide) as the hydrophilic domain of one copolymer with the antimicrobial effect of a peptide covalently attached to the hydrophilic domain of the second copolymer. The planar membranes are generated by self-assembly of the amphiphilic copolymer mixture deposited by Langmuir-Blodgett and Langmuir-Schaffer methods on a solid support, followed by covalent attachment of the antimicrobial peptides to one of the copolymers, specifically functionalized. Combining both copolymers, in terms of their properties and functionalities on the same surface, significantly limitsEscherichia colibiofilm formation and effectively eradicates bacteria during short-term incubation. While such multifunctional antimicrobial planar polymer membranes show promising potential in the design of fine coatings for small surgical or implantable devices, they are not limited to this application. Their use can be completely changed by attaching other active molecules or assemblies to induce specific multifunctionality for the targeted application.

The treatment of Enterococcus faecalis related root canal biofilms with phage therapy

As one of the global concerns, antimicrobial resistance crisis increases the clinical importance of Enterococcus species. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) specifically penetrates the dentinal tubules and remains prevalent even after endodontic treatment. It has also biofilm forming character as well as the development of resistance to antibiotics. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is considered the gold standard among antibacterial washing solutions. However, due to its toxic effects, its usage limitations have led to the search for natural, non-toxic alternatives. Phages can be considered an important alternative because of their effects on specific bacteria. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of isolated active vB_Ef1 phage on the removal of E. faecalis biofilm in dentin, together and separately with the chemical irrigation solution NaOCl. As a result of study, the optimal NaOCl solution concentration to be applied with vB_Ef1 phage is 0.5 %, and the use of solution at this value reduces the biofilm mass by 84 %, reaching the highest biofilm mass reduction value. It was found that the combination of phage and NaOCl at appropriate concentrations had the strongest biofilm disruption effect.

The efficacy of combination of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL)/hypochlorous acid (HOCL) in wound management: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Introduction Antiseptic and antibacterial solutions are increasingly used in the treatment of various types of wounds. The successful stabilization of wounds using a combination Sodium Hypochlorite/Hypochlorous acid (NaOCl/HOCl) or superoxidized solution (SOS) has been reported, serving as an effective solution without irritating mammal cells and without posing a carcinogenic hazard. Presently, no systematic review or meta-analysis is available that compares the effectiveness of these antiseptic solutions. The present study aims to investigate the role of NaOCl/HOCl in the treatment of wounds. Methods The systematic review with extended to network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using NaOCl/HOCl, povidone-iodine, octenidine dihydrochloride, polyhexamethylene biguanide, alcohol, and silver compared with normal saline. The primary outcome was wound healing. Using surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA), the direct and indirect comparisons were conducted with the probability of selecting the best treatment. Results A total of 507 studies were identified from PUBMED and SCOPUS databases, and 64 articles were duplicates. Among 29 studies included, 22 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 7 cohort studies met our inclusion criteria. NaOCl/HOCl had a higher chance of wound healing 1.07-1.30 times compared with all the regimens. NaOCl/HOCl has the probability of providing the best treatment, followed by silver and octenidine with SUCRAs of 36.9, 23.1, and 21.8, respectively. Conclusions NaOCl/HOCl ranks first and proves to have the highest efficacy, followed by silver, octenidine, and PHMB for treatment.

IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCOE CRUDE EXTRACT IRRIGATION AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM INFECTED HUMAN ROOT CANALS

