Antibacterial Activity Of Propolis Research Articles

Comparative study of different Malaysian Stingless bee propolis: Physicochemical characterization, Phytochemical contents and Antibacterial activity

Stingless bee propolis is known to contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including phenolic and flavonoids, which have been linked to its antibacterial properties. Nevertheless, the phytochemical compositions of stingless bee propolis are significantly influenced by a complex interplay of multiple factors such as geographical origin, floral source, and bee species. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical properties, phytochemical contents, and antibacterial activity of propolis from different stingless bee species found in the same environment and ecological system. The propolis samples obtained from Heterotrigona itama, Geniotrigona thoracica and Tetrigona apicalis were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the pH, moisture, lipid, resin, and wax contents. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. The antibacterial activity was determined using the agar well diffusion method against four Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus. The physicochemical analysis of the propolis samples yielded the following results: moisture (12.17-16.45%), lipid (2.95-9.48%), resin (39.00-51.00%), wax (26.50-37.00%), and pH (5.07-5.61). Results revealed that propolis produced by G. thoracica displayed significantly higher moisture (16.45±0.38%), and resin contents (51.00±1.41%), as well as significantly lower percentage of lipid (2.95±0.12%), and wax content (26.50±0.71%). Similarly, G. thoracica propolis extract exhibited significantly higher TPC (200.70±0.06mg/mL GAE) and TFC (141.60±3.63mg/mL QE) values compared to the other propolis samples. Additionally, G. thoracica propolis extract was significantly active against B. cereus and M. luteus with inhibition zones of 15.00 and 16.00, respectively, and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 390.63μg/mL. A strong correlation was found between resin content, TPC and antibacterial activity of propolis. This study indicated that the presence of high resin content in propolis resulted in a high concentration of phenolic compounds, which contributed significantly to its antibacterial activities. Furthermore, the research highlighted the species-dependent effect of propolis on its physicochemical characteristics, phytochemical composition, and antibacterial properties. The observed antibacterial efficacy of G. thoracica propolis suggested that the propolis extract held promise as an alternative treatment option against bacterial infections. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the specific phenolic compounds that could contribute to its antibacterial properties.

NMR metabolomics analysis ofEscherichia colicells treated with Turkish propolis water extract reveals nucleic acid metabolism as the major target

Propolis is a resinous bee product containing several hundred biologically active compounds. Although the antibacterial activity of propolis has been demonstrated in many in vitro studies, less is known about its mode of action. In this study, we aimed to shed some light on the antibacterial mechanism of action of propolis against Escherichia coli BW25113 using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based metabolomics approach. E. coli BW25113 cells were subjected to different sub-lethal concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 6mg/mL) of Turkish propolis water extract (PWE). The 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy was then employed to ascertain the metabolic profiles of E. coli extracts. A total of 52 metabolites were identified from the NMR spectra, belonging to 17 main classes, such as amino acids and peptides, purines, and fatty acids. Twelve out of these 52 metabolites displayed remarkable changes at all tested PWE concentrations when compared to control conditions (P<.05). Levels of 28 more metabolites were significantly altered in at least one of the three PWE treatments. The results of partial least squares discriminant analysis showed that there was a clear separation between control and propolis-treated cells and that putrescine, adenine, adenosine, guanosine, glucose, N6-acetyllysine, and acetamide had the highest effect on group differentiation. Finally, quantitative pathway analysis revealed that purine metabolism was significantly affected by PWE treatments. Our results suggest that PWE inhibits the growth of E. coli BW25113 by affecting nucleic acid metabolism to a great extent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the global metabolic response of a bacterium to propolis.

Almond gum-sodium caseinate complexes for loading propolis extract: Characterization, antibacterial activity, release, and in-vitro cytotoxicity

Propolis is a natural antioxidant but, its application is limited due to its strong flavor and alcohol-soluble nature. Soluble complexes and coacervates of almond gum (AG) and sodium caseinate (CAS) were produced at pH = 7 and 4.6, respectively for encapsulation of alcoholic extract of propolis. Despite the higher process yield of complexes at pH = 7, the sample at pH = 4.6 indicated higher encapsulation efficiency, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content. The results of FTIR and XRD supported the interaction of propolis with biopolymeric complexes. Moreover, the thermal stability and antibacterial activity of propolis were improved after encapsulation; propolis showed higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria. Also, encapsulated propolis showed a controlled release in various food simulants and gastrointestinal environments. Apoptosis evaluation and MTT assay confirmed that the encapsulated propolis induces lower cytotoxicity than pure propolis against fibroblast cell line possibly due to the delayed release of propolis.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Libyan Propolis Nanoparticles and its Biological Activity

The ever-increasing demand for natural products and biotechnology, derived from bees and ultra-modernization of various analytical devices, has facilitated the rational and planned development of biotechnology products with a focus on human health to treat chronic and neglected diseases. This study aimed to prepare, characterize and examine the stability and evaluation of the antioxidant and the antibacterial activity of Libyan propolis. Propolis Nanoparticles PNP were prepared using particle size reduction, then Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) at a magnification of X 25000, was used for accurate evaluation of the size distribution of NPs. Three different concentration (10, 5, 2.5 mg/ml) of propolis and nano-propolis powder were tested for their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The quantitative antioxidant activity test results using UV Spectrophotometer absorbance at 517 nm. The antibacterial activities of propolis and prepared nano propolis at different concentrations (10, 5 and 2.5mg/ml) were tested on bacterial strain, Klebsiella, human mouth, skin, and surface bacteria using cup cut diffusion method. The findings exhibited that the prepared propolis Nanoparticles (PNPs) were generally non-spherical with a size 100-200 nm. The PNP was a nano-sized particle around 316 nm in diameter. Zeta potential of PNP showed a negative surface charge value (− 48 mV) which was sufficiently high to avoid NPs aggregation. This value represents a stable and dispersed suspension of NPs and disables the tendency of aggregations in a short in period of time. Poly dispersity index (PdI) of synthetized PNP was used as a measurement of the size distribution. PdI values for PrNP were generally uniform with PdI 0.3 indicating monodispersity of the prepared systems. The propolis and PNPs displayed good antioxidant activity with inhibition percentage (77%, 46% and 18%) for propolis and (82%, 66% and 37%) for PNPs. Propolis nanoparticles showed to have more antibacterial effect compared to propolis. Libyan propolis nanoparticles has shown to be potential candidates as antioxidant and antibacterial agent.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Various Fractions of Heterotrigona itama Propolis Found in Kutai Kartanegara

BACKGROUND: In the current pandemic era, people are trying to find additional income, such as stingless bee cultivation. Especially bee species of Heterotrigona itama, because the selling value of stingless bee honey for maintaining health is quite high. However, the potential of other bee products such as propolis is still underutilized. AIM: In this study, the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of propolis from various fractions were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: H. itama propolis was extracted with 96% ethanol to obtain ethanol extract propolis (EEP). Then, it was used for liquid-liquid partition with different polarities (n-hexane and ethyl acetate) to obtain the n-hexane fraction (HF) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF). These fractions were tested for antioxidants using the DPPH method and antibacterial against bacteria Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli using the agar well diffusion method. Vitamin C was used as a positive control in the antioxidant assay and Thiampenicol was used in the bacterial assay. RESULTS: The EAF had better antioxidant activity (IC50 128.46 ug/mL) than the ethanol extract (IC50 205.86 ug/mL) and n-HF (IC50 350.01 g/mL). Antibacterial activity of EEP at 200 ug/mL against P. acne was 6 ± 1.5 mm, which was categorized as medium inhibition, while the other fractions were classified as weak. CONCLUSION: EAF had the highest antioxidant activity, meanwhile EEP is the most potent on antibacterial activity. The results obtained are influenced by the environment, where the sample is taken, which is less varied in plant sources and the time of sample collection.

Antibacterial Activity of Chinese Red Propolis against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA.

The antibacterial activity of propolis has long been of great interest, and the chemical composition of propolis is directly dependent on its source. We recently obtained a type of propolis from China with a red color. Firstly, the antibacterial properties of this unusual propolis were determined against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Studies on its composition identified and quantified 14 main polyphenols of Chinese red propolis extracts (RPE); quantification was carried out using liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QQQ-MS/MS) and RPE was found to be rich in pinobanksin, pinobanksin-3-acetate, and chrysin. In vitro investigations of its antibacterial activity revealed that its activity against S. aureus and MRSA is due to disruption of the cell wall and cell membrane, which then inhibits bacterial growth. Despite its similar antibacterial activities against S. aureus and MRSA, metabolomic analysis further revealed the effects of RPE on bacteria metabolism were different. The untargeted metabolomic results showed that a total of 7 metabolites in 12 metabolic pathways had significant changes (Fold change > 2, p < 0.05 *) after RPE treatment in S. aureus, while 11 metabolites in 9 metabolic pathways had significant changes (Fold change > 2, p < 0.05 *) after RPE treated on MRSA. Furthermore, RPE downregulated several specific genes related to bacterial biofilm formation, autolysis, cell wall synthesis, and bacterial virulence in MRSA. In conclusion, the data obtained indicate that RPE may be a promising therapeutic agent against S. aureus and MRSA.

Effect of Propolis and Pomegranate Extract Mouthwashes on Taste Alteration, Salivary pH and Antibacterial Activity in High Caries Risk Patients: A Randomized Control Trial

Dental caries prevention is the key to control dental caries worldwide problem nowadays. Chlorhexidine is the gold standard antibacterial agent but it has many side effects so natural products have been proposed as a safer alternative; Propolis and pomegranate are known with their great antibacterial properties.Aim: This study assessed taste alteration, salivary pH and antibacterial activity of propolis and pomegranate mouthwashes compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash in high caries risk patients.Materials and Methods: A total of 80 participantswere divided randomly into four groups, in a parallel group design. Group 1:propolis mouthwash, group 2: pomegranate mouthwash, group 3: chlorhexidine mouthwash and group 4: saline. Salivary sample was collected at baseline, immediately after mouthwash usage and after seven days. The pH of the collected saliva and streptococcus mutans bacterial count were assessed. Participants received a questionnaire to assess taste alteration on the seventh day. Statistical analysis took placeusing ANOVA/ Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests.Results: Chlorhexidine has a significantly higher incidence of taste alteration compared to the other mouthwashes which showed statistically similar incidence. The highest salivary pH value was recorded after immediate usage of mouthwashes in all groups, after seven days there was no significant change in chlorhexidine and saline groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the total percentage reduction of bacterial count in all groups but with highest percentage of reduction after immediate usage.Conclusion: Propolis and pomegranate mouthwashes could be considered as an alternative to chlorhexidine mouthwash

A Comparison between the Antibacterial Activity of Propolis and Ginseng Extracts on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia Isolated from Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

A Comparison between the Antibacterial Activity of Propolis and Ginseng Extracts on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia Isolated from Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

Chemical composition, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity of propolis from Africanized honeybees and three different Meliponini species

Ethnopharmacological relevancePropolis extracts are widely used in traditional folk medicine and exhibit several properties such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial. However, these products have not been investigated in combination with medicines used in clinical practice. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of propolis extracts from Apis mellifera scutellata and different Meliponini species and characterize their cytotoxicity against tumor cells, antibacterial effects, and interference with the actions of doxorubicin and gentamicin. Materials and methodsChromatographic and spectrometric analyses were performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Propolis extracts were evaluated for cytotoxicity and synergism using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the antimicrobial activity was examined using the broth microdilution technique and synergism was investigated using checkerboard and time-kill assays. ResultsThe chemical characterization revealed the presence of 63 compounds, and the extracts showed selective cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines. Propolis extracts of mandaçaia and mirim exerted selective synergistic cytotoxicity in combination with doxorubicin. Except for the tubuna extract, all evaluated extracts exhibited antibacterial effects on gram-positive strains. Mandaçaia and mirim extracts exerted a synergistic effect with gentamicin; however, only mandaçaia extract exerted a selective effect. ConclusionPropolis could be a source of antineoplastics and antibiotics. These natural products may reduce the occurrence of doxorubicin and gentamicin related adverse effects, resistance, or both.

여드름 유발균, Propionibacterium acnes에 대한 프로폴리스의 항균 활성에 대한 연구

여드름 유발균, Propionibacterium acnes에 대한 프로폴리스의 항균 활성에 대한 연구

Antibacterial Effect of Peruvian Propolis Collected During Different Seasons on the Growth of Streptococcus Mutans

Introduction: Propolis is a gummy, resinous substance made by bees from the buds and exudates of plants. The antibacterial activity of propolis has been widely studied and is known to vary according to its geographical origin, the type of surrounding flora, the collecting bee species, the mode of its collection and even the season in which it is collected. Unfortunately, these observations have not been corroborated experimentally. Aim: To compare the antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts of propolis collected in the summer and autumn on the growth of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Materials and Methods: Propolis samples were collected in the summer and autumn and labeled “A” or “B” by an individual who was not directly involved in the study. Then, 5% ethanolic extracts of propolis were prepared for each sample. S. mutans was plated onto brain heart infusion agar plates into which wells were formed, and the plates were divided into four groups to test the antibacterial effectiveness of both the extracts and the positive (0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate) and negative (96% ethanol) controls. Results: Inhibition halos of 26.4±2.6 and 18.2±1.8 mm were observed for the autumn and summer propolis extracts, respectively, while those of the negative and positive controls were 0 and 13 mm, respectively. These differences were statistically analyzed using Student’s t-test. Conclusion: The significantly higher growth of S. mutans in the extracts made from propolis collected in autumn than that grown on extracts collected in summer indicates that the season in which propolis is collected does indeed influence its antibacterial activity.

Production of Nanopropolis Using High Pressure Ball Mill Homogenizer

Propolis is one of the product that produces by bees. Propolis commonly used as a supplement because it has a bioactive compound. Propolis is hydrophobic, so it is not absorbed by the body very well, that’s why it needs other technologies to solve this problem. Encapsulation is one of the answers because this technology has “drug delivery systems.” The purpose of this study is to look at the efficiency of coating, particle size of nanopropolis and antibacterial activity. The result of this research shows that the efficiency of propolis coatings by flavonoids is 94,71%. Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) is used to measure the particle size. The result is nanopropolis has an average diameter 75,7 nm and 83,9 nm. The antibacterial activity of propolis against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus was detected but not in nanopropolis.

Antibacterial Activity of Propolis Extracted in Three Different Solvents and in Three Different pH Values on Some Pathogenic Bacteria

Antibacterial Activity of Propolis Extracted in Three Different Solvents and in Three Different pH Values on Some Pathogenic Bacteria

&lt;b&gt;Influence of seasonality and production method on the antibacterial activity of propolis&lt;/b&gt;

The antibacterial activity of propolis produced throughout the year by different methods of collection ('intelligent' collector of propolis - ICP; plastic screen - PC; conventional scraping - CS) on Staphylococcos aureus and Escherichia coli is investigated. Fifteen beehives (five per collector) of Africanized Apis mellifera were used. Monthly produced propolis, with the same collection technique, was mixed for the preparation of the extract. The ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) was prepared at the ratio of 30% (30 g of propolis, completing the volume for 100 mL with ethanol 70%). Two microorganisms, a positive bacterium Gram Staphylococcus aureus and a negative bacterium Gram Escherichia coli, through the methodology of diffusion in agar, were used for the biological activity evaluation of EEP. Results show that propolis presented antibacterial activity, affected by seasonality and by collecting method.

The Beginnings of Modern Research on Propolis in Poland

Propolis studies in Poland were initiated by Professor Stan Scheller in the 1960s. It was a team of Polish researchers who developed a method of introducing hydrophobic ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) into aqueous solutions, which enabled the study of their biological properties. The studies performed in Poland showed that EEP possesses antioxidant, radioprotective, and immunostimulating properties. It was possible to demonstrate antibacterial activity of propolis on Gram-positive bacteria, virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and protozoa as well as stimulating activity of aqueous extracts of propolis on proliferation of cells in vitro. Polish investigators showed that propolis stimulates regeneration of tissue, acts as antioxidant and radioprotector, has strong immunostimulative properties, affects animals' life span by extending it, and improves intellectual and life functions of the elderly.

Antibacterial activity of propolis and Ca(OH)2 against Lactobacillus, Entrococus facalis, Peptostreptococus and Candida albicans

Propolis has been shown to be possibly an appropriate alternative as an intracanal medicament due to its antibacterial properties. The aim of present study was to compare the activity of calcium hydroxide and propolis against Lactobacillus, Enterococcusfaecalis, Peptostreptococcus and Candida albicans. This experimental study was conducted to evaluate antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of propolis and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) powder mixed with saline solution. Agar diffusion test and dilution methods were used to compare the results. There were separate plates to control diffusion of two substances in agar and antimicrobial activity of solvents. Figures of diameter of inhibition zone and minimal inhibitor concentration (MIC) and minimal bacterial concentration (MBC) were calculated. Paired T-test was used to compare the MIC differences. Propolis was more effective against Lactobacillus, E. faecalis andPeptostreptococcus with 8.6984 mm compared with 7.0833 mm mean diameter of inhibitory zone for Ca(OH)2. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001) indicating that Ca(OH)2 was less effective against experimental microorganisms. The inhibitory zone of the two drugs demonstrated stronger effect of propolis on contaminating microorganisms. The MIC of propolis for all studied microorganisms was at least 4 times less than calcium hydroxide. Propolis was more effective than calcium hydroxide againstLactobacillus, E. faecalis and Peptostreptococcus. In ADT For C. albicans, larger inhibition zone observed around calcium hydroxide, could be due to low diffusion potentiality of propolis in agar compared to calcium hydroxide whereas, MIC demonstrated higher antifungal activity for propolis. Propolis was more effective against C. albicans in spite of its smaller inhibitory zone. Key words: Propolis, calcium hydroxide, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus faecalis,Peptostreptococcus, Candida albicans.

Antibacterial activity of propolis and honey against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

-1 and 375.0 at mg ml -1 , respectively at both MIC and MBC. The greater inhibition zones (13.0 ± 0.09 to 15.0 ± 0.11 mm) were observed from propolis at concentrations of 2.74 to 5.48 mg ml -1 in the disc diffusion method which was closely correlated with the MIC, MBC and gradient-plate technique results. The combined results obtained from the disc diffusion test, MIC, MBC and gradient-plate techniques suggested that propolis at concentrations of 2.74 to 3.5 and 3.5 mg ml -1 was effective to inhibit S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. On the contrary, honey was effective to inhibit S. aureus at the concentration of 375.0 mg ml -1 but failed to inhibit E. coli growth at same concentration. The combined results from all methods indicated that both propolis and honey had antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Present findings also suggested that S. aureus is more susceptible to the effect of the propolis than its Gram-negative counterpart E. coli.

Antibacterial activity of propolis from two sources in the Basque Country

Propolis has a lot of active ingredients, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, from different trees and bushes and it shows antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties [1].

Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity of Propolis

Propolis is a natural substance collected by bees from local flora. Propolis is increasingly used in health-food manufacturing practices since in addition to the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral characteristics, it also strengthens the immunity and has a strong antioxidative effect. We investigated the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of 10 samples of propolis, which were collected in different regions of Lithuania. The highest concentrations of phenolic compounds, the main active substances of propolis, were found in the samples which were collected from the hives located in the proximity of forests of a mixed type. The highest amounts of flavonoids were detected in propolis samples that were obtained from the bee hives located in the meadows All samples of propolis ethanolic extract were active against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The antimicrobial activity was higher against gram-positive than against gram-negative bacteria. One propolis sample showed relatively strong activity against Candida albicans - minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) - 0.009 g/100ml of phenolic compounds. The antimicrobial activity of propolis may be due to the synergistic effect of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, aromatic and aliphatic acids. Keywords: Propolis, antifungal activity, antibacterial activity, chemical composition

Composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Populus buds and poplar-type propolis

The antibacterial activity of propolis has been widely investigated. Since reports dealing with antimicrobial activity of the origin of propolis are not available, this study was carried out aiming to analyse the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the methanol extracts of poplar type propolis and Populus (Populus nigra, P. alba, P. tremuloides) buds as its sources against standard strains of a panel of microorganisms by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The concentrations of the “poplar” phenolics were relatively high (4.5%) and some compounds typical for P. nigra such as pinobanksin and 4,3 acetyloxycaffeate were found in the propolis sample by GC-MS. The poplar type propolis and Populus bud exudates were found to inhibit most clinically important microorganisms in a wide spectrum including pathogenic yeasts but not Gram-negative bacteria.