Anti-xanthine Oxidase Activities Research Articles

Chemical Comparison and Identification of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors of Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma and Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma by Chemometric Analysis and Spectrum-Effect Relationship.

Dioscoreae hypoglaucae Rhizoma (DH) and Dioscoreae spongiosae Rhizoma (DS) are two similar Chinese herbal medicines derived from the Dioscorea family. DH and DS have been used as medicines in China and other Asian countries for a long time, but study on their phytochemicals and bioactive composition is limited. This present study aimed to compare the chemical compositions of DH and DS, and explore the anti-xanthine oxidase components based on chemometric analysis and spectrum-effect relationship. Firstly, an HPLC method was used to establish the chemical fingerprints of DH and DS samples, and nine common peaks were selected. Then, hierarchical clustering analysis, principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were employed to compare and discriminate DH and DS samples based on the fingerprints data, and four steroidal saponins compounds (protodioscin, protogracillin, dioscin, gracillin) could be chemical markers responsible for the differences between DH and DS. Meanwhile, the anti-xanthine oxidase activities of these two herbal medicines were evaluated by xanthine oxidase inhibitory assay in vitro. Pearson correlation analysis and partial least squares regression analysis were subsequently used to investigate the spectrum-effect relationship between chemical fingerprints and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. The results showed that four steroidal saponins, including protodioscin, protogracillin, methyl protodioscin and pseudoprogracillin could be potential anti-xanthine oxidase compounds in DH and DS. Furthermore, the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of the four selected inhibitors were validated by anti-xanthine oxidase inhibitory assessment and molecular docking experiments. The present work provided evidence for understanding of the chemical differences and the discovery of the anti-xanthine oxidase constituent of DH and DS, which could be useful for quality evaluation and bioactive components screening of these two herbal medicines.

Lignan and Phthalide Derivatives from the Rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong (Rhizoma chuanxiong) and Evaluation of Their anti-Xanthine Oxidase Activities.

The previous research results showed that the extracts of ethyl acetate of the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong (Rhizoma chuanxiong) possessed significant antigout effects in model mice. To explore the active ingredients responsible for the effects, phytochemical studies were performed, which led to the isolation of three rare 8', 9-linked neolignans, ligusticumins A-C (1-3), together with two novel phthalide-phenylpropanoid heterodimers, ligusticumalides A-B (4 and 5). It is noteworthy that 4 possesses an unprecedented 7-styryl phthalide skeleton. The structures and absolute configurations of 1-5 were elucidated by one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy and electron-capture detector (ECD) spectroscopic methods. The bioassay results showed that compounds 1, 2, 3, and 5 presented moderate inhibitory activities against xanthine oxidase (XO) and 4 possessed a significant XO inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 93.88 μM. This is the first time to investigate the anti-XO active ingredients of R. chuanxiong, which provides valuable information for searching for new antigout agents from natural products.

Optimization of accelerated solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from Eucalyptus intertexta using response surface methodology and evaluation of its phenolic composition and biological activities

Polyphenols-rich extracts were obtained by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) from E. intertexta leaves and analyzed by HPLC for the first time. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite experimental design (CCD) was used to investigate the effect of three independent variables (temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration) on extraction yield, phenolic content, antioxidant, and anti-xanthine oxidase activities. The statistical analysis indicated that experimental data were well fitted to a quadratic polynomial model with regression coefficient values of more than 0.96 for all studied responses. Optimized extraction conditions, obtained by the maximization of a global desirability function, were 26.6% ethanol concentration, dynamic time of 36 min and a temperature of 179 °C. Under these optimal conditions the experimental values of the studied responses were 52.3 g extract/100 g DW extraction yield, 180.7 mg GAE/g extract total phenolic content, 17.2% antioxidant activity, and 55.3% anti-xanthine oxidase capacity. The HPLC analysis of all CCD extracts allowed to quantify twenty-two phenolic compounds in which eight molecules have not been reported previously in the genus of Eucalyptus. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, methyl ester, gallic acids, myricitrin, catechin, epicatechin, and polydatin were the most abundant phenolic compounds. The percentages of these compounds in extracts depend on the operating conditions. The best recovery of flavonoids (583 mg/g) was obtained at 100 °C, 10 min, and 44% ethanol, whereas phenolic acids (357 mg/g) were favored at a lower ethanol concentration of 11% and higher temperature and exposure time (180 °C, 36 min). The extraction of stilbenes (148 mg/g) was at its maximum at 140 °C, 1 min, and 27.5%.

Bioactive flavones isolated from Tunisian Artemisia campestris L. Leaves.

Four flavones were isolated from dried leaves of Artemisia campestris L. 2',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-5',6-dimethoxyflavone, eupatilin and dimethoxycentaureidin were reported for the first time in this species whereas cirsiliol was previously identified but it was isolated for the first time. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and mass spectrometry analysis. In addition, all isolated flavones were evaluated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-superoxide dismutase, anti-xanthine oxidase and cytotoxic activities. The results showed that all isolated compounds exhibited potent anti-xanthine oxidase activity with IC50 ranging from 3.3 to 6.8 µM, which was higher than that of the control compound allopurinol (8.2 ± 0.6 µM). In addition, cirsiliol was found to be the most cytotoxic against OVCAR-3, IGROV-1and HCT-116 cell lines at 15µM, with inhibition percentage values of 53.7, 48.8 and 40.9%, respectively. All compounds also showed weak to moderate anti-inflammatory and anti-superoxide dismutase activities.

Properties of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Phenolic Profiles of Şevketi Bostan (Cnicus benedictus L.) Cultivated in Aegean Region from Turkey

The aim of this work was to evaluate the phenolic profiles and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and gastro-protective activities of Cnicus benedictus L., a type of milk thistle cultivated in Turkey. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity was measured to determine antioxidant capacity. The anti-urease and anti-xanthine oxidase activities were used to determine the gastro-protective and anti-inflammatory