Root canal irrigating solutions with strong antibacterial properties are crucial for effective endodontic therapy by preventing recurrent and persistent infections. The question now is not so much whether microbes play a role in the pathophysiology of pulpitis and apical periodontitis, but rather whether species of microbes play a role. The list of microorganisms linked to periodontitis is still growing and could get more precise in future years. Conventional antibacterial agents such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) have failed to overcome a variety of Staphylococcus aureus moreover its toxicity and the occasional report of pain when higher concentrations are used. 7 S. aureus strains were isolated from infected root canals and identified using the VITEK® 2 compact system. An aqueous crude extract of Zingiber officinale Roscoe was prepared and used as a safe and effective antibacterial agent against the S. aureus isolates and S. aureus ATCC 25923. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of Z. officinale Roscoe extract exhibits 14 different biochemical compounds including gingerol (46.11%), zingiberene (17.12%), and thymol (11.20%) as the main constituents. The antibacterial activity of Z. officinale Roscoe extract and NaOCl was investigated against S. aureus strains compared to ciprofloxacin as a standard drug using agar well diffusion method, minimum inhibition zone concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The Z. officinale Roscoe extract revealed higher antibacterial activity than NaOCl and ciprofloxacin with inhibition zones averages of 18 ± 0.03, 16 ± 0.06, and 15 ± 0.14 mm, respectively. The MIC and MBC values of Z. officinale Roscoe extract were 40 and 40 µg/mL compared to NaOCl (55 and 65 µg/mL, respectively). This study provides an alternate antibacterial irrigation root canal solution, Z. officinale Roscoe extract against human pathogenic S. aureus.

Approach for evaluating the effectiveness of ex vivo root canal instrumentation using microtomography

Endodontic treatment of a tooth involves effective elimination of the infectious process localized in the tooth cavity and root canals. The process of root canal treatment is carried out using specialized rotary instruments (files). In this paper, an approach is proposed for evaluating the effectiveness of root canal treatment using the ProTaper Next file system ex vivo using computed X-ray microtomography and VGSTUDIO MAX 3.5 software. This approach involves comparison of three-dimensional tooth models before and after the endodontic instrumentation procedure, segmentation, calculation of the root canal volume using software according to a specially developed protocol, as well as a study of their microgeometry. As an example of using the approach, a study of the features of root canal instrumentation of two- and three-rooted human molars is presented. The developed approach demonstrated high effectiveness in the process of examining human teeth, while the endodontic procedure was effective for both two- and three-rooted molars in terms of removing the internal biological content of the canals, which indicates the reliability of the applied method. The developed approach can be applied to evaluate the effectiveness of liquid dental materials and antibacterial solutions used during endodontic treatment of teeth.

Computational Screening of T-Muurolol for an Alternative Antibacterial Solution against Staphylococcus aureus Infections: An In Silico Approach for Phytochemical-Based Drug Discovery.

Staphylococcus aureus infections present a significant threat to the global healthcare system. The increasing resistance to existing antibiotics and their limited efficacy underscores the urgent need to identify new antibacterial agents with low toxicity to effectively combat various S. aureus infections. Hence, in this study, we have screened T-muurolol for possible interactions with several S. aureus-specific bacterial proteins to establish its potential as an alternative antibacterial agent. Based on its binding affinity and interactions with amino acids, T-muurolol was identified as a potential inhibitor of S. aureus lipase, dihydrofolate reductase, penicillin-binding protein 2a, D-Ala:D-Ala ligase, and ribosome protection proteins tetracycline resistance determinant (RPP TetM), which indicates its potentiality against S. aureus and its multi-drug-resistant strains. Also, T-muurolol exhibited good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by showing strong binding interactions with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) oxidase, and cyclooxygenase-2. Consequently, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and recalculating binding free energies elucidated its binding interaction stability with targeted proteins. Furthermore, quantum chemical structure analysis based on density functional theory (DFT) depicted a higher energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (EHOMO-LUMO) with a lower chemical potential index, and moderate electrophilicity suggests its chemical hardness and stability and less polarizability and reactivity. Additionally, pharmacological parameters based on ADMET, Lipinski's rules, and bioactivity score validated it as a promising drug candidate with high activity toward ion channel modulators, nuclear receptor ligands, and enzyme inhibitors. In conclusion, the current findings suggest T-muurolol as a promising alternative antibacterial agent that might be a potential phytochemical-based drug against S. aureus. This study also suggests further clinical research before human application.

Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils of the species Artemisia mesatlantica maire: in vitro and in silico approaches

ABSTRACT In the present work, we assessed the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of chemically defined Artemisia mesatlantica Maire (EOAM) essential oils. The GC-MS analysis of EOAM showed the presence of active promising active compounds. EOAM showed important antioxidant capacity through DPPH, FRAP and TAC assays. The in vitro antimicrobial screening showed that EOAM had antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 20.67 to 38.35 mm on solid media and inhibitory doses of 2.34 to 4.78 µg/mL on liquid media. It also exhibits antifungal activities, with inhibition diameters ranging from 15.67 to 61.57 mm at doses from 2.90 to 12.54 µg/mL. EOAM was resistant to Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). In addition, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and ADMET analyses validated in vitro activities. This research suggests that A. mesatlantica (EOAM) may fight drug-resistant bacteria. These results demonstrate the potential of EOAM to produce novel antioxidant and antibacterial solutions.

Rapid synthesis of ferulic acid-derived lignin coated silver nanoparticles with low cytotoxicity and high antibacterial activity

Antibiotic resistance and the rise of untreatable bacterial infections pose severe threats to human health. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising antibacterial solution due to their broad-spectrum effectiveness. However, their relatively high cytotoxicity has limited their widespread application. In this study, ferulic acid (FA) was used as a reducing agent, while silver oxide served as a silver precursor to rapidly prepare FA-derived lignin (FAL) coated AgNPs (AgNPs@FAL) with a size ranging from 34.8 to 77.1 nm. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the coating of FAL endowed AgNPs@FAL with high stability, preventing the oxidation of AgNPs prior to antibacterial applications. Cell experiments further indicated that AgNPs@FAL exhibited lower cell toxicity (∼80 % viability of normal kidney cells cultured at 25 μg/mL AgNPs@FAL) compared to fully exposed commercially available citrate-modified AgNPs (AgNPs@CA). Antibacterial experiments revealed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of AgNPs@FAL against E. coli and S. aureus were 12.5 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL, respectively, surpassing the antibacterial effect of AgNPs@CA, as well as ampicillin and penicillin. Additionally, AgNPs@FAL was capable of disrupting E. coli and S. aureus biofilm formation. This novel AgNPs@FAL formulation presents a promising antibacterial solution, addressing limitations observed in conventional drugs.

Antibacterial Interactions of Ethanol-Dispersed Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Infectious diseases are acknowledged as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Statistics show that the annual death toll caused by bacterial infections has reached 14 million, most of which are caused by drug-resistant strains. Bacterial antibiotic resistance is currently regarded as a compelling problem with dire consequences, which motivates the urgent identification of alternative ways of fighting bacteria. Various types of nanomaterials have been reported to date as efficient antibacterial solutions. Among these, carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanodots, carbon graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have been shown to be effective in killing a wide panel of pathogenic bacteria. With this study, we aim to provide additional insights into this topic of research by investigating the antibacterial activity of a specific type of multiwalled CNTs, with diameters from 50 to 150 nm, against two representative opportunistic pathogens, i.e., the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, both included among the top antibiotic-resistant pathogens. We also test the synergistic effect of CNTs with different antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of infections caused by S. aureus and/or P. aeruginosa. Additionally, a novel approach for quantitatively analyzing bacterial aggregation in brightfield microscopy images was implemented. This method was utilized to assess the effectiveness of CNTs, either alone or in combination with antibiotics, in dispersing bacterial aggregates. Finally, atomic force microscopy coupled with a newly devised image analysis pipeline was used to examine any potential morphological changes in bacterial cells following exposure to CNTs and antibiotics.

Hierarchical Micro- and Mesoporous Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8-Based Enzyme Hybrid for Combination Antimicrobial by Lysozyme and Lactoferrin.

Pathogenic bacteria have consistently posed a formidable challenge to human health, creating the critical need for effective antibacterial solutions. In response, enzyme-metal-organic framework (MOF) composites have emerged as a promising class of antibacterial agents. This study focuses on the development of an enzyme-MOF composite based on HZIF-8, incorporating the advantages of simple synthesis, ZIF-8 antibacterial properties, lysozyme hydrolysis, and high biological safety. Through a one-pot method, core-shell nanoparticles (HZIF-8) were synthesized. This structure enables efficient immobilization of lysozyme and lactoferrin within the HZIF-8, resulting in the formation of the lysozyme-lactoferrin@HZIF-8 (LYZ-LF@HZIF-8) composite. Upon exposure to light irradiation, HZIF-8 itself possessed antibacterial properties. Lysozyme initiated the degradation of bacterial peptidoglycan and lactoferrin synergistically enhanced the antibacterial effect of lysozyme. All of the above ultimately contributed to comprehensive antibacterial activity. Antibacterial assessments demonstrated the efficacy of the LYZ-LF@HZIF-8 composite, effectively eradicating Staphylococcus aureus at a cell density of 1.5 × 106 CFU/mL with a low dosage of 200 μg/mL and completely inactivating Escherichia coli at 400 μg/mL with the same cell density. The enzyme-MOF composite exhibited significant and durable antibacterial efficacy, with no apparent cytotoxicity in vitro, thereby unveiling expansive prospects for applications in the medical and food industries.

The Highly Durable Antibacterial Gel-like Coatings for Textiles.

Hospital-acquired infections are considered a priority for public health systems since they pose a significant burden for society. High-touch surfaces of healthcare centers, including textiles, provide a suitable environment for pathogenic bacteria to grow, necessitating incorporating effective antibacterial agents into textiles. This paper introduces a highly durable antibacterial gel-like solution, Silver Shell™ finish, which contains chitosan-bound silver chloride microparticles. The study investigates the coating's environmental impact, health risks, and durability during repeated washing. The structure of the Silver Shell™ finish was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The TEM images showed a core-shell structure, with chitosan forming a protective shell around groupings of silver microparticles. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) demonstrated the uniform deposition of Silver Shell™ on the surfaces of the fabrics. AATCC Test Method 100 was employed to quantitatively analyze the antibacterial properties of the fabrics coated with silver microparticles. Two types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), were used in this study. The antibacterial results showed that after 75 wash cycles, a 100% reduction for both S. aureus and E. coli in the coated samples using crosslinking agents was observed. The coated samples without a crosslinking agent exhibited 99.88% and 99.81% reductions for S. aureus and E. coli after 50 washing cycles. To compare the antibacterial properties toward non-pathogenic and pathogenic strains of the same species, MG1655 model E. coli strain (ATCC 29213) and a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate were used. The results showed the antibacterial efficiency of the Silver ShellTM solution (up to 99.99% reduction) coated on cotton fabric. AATCC-147 was performed to investigate the coated samples' leaching properties and the crosslinking agent's effects against S. aureus and E. coli. All coated samples demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy, even after 75 wash cycles. The crosslinking agent facilitated durable attachment between the silver microparticles and cotton substrate, minimizing the release of particles from the fabrics. Color measurements were conducted to assess the color differences resulting from the coating process. The results indicated fixation values of 44%, 32%, and 28% following 25, 50, and 75 washing cycles, respectively.

Optimized Novel Antibacterial Production from Geobacillus kaustophilus Tm6T2 (a) as Treatment for Salmonella typhimurium

Geobacillus sp. is recognized for its potential to produce bacteriocins, antibacterial substances that hold promise in addressing gastrointestinal illnesses. This study aimed to optimize the medium and pH conditions for producing antibacterial substances by Geobacillus kaustophilus Tm6T2 (a). The research employed a descriptive and experimental methodology. Growth studies were conducted in Mueller Hinton Broth with CaCl2 and MgSO4 and Nutrient Broth with KCl and MgCl2 across 6, 7, and 8 pH values. Subsequently, antibacterial substance production was achieved at the late logarithmic phase and was assessed against the gastrointestinal pathogen Salmonella typhimurium. Interestingly, findings indicated that antibacterial substance production might not solely correlate with bacterial cell count. Despite a lower bacterial cell count, the highest inhibition zone against S.typhimurium was observed at 13.11 mm in NB salt at pH 8. Analytical results show that the variation of pH and both mediums significantly affects the presence of the inhibition zone (p &lt; 0.10). This finding suggests the complexity of factors influencing antibacterial activity. Overall, the optimum condition for antibacterial production in G.kaustophilus Tm6T2(a) was identified at pH 8 using NB salt. These findings have potential implications for developing antibacterial solutions targeting gastrointestinal pathogens.

In vitro characterization of lactic acid bacteria from Indian fermented rice for probiotic applications

AimTo investigate probiotic attributes of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from under-explored Indian fermented rice for potential application in consumer health and functional product development. Methods and resultsThe isolates endured conditions resembling gastric stress, including pH (3), bile salt (4%), NaCl (6%), and phenol (0.6%). The selected isolates were identified as L. fermentum and L. plantarum strains by 16 S rRNA sequencing. In a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT), isolate SR1 outperformed other cultures in terms of viability. Auto-aggregation, and mucin adhesion abilities were tested for colonization potential. In which, compared to other isolates, MCR1 showed greater mucin adherence. SR1 and MCR1 showed higher percentages of auto-aggregation than GG. The auto-aggregation ranged from 9% to 88%., the levels significantly increase after 24 h incubation. The lower Salt aggregation Test (SAT) values indicated efficient hydrophobicity necessary for persistence in GIT and competitive inhibition to pathogens. All the isolates displayed considerably higher galactosidase activity than GG, isolate FCR2 expressed the highest, up to 613±0.92 Miller’s unit/ml activity. The probiotic candidates displayed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against food-spoilage fungi and entero-pathogens. The study of safety aspects such as hemolytic, DNase activity, antibiotic susceptibility confirmed unavailability of any virulent factor. ConclusionThe isolates developed substantial galactosidase activity and significant broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. These characteristics make isolates an effective commercial option for β-galactosidase production in the food sector to create low-lactose or lactose-free products. Overall, the isolates' capacity for survival, colonization, and other useful traits may be of commercial relevance. Additionally, isolates can be researched for the production of antibacterial agents and in vivo studies for development of future functional food products. Moreover, these findings lay a robust groundwork for future exploration in probiotics, functional foods and nutraceuticals, while also shedding light on the mechanisms underlying the health benefits of the specified traditional food source. SignificanceThis investigation uncovered potential probiotic LAB of Indian fermented rice origin. By doing so, it expands our understanding of LAB diversity and presents promising candidates for applications in gut health improvement, functional food development, and exploration of natural antibacterial solutions.

Navigating Antibacterial Frontiers: A Panoramic Exploration of Antibacterial Landscapes, Resistance Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.

The development of effective antibacterial solutions has become paramount in maintaining global health in this era of increasing bacterial threats and rampant antibiotic resistance. Traditional antibiotics have played a significant role in combating bacterial infections throughout history. However, the emergence of novel resistant strains necessitates constant innovation in antibacterial research. We have analyzed the data on antibacterials from the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific knowledge, which has proven valuable for quantitative analysis of global scientific knowledge. Our analysis focuses on mining the CAS Content Collection data for recent publications (since 2012). This article aims to explore the intricate landscape of antibacterial research while reviewing the advancement from traditional antibiotics to novel and emerging antibacterial strategies. By delving into the resistance mechanisms, this paper highlights the need to find alternate strategies to address the growing concern.

Antimicrobial activity of chitosan- edible films containing a combination of carvacrol and rosemary nano-emulsion against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes for ground meat

This research aimed to assess the potential of active food packaging as an innovative approach to enhance the quality of fresh food products. Specifically, our focus was on developing chitosan edible films combined with rosemary nanoemulsion (Ch-RNE) and carvacrol nano-emulsion (Ch-CNE) as effective antibacterial food packaging solutions. The efficacy of these films against artificially inoculated L. monocytogenes (NCTC 13372\\ ATCC® 7644) as a Gram-positive bacterium, and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) as a Gram-negative bacterium, in ground meat was investigated. The size of the prepared nano-emulsions was characterized using zeta sizer, FTIR and HRTEM. The MIC of both nano-emulsions against both pathogens was found to be 0.78 % and 1.56 %. Filmogenic mixtures were casted using these concentrations, which were then dried and evaluated for their physical and mechanical properties.

Recent progress in graphitic carbon nitride-based materials for antibacterial applications: synthesis, mechanistic insights, and utilization

Recent breakthroughs in graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based materials have catalyzed the development of highly effective antibacterial strategies. This comprehensive review delves into the synthesis, mechanistic insights, and applications of g-C3N4 in the realm of antibacterial research. The introduction first highlights the importance of antibacterial materials, emphasizing the urgent need for innovative solutions in the face of bacterial infections and the escalating challenges posed by antibiotic resistance. Continuing, the structural attributes and distinctive characteristics of g-C3N4 are examined in detail, elucidating its inherent properties that make it a compelling candidate for antibacterial applications. Subsequently, we meticulously dissect various methods used in the synthesis of g-C3N4, encompassing both top-down and bottom-up approaches, offering valuable insights into the production of this promising nanomaterial. Furthermore, it delves deeper into the sterilization mechanisms of g-C3N4-based nanomaterials, encompassing a spectrum of strategies, including physical structure sterilization, photocatalytic antibacterial effects, enzymatic antibacterial processes, and the synergetic benefits that emerge from the fusion of these mechanisms. Then, it comprehensively examines the practical applications of g-C3N4-based nanomaterials in antibacterial endeavors, encompassing their pivotal roles in water purification, air purification, treatment of bacterial infections, and the development of antibacterial layers in diverse settings. In conclusion, we encapsulate the crux of our findings and provide a forward-looking perspective on the potential challenges and opportunities in the arena of g-C3N4-based materials for antibacterial applications. This review aspires to galvanize further exploration and innovation in the design of high-performance g-C3N4-based materials, thereby contributing to the progression of antibacterial solutions.

An invitro comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite gel with twin kleen irrigating solution against enterococcus feacalis

The Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a normal inhabitant of the oral cavity and is the most commonly identified species in post treatment asymptomatic persistent endodontic diseases (both intra-radicular and extra- radicular). Its prevalence ranges from 24% to 77%. To completely eliminate microorganisms from the root canal system, combination of instrumentation and irrigation with antibacterial solutions is necessary. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite gel with twin kleen irrigating solution against E. faecalis.40 non-carious, single-rooted teeth with straight canals were selected and instrumented till F3 (30.06) ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). E faecalis was prepared and incubated in teeth and were randomly divided into four groups of 10 each, Group A – 5.25% NaOCl gel, Group B – Twin Kleen Irrigating solution, Group C – 3% NaOCl solution and Group D – Saline. Sterile paper points were used to collect the samples after irrigation and then they were transferred to blood agar culture plates to check the presence of E. faecalis. Significant statistical difference was seen between the four groups. The effect of 5.25% NaOCl gel was superior as compared to Twin Kleen irrigating solution.Under the limitations of this study, 5.25% NaOCl gel was effective in reducing E. faecalis count followed by Twin kleen irrigating solutions.

Successful reimplantation of extruded bone segment in lower limb open fractures: case report and literature review.

The aim of this study is to summarize and demonstrate the different sterilization methods and surgical techniques for open fractures with impacted bone segments in the lower limbs. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical characteristics, treatment methods, and outcomes of a case involving a 10.5 cm extruded segment of the femur in a 9-year-old male with a right femoral comminuted fracture treated at our center. Additionally, a retrospective review and summary were conducted on all reported cases of open fractures with impacted bone segments in the lower limbs. Our center treated a 9-year and 11-month-old male child who presented with a Gustilo type IIIB open fracture of the femur along with a large segment of the femur being ejected as a result of a car accident. The child was resuscitated to correct hypovolemic shock, underwent emergency wound debridement, and had Ilizarov external fixation of the femur. The ejected femur segment was sterilized using ethylene oxide and re-implanted four days after the injury. A literature review showed that out of the cases of open fractures with impacted bone segments in the lower limbs, there were 14 cases involving the femur and 5 cases involving the tibia. Among them, sterilization was performed using povidone-iodine in 6 cases, high-pressure steam sterilization in 3 cases, and other methods including gamma-ray irradiation and soaking in antibacterial solution were used in the remaining cases. In terms of surgical methods, 7 cases were fixed with locking plates, 3 cases were fixed with external fixation devices, 1 case was immobilized in a cast, 1 case was fixed with an intramedullary rod, and 4 cases involved a combination of external fixation and internal fixation. The average time for re-implantation was 7.6 days after the injury. There were no serious complications such as infection or non-union observed in any of the cases during follow-up. Ethylene oxide can be considered a reliable choice for the reimplantation of displaced bone segments in open fractures after sterilization.