Need For Antibacterials Research Articles

The level of pusblic knowledge regarding how to obtain, use, store andDisposing of Antibiotics in the Kediri City District Area

Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections that kill bacteria or prevent bacteria from multiplying. According to data from the antimicrobial resistance control committee, the level of bacterial resistance in Indonesia increased, from 40% in 2013 to 60.4% in 2019, this indicates that the need for antibacterials is still very high among the public. This study aims to evaluate the level of public knowledge regarding how to obtain, use, store and dispose of antibiotics in the Kota sub-district area, Kediri City. This research uses a descriptive method with a quantitative approach, the sample used is the community in the Kota District area, Kediri City which was taken randomly.cluster sampling. The results of the research show that the majority of respondents in Kota sub-district, Kediri City have a sufficient level of knowledge of antibiotic use with a percentage of 38.5%, it is known that the majority of respondents have an average knowledge of antibiotic storage between good and sufficient with a percentage of 37.0%, the majority of respondents have low knowledge of antibiotic disposal. with a percentage of 69.0%, then regarding how to get antibiotics the majority had good knowledge with a percentage of 49.3%. From the research results, it was concluded that the level of public knowledge regarding the use, storage, disposal and methods of obtaining antibiotics is still lacking. Then, from the results of respondents' answers, there is no significant relationship between gender and age, with respect to respondents' knowledge about use, storage, disposal and how to obtain them, whereas based on education there is a significant relationship with knowledge of storage and for work there is a significant relationship with knowledge of how to obtain antibiotics in the sub-district area. City, Kediri City.

Analysis of Metabolite Compound Profiles of Miana Leaves Endophytic Bacteria (Coleus scutellariodes) using GC-MS

Exploration of bioactive compounds from endophytic bacteria as novel source of antibacterial need to be explored, as an alternative to substitute synthetic antibiotics. Based on previous studies, DM6 was a potential isolate that showed antibacterial activity. The isolate has been identified as Brevibacillus sp. based on 16S rRNA analysis. This study aimed to identify antibacterial compounds produced by DM6 isolate using GC-MS. The GC-MS results showed that the chloroform extract of DM6 isolate contained : 1-Octadecene (CAS).alpha.-Octadecene, Hexanedioic acid, dioctyl ester (CAS) Dioctyl adipate, Phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- (CAS) 3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol, and 1,4-diaza-2,5-dioxobicyclo[4.3.0]nonane. Adipic acid/hexanedioic acid and phenols are also known to contained in the leaves of Coleus scutellariodes. This indicated that endophytic bacteria were able to synthesize antibacterial compounds which similar with the host plant.

Potential of methanol extract from the stem bark of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata against bacteria Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophylla

Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophylla are well known pathogenic bacteria causing diseases in both human and animals. Since the popular antibacterial drugs in the market lead to resistance, other alternatives antibacterial need to be searched from the active ingredient found in marine and terrestrial vegetation. The potential use of secondary metabolites from marine vegetation is currently being developed. One of marine vegetation that has been expected to have antibacterial activity is mangrove. This study aims to provide information related to the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of methanol extract of the bark of mangrove Rhizophora mucronata. The phytochemical screening and disc testing methods were used in this study. The results showed that the methanol extract of R. mucronata containedphenolics, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Furthermore, the positive outcome of active antibacterial potential of the methanol extract against E. coli and A. hydrophilla has been indicated by inhibition of discs in a clear zone at 7,56 and 7,00 mm.

Gifts of the sea

The great microbiological soup found in the oceans is a remarkable resource for antibiotics and antibacterials. Resident pathogenic microorganisms present a threat to marine organisms. This battle for survival requires potent molecules endowed with antibacterial activity to be stable under harsh conditions of high salt content to aid the embattled marine organisms. Metabolites such as ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptides, alkaloids, polyketides, and terpenes exhibit antibacterial activity. The need for antibacterials is enhanced by the occurrence of human bacterial pathogens that are no longer controlled by available antibiotics. Antibacterials inhibit bacterial growth (bacteriostatic). Of the 98 small molecule antibacterials marketed between 1981 and 2005, 74 are attributed to discrete structural motifs found in nature. Nine of the twelve antibacterial classes are formulated on a template derived from nature. The vast sea remains virtually unexplored for antibacterial therapeutics in contrast to the terrestrial environment, which has been harvested for the past 50 years. Numbers of taxa in the ocean dwarf the species characteristic of a tropical rain forest. Ocean water contains 10 bacteria, and 10 fungal cells per mL. The surfaces of most marine organisms are populated with specific microbes. Candidate antibacterials have been found in some rather obscure places such as a microbe in a marine annelid. Examples of antibacterial terpenes are pseudopterosin P found in association with soft coral, and axisonitrile 3 and manoalide from marine sponges. The structural diversity apparent in these few examples exemplifies the importance of the sea’s microbial diversity to humankind’s need for therapeutic pharmaceuticals.

Influenza vaccination and antiviral therapy: is there a role for concurrent administration in the institutionalised elderly?

Influenza vaccination is estimated to be 50-68% efficacious in preventing pneumonia, hospitalisation or death in nursing home residents. Large culture-proven outbreaks may occur despite high resident vaccination rates. There is, therefore, a significant role for concurrent administration of influenza vaccination and antiviral therapy. The use of antiviral treatment and chemoprophylaxis requires community reporting of viral isolates, and contingency plans for rapid case identification and application of antiviral therapy. Clinicians must react quickly to control a highly infectious seasonal pathogen that may strike as an explosive outbreak. This situation is unique in geriatric practice. Current antiviral treatment should be administered within 48 hours of symptom onset, and is more efficacious if administered within 12 hours. In the case of an explosive institutional outbreak, a 1-day delay in prophylaxis may allow infection of many residents with a potentially fatal illness. Influenza must be differentiated from other respiratory viruses or syndromes. Grouped rapid diagnostic tests can aid laboratory confirmation. Antiviral agents include the M(2) inhibitors, amantadine and rimantadine, active against influenza A, and the neuraminidase inhibitors, zanamivir and oseltamivir, active against influenza A and B. In our experience, influenza B illness is as severe as influenza A. All agents have similar efficacy as treatment and prophylaxis against sensitive strains. When M(2) inhibitors are used simultaneously within an enclosed space (i.e. household or nursing home) as both treatment and prophylaxis, resistant strains may emerge that limit prophylactic efficacy. When M(2) inhibitors are administered to suspected cases (residents or staff) in institutions, precautions against secretion are especially important to diminish the risk of transmission of resistant virus. Rimantadine has been shown to have significantly fewer CNS adverse events compared with amantadine. Amantadine and oseltamivir require dosage adjustment in those with renal impairment. Oseltamivir, rimantadine and amantadine are administered by mouth, while zanamivir is administered by oral inhalation in a lactose powder. The labelling advises caution in the use of zanamivir in those with underlying airway disease. Pooled analysis of studies in patients given zanamivir indicate that individuals over the age of 50 years (at high risk for complications) and those severely symptomatic at presentation, tend to benefit most from early treatment. Neuraminidase inhibitors also diminish the need for antibacterials to treat secondary complications. An institutional programme to control influenza should include vaccination, and contingency plans for clinical surveillance, specimen processing and the rapid application of antiviral treatment and prophylaxis.