Antiaircraft Defense Research Articles

A Preliminary Assessment of the Effectiveness of Training Using a Virtual Reality Simulator of the Anti-aircraft Missile Launcher

Training an anti-aircraft soldier is expensive, complicated, and time-consuming. As a result, many countries, weighing the cost-effectiveness, opt to introduce solutions aimed at minimizing this trend. One of them is incorporating modern training devices such as simulators and trainers into the training. However, to make this happen, it is worth analyzing the effectiveness of training with their use by comparing it to that conducted in a traditional way. With this in mind, the purpose of this article is to present the results of research on the effectiveness of using a Virtual Reality (VR) simulator developed at the Military University of Technology in teaching the construction and basic activities of combat work in the area of conducting a selected check of the functioning of the SA6 Gainful missile launcher system. The theoretical foundation for the empirical research was provided by a method of analyzing literary content. By using the method of comparison and generalization, knowledge was obtained about the general construction and use of training devices in the training of the anti-aircraft defense forces of the Polish Armed Forces, and the features of the VR simulator were described. As regards the empirical methods, a study was conducted using a research sample which was conducted using a parallel triangulation strategy scheme involving the simultaneous use of quantitative and qualitative methods. The synthesis served in formulating the final conclusions and in determining the relationships between theoretical and empirical studies. The results obtained in this way can provide valuable information about the effectiveness of using training devices in training anti-aircraft defense forces and serve as a basis for further work on their development and application.

Defense and Deterrence as the Foundation of the A2/AD System in Smart City Air Defense

The extreme concentration of tangible and non-tangible resources in the environment of the Smart City calls for their securing and protection. In the case of threat emergence, the military would have to enter areas where local authorities cannot guarantee the security of Smart City assets. Thus, the question arises whether or not Smart Cities could potentially assist the military forces in performing their tasks better on the battlefield. Some military agencies are currently exploring the possibility of using the military in Smart Cities. For instance, the United States Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is studying whether smart city communications and infrastructure could be of use on the future battlefield. This paper aims to indicate the potential for expansion and integration of the anti-aircraft defense systems to serve the needs of urban defense, thereby allowing the achievement of air superiority and implementing the assumptions of A2/AD systems. In reference to the research objective formulated in such a way, discovering the answers to the following questions was deemed crucial: What is the state of the current Anti-Aircraft Defense (AAD) system of urban centers, in particular Smart Cities? What are the possibilities of expanding and improving this system? How can the SMART CITY system be integrated and serve as an element of strengthening the AAD system? In order to answer the indicated questions, this article was written with the use of qualitative method consisting of text and literature exploratory research and analysis, and comparative analyzes of Smart Cities and Air Defense in contemporary military operations. To achieve the assumed aim, the authors have also conducted the evaluation of Air Defense combat capabilities, as well as the changes that have occurred in the environment of Smart Cities. The authors used thematic analysis methods to interpret patterns and meanings in the data

PROBLEMATIC ISSUES AND WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION REGARDING THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE STAGE OF LIFE CYCLE “USAGE” OF AME IN WAR CONDITIONS

The article is devoted to the existing problem of today – improvement of the life cycle of weapons and military equipment, namely: increasing the motor resource and the interval between repairs in the conditions of war.
 As a basis for the extension of the life cycle, it is proposed to use the method of conducting diagnostics in the maintenance system at all stages of its life cycle.
 The essence of the problem lies in the search for effective forms and methods of the technical maintenance of AME during intensive use in the conditions of warfare. The existing system of technical maintenance does not fully ensure the appropriate level of combat readiness of units. The inconsistency of regulatory documents negatively affects the continuation of the life cycle of AME. As a result, premature failure of AME and a decrease in the level of combat readiness of units.
 The use of modern diagnostics will make it possible to predict, predict and detect malfunctions of anti-aircraft defense systems at an early stage, and thus reduce financial costs during the implementation of appropriate measures to restore combat effectiveness of anti-aircraft defense systems in limited time.

АНАЛІЗ МОЖЛИВОСТЕЙ БЕЗПІЛОТНИХ ЛЕТАЛЬТНИХ АПАРАТІВПРОВІДНИХ КРАЇН СВІТУ

This work analyzes the capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) of the leading countries of the world. It was noted that with the appearance of medium and small unmanned lethal vehicles, the tasks of countering them became significantly more relevant. Starting from the mid-2000s, reports began to circulate in the mass media about the danger of using small unmanned aerial vehicles in airport areas, and from the mid-2010s they began to be used to conduct unauthorized surveillance of important military objects, to conduct terrorist attacks. acts and diversions, for the transportation of prohibited goods (weapons, drugs and various contraband). In this work, it is noted that in the leading countries of the world, active scientific development of this direction of research has begun. At the same time, this problem is relatively new, because one of the first works on the use of unmanned aerial vehicles dates back to 2008. And mass scientific publications on their use refer to the years 20616-17. In the modern scientific literature of the leading countries of the world, the main directions of research in these scientific directions of research were introduced. Special terms were developed and implemented in scientific publications. At the initial stage of using UAVs (in the early 2000s), the task of analyzing their capabilities and countering them appeared. The task of countering UAVs was solved exclusively by means of defeating anti-aircraft missile systems of air defense (air defense air defense systems). Currently, military scientists have found out that the direct neutralization of a massive UAV raid by means of anti-aircraft defense systems is economically impractical, due to the unreasonably high cost of anti-aircraft defense means. This leads to the rapid consumption of the combat resource of the air defense system. In this regard, new means of countering UAVs are being widely researched, namely: the use of electronic warfare (ERW), the use of directed energy radiation — laser weapons, as well as the combined use of EW and air defense systems.

Mathematical Model for Solving Problem of Target Allocation of Antiaircraft Fire Weapons in AD Contour of Surface Ship (in AD System of Group of Ships) in Case of Attack Threat and Repelling Attacks of Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles

The improvement of the algorithms of processing information and controlling of weapons systems in combination with their automation, which can significantly reduce time from the moment of detection of air targets to their destruction, is a promising direction in organizing of building and effective combat use of such complex systems as the contour of antiaircraft defense (AD) of a single surface ship and the AD system of a group of the surface ships. The transition to the creation and use of the precision-guided long-range munition, e.g. anti-ship missiles (AShM), allows to destroy ships from remote lines without entering the zone of the fighter aircraft action and reach of the antiaircraft missile system. When repelling attacks of anti-ship cruise missiles, a poor-quality solution of the problem of the target allocation of the antiaircraft fire weapons of a ship (group of ships) does not allow to realize the combat capabilities of the AD contour (system) as a whole, which leads to a loss of combat capability of the ship (ships). The main difference between the proposed mathematical model for solving the target allocation problem and those implemented in the combat information and controlling systems of the surface ships is the fact that it provides the possibility of evaluating own antiaircraft fire weapons and enemy’s AShM when developing an optimal target allocation plan based on a detailed account of the AShM detection range, coordination of the destruction zones, sectors of fire, lines of the implementation of the AShM tasks, mutual security measures, electromagnetic compatibility of the electronic means, i.e. taking into account the existing zones of the destruction of the antiaircraft fire weapons, as well as solving the problem of the target allocation in time. The solution of the task is carried out both directly during the antiaircraft combat, and in the case of the attack threat of the AShM. In its turn, the last one makes it possible to optimize building of the antiaircraft fire covering system and the AD system of both a single surface ship and the group of the surface ships as a whole, and to optimize the solution of the target allocation problem, in particular. The presented mathematical model and the algorithm and program developed on its basis can be recommended after appropriate modification for inclusion in both automated combat control systems and respectively combat information and control systems of connections of surface ships and single ships, that allows to solve the problem of the target allocation on a time scale close to real.

Control Optimization of Readiness Mode of Antiaircraft Fire Weapons in Antiaircraft Fire Covering System of Surface Ships Formation in Case of Attack Threat of Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles

Currently, the decisive factor in the development of the theory of military art in the sea is the fact of transition to the creation and use of precision-guided long-range munition by an enemy - anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCM), so that to destroy ships from remote lines without entering the zone of the fighter aircraft action and reach of the antiaircraft missile system. A promising direction in the organization of the building and effective combat use of such complex systems as the anti-aircraft defense contour of a single surface ship, and the anti-aircraft defense system of a group of surface ships in the threat of attack and repelling attacks of anti-ship cruise missiles, is the improvement of the algorithms for information processing and control of weapons systems in combination with their automation. Modern information technologies based on the use of computer technology and mathematical modeling allow improving the decision-making process in the tasks of building complex systems, processes of planning and organizing their activities. The methods of “artificial intelligence”, automation of the process of forces and means control in combat significantly increase the efficiency of decision-making. The fleeting nature and rapid change of the situation in anti-aircraft combat require solving the problem of repelling attacks by anti-ship cruise missiles in real time, that is impossible without full automation of the process of controlling the forces and means of anti-aircraft defense, in case of that human participation in anti-aircraft combat should be minimized, and completely excluded if possible. One of the complex systems that require full automation and real-time operation is the anti-aircraft fire covering system for surface ships formation. Determination of the optimal (expedient) combat readiness mode of the anti-aircraft fire weapons included in its composition is a prerequisite for the effective functioning of the anti-aircraft fire covering system in anti-aircraft combat. The article proposes a problem solution of the control optimization of the combat readiness mode of the anti-aircraft fire weapons in the anti-aircraft fire covering system of the surface ships formation in the case of the attacking threat of the anti-ship cruise missiles. The obtained results will substantiation of an optimal (expedient) mode of combat readiness and also creation of recommendations for setting the duty schedule of the anti-aircraft fire weapons in the interests of anti-aircraft defense. The presented mathematical model and the developed on its basis algorithm and program can be recommended for inclusion in both automated combat control systems and respectively combat information and control systems of connections of surface ships and single ships.

Optimization Basics of Antiaircraft Defense System Building of Surface Ships Formation in Case of Anti-Ship Missiles Attacks Threat

The study proposed in the paper is aimed at determining the optimal (rational) parameters of building of an antiaircraft defense (AD) system of surface ships formation in case of anti-ship missiles attacks threat, namely: bearings and distances of the сore ships location and escort ships in the AD formations, taking into account the restrictions associated with the accomplishment of assigned combat missions, the target allocation of antiaircraft fire weapons of ships, both collective defense and self-defense, when repelling AShM attacks, combat readiness modes of the AFW, taking into account their technical reliability and duty schedule in the interests of AD, sectors of the combat use of electronic warfare, taking into account the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) with the used AFW, orientation sectors of fighter aviation taking into account the compliance with security measures when using together with AFW. The multicriteria optimization methods using for the developed simulation model of the AD system functioning of surface ships formation in case of the AShM attacks threat in the specific conditions of the tactical situation allows obtaining the necessary practical recommendations on the ships formation in the AD formation, designation of combat readiness modes, duty schedule and the organization of the combat using of AFW, EW facilities, FA orientation in the case of the attack threat and the direct repelling of AShM attacks from one or several directions, it corresponds to the building of an equal-strength antiaircraft fire covering system, considering the available composition of the forces and AD facilities of the formation ships.

Counting the Uncountable

The aim of the research was to create such a calculation model for the air defense efficiency that will enable to determine the degree of implementation of the task by anti-aircraft defense forces in combat conditions. The innovative approach to the efficiency of air defense presented in the article focuses on the methods and algorithms enabling the assessment of the feasibility of the air defense task. In its general form, it is based on the determination of the probable number of air assault assets intended for the implementation of an air task (destruction, incapacitation, disorganization of the cover object) and the possibility of air defense sets (means) to repel an air attack. The research was conducted with the use of qualitative methods – when determining the elements of protection or tactical and technical data. The results of the presented research can be implemented in the command process in air defense.

Hypersonic Weapon as a New Challenge for the Anti-aircraft Defense Command and Control System

The intensification of the air threat resulting from the emergence of hypersonic weapons in the immediate vicinity of Poland has become a significant challenge for the Polish armed forces, including anti-aircraft defense. The capabilities of the new type of weapon determine not only the need to modernize and acquire systems designed to engage aerial targets, but also the command and control systems that control them. Due to the nature and the limited scope of the article, the deliberations presented in it are generalized results of a research on the scale of the threat posed by hypersonic weapons in the airspace and the need to modernize anti-aircraft defense command and control subsystems, which may be involved in combating them as part of the national air defense system. The presented conclusions also concern the problems of multiplying the current level of automation of the command and control subsystem. This is related to the need for the effectiveness of the military decision-making process as well as uninterrupted and efficient cooperation with the national and allied elements of the air reconnaissance and air defense assets subsystems, including the components of missile defense, which is predestined to engage hypersonic weapons.

Bitwa w Pradolinie Redy-Łeby. Działania bojowe sowieckich wojsk pancernych na kierunku Gdyni (6–16 marca 1945 r.)

The history of battles in Gdańsk Pomerania in 1945 was shaped by Soviet historiography. Relying on the source material from the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, the article presents the operational activities of Soviet armoured units in the outskirts of Gdynia. Of great importance for the course of the fights for Gdynia was the battle in Reda-Łeba Glacial Valley. On March 6, 1945, the units of the 2nd Belorussian Front began a rapid offensive and quickly seized Sławno, Słupsk and Lębork. Despite the high speed of the offensive, the Soviets did not manage to destroy the retreating German forces. Basing on a system of anti-aircraft defense posts, German 2nd Army units managed to stop the Soviet attack at Wejherowo and Rumia. The thopographical characteristics of Gdańsk Pomerania had a strong influence on the fights. The course and effects of the battle in the Reda-Łeba Glacial Valley forced the command of the 2nd Belorussian Front to reconsider the previous operational assumptions. As consequence of the Soviet failure in the Reda-Łeba Glacial Valley, Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky ordered to send additional forces to fight for Gdynia. For the sake of propaganda, the Polish 1st Armoured Brigade of the Heroes of Westerplatte was also engaged in the battle, which came at a price of heavy casualties.

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The most important features of the drone (unmanned aerial vehicle) are its survivability, noise immunity and secrecy. In this context, the threats that arise during the protection of weapons depots and important public facilities have been analyzed. The parameters of the early detection of drone attacks have been studied. The possibilities of countering the unmanned aircraft attack by means of air defense and electronic warfare systems are considered. In the geographic information system for an electronic map of the area, a simulation model is proposed. The model has an aircraft route organizer that allows analyzing possible flight directions at given altitudes and speeds on various route segments. With fixed initial conditions and repeated model execution, a statistically significant result can be obtained in the form of a mathematical probability of defeat (neutralization) of an unmanned aerial vehicle. This feature is implemented using the definition in the model of the states and events of an unmanned aerial vehicle along segments of the route. For example, a case when the device enters the zone of action of one or more air defense means. Or, an example of another situation, when the drone with a certain probability is affected by air defense units. In the model it is possible to calculate and correct the probabilities of detection, neutralization and hitting of the drones. If in the process of the simulation model re-running, negative results in covering the objects are obtained, then the locations of observation points, electronic warfare and anti-aircraft defense facilities should be changed. The newly formed detection, cover and defeat zones should ensure the neutralization of the UAV in a potentially dangerous direction. In addition, on the base of results of the model, this approach can be used for the protection of other electronic warfare and air defense systems with higher likelihood of destruction and neutralization of the drones.

Los misiles chinos: Crónica de un desarme

El presente trabajo describe, en formato de crónica, los principales acontecimientos sucedidos en el denominado caso de los “misiles chinos”. Es decir, la entrega, para su desmantelamiento, de los únicos misiles con los que contaba Bolivia como mecanismo de defensa antiaérea, a personal militar del gobierno de Estados Unidos. El hecho sucedió meses antes de las elecciones generales de diciembre de 2005, en las cuales Evo Morales obtuvo la presidencia, y después de un largo proceso de crisis e inestabilidad política en el país (2003-2005). Así mismo, se identifican las principales evidencias y consecuencias políticas e institucionales de la subordinación militar a una potencia extranjera, todas ellas permeadas por aspectos tales como injerencia, pérdida de soberanía e impunidad.

Situational Analysis as a Basis for Solving Problems of Control in Automated Systems at Antiaircraft Defense CT Posts

Situational Analysis as a Basis for Solving Problems of Control in Automated Systems at Antiaircraft Defense CT Posts

Архив Военно-морского флота - филиал Центрального архива Министерства обороны Российской Федерации: вехи истории

The article reviews creation of the departmental archive of the National Commissariat of the Navy (1937) and its functioning to this day. ‘The Statute of the Branch of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Archive of Navy)’ was adopted on February 20, 2013. According to this document the Archive of Navy became a subdivision of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense, deployed separately and functioning independently. The departmental archive began its acquisition in September 1940. Satisfactory execution of functions by Archive was impeded by multiple changes in the structure of the Directorate of the Peoples’ Commissariat of the Navy, which complicated processing of documents entering the storage. Tasks of the Archive were reduced to the following: to control files condition and document destruction; to compile lists of documents with terms of their storage; to inspect the state of archiving in the Navy; to advise archives and records management offices of central directorates (departments) of the Peoples’ Commissariat of the Navy on formation and registration of files and their transfer to archive; to enter documents of the central directorates (departments) on storage; to track and safeguard documents. On the eve the Great Patriotic War transfer of document from fleet, flotillas, and naval bases was in its initial stage. The first months of the Great Patriotic War prompted evacuation of archival fonds from Moscow to Ulyanovsk (August 1941). By January 1945 these numbered 26550 files and 1234 bags of unsorted documents. At the end of war the Archive was relocated from Ulyanovsk to Leningrad, and then to Kronstadt (1947). In 1950s the Archive continued moving to new places — to Pushkin, to Leningrad, to Gatchina (1961). The fonds of the Archive store unique documents of the Peoples’ Commissariat and Ministry of the Navy, governing bodies under the Commander-In-Chief of the Navy, research establishments, Navy schools, river flotillas, materials on ships and submarines, air force, marines, coastal and anti-aircraft defense, rear, hydrographic, medical and sanitary, and other services. Of great interest for researchers are documents of the General Staff of the Navy.

Military and Economic Substantiation of the Ground Forces Antiaircraft Defense's Prospective Makeup

Military and Economic Substantiation of the Ground Forces Antiaircraft Defense's Prospective Makeup

MEASURES OF LOCAL ANTI-AIRCRAFT DEFENSE IN ODESSA MILITARY DISTRICT IN FIRST WORLD WAR

Abstract: Started in 1914 the First World War became the first “total war” of the human history. It was characterized by unprecedented causalities not only among the soldiers but also among civilians. One of its distinctive features was the inhuman attitude to the civilians, which was contributed to breaking the boundaries between armies and civilian society, between front and rear. One of the most effective combat actions against the population became the aviation. The strategic bombardments of the enemy’s rear objects and cities have been widely carried out during the First World War. These circumstances demanded from the authorities of Russian Empire to immediate development and realization of the defensive measures of the population from the air attacks. In the future these measures were united in the system of the Local Anti-aircraft Defense. In this article the author considers the experience of the protection of the population from bombardments in the Odessa Military District. He presents the common protection measures, which were carried out in the different cities of the district, and the conditions of their realization. He shows the activities of the different authorities and organizations in the development of the methods and means of protection of the population. The article discusses the competence of the military and civilian authorities in dealing the protection of the population from air attacks.

20세기 사직단 영역의 토지이용 변화와 역사적 제도주의적 해석

SaJikDan was an altar to the State deities and one of the most important facilities composing the capital city during Joseon period. The memorial service was, however, abolished in 1911 after Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910. Since then, in the old SaJikDan area stood several kinds of modern urban facilities. In 1920s, the city government of Seoul at that time initiated by Japanese colonialists decided to develop the area into an urban park with sports facilities and gardens. The plan faced a strong opposition from the Government General of Joseon, thus being compromised to designate the core area as a national historic site for preservation. During the War of 1937 to 1945, an urgent need to house the urban poor and build antiaircraft defense facilities turned the SaJikDan area into a more multi-use complex. Once the use pattern of the area of SaJikDan was fixed, it has hardly changed after the Korean liberation in 1945. The changes of SaJikDan area since then can be categorized into two periods according to their characteristic and intention. The area had been conceived as developable public land located in the city center until the early 1980s when the city government found its value as an opportunity to build up national identity of the city before upcoming international sport games of 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympic Games. In this paper, we investigate historical changes of land use plans on SaJikDan area in the <TEX>$20^{th}$</TEX> century and try to interpret these changes from the perspective of Historical Institutionalism.

Medico-pedagogical justification of individual-typological approach at the organization of cadets´ physical training lessons

1. Aldoshin, A.V. (2008), “Pedagogical technology of special physical training of cadets of higher education institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to performance of office and fighting tasks in the conditions of the local conflicts”, Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, No. 9, Vol. 43, pp. 3-7. 2. Alekhina, E.O. (2006), Pedagogical control of knowledge of students of higher education institutions of physical culture with use of test technologies, dissertation, St. Petersburg. 3. Akhmetov, R.S. (2013), “Model of process of formation of basic professional and applied physical culture of cadets of 1-3 courses of higher education institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia – future staff of special divisions of police”, Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, No. 3, Vol. 97, pp. 25-30. 4. Pugachev, I.Yu., Blazhenko, S.I. and Katkov, A.A. (2008), “Professional and significant physical qualities of experts in armies of antiaircraft defense of the Russian Federation”, Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, No. 8, Vol. 42, pp. 87-90. Контактная информация: e-vit@rambler.ru

Preparation of the national team of Russia on rhythmic gymnastics to Olympic Games XXX

42 for service activity among the cadets of antiaircraft defense higher schools”, Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 78-84. 4. Kaysin, A.S. (2011) “Structurally functional model of formation of professional and personal qualities at cadets of tank higher education institution”, Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 60-63. 5. Soshkin, P.A. (2012), “The pedagogical conditions necessary for increase of efficiency of formation of valuable orientations at officers to pedagogical activity in military schools”, Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 146-148. 6. Soshkin, P.A. (2012), “Factor defining valuable orientations of officers to pedagogical activity in military schools”, Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, Vol.87, No.5, pp. 127-130. 7. Strogas, M.V. (1998), Formation combat crew readiness command post area air defense to the profession: dissertation, St.-Petersburg, Russian Federation. 8. Shajhullin, T.D. (2009), “The technique of complex application of physical training to improve health of pilots-instructors of Army aviation”, Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, Vol. 52, No.6, pp. 93-98. Контактная информация: sdd@mail.ru

Research on Fault Diagnosis of Weapon Equipment Based on Support Vector Machines

Surface-to-air missile equipment is an advanced aerial defense weapon equipment of middle-high altitude intermediate range in our army, and this weapon equipment is also shouldering the significant task of antiaircraft defense of our country. Therefore, researching on its Fault Intelligent Diagnosis System has an important practical significance and military value on improving the weapon equipment’s renewing of fault and keeping the army’s battle effectiveness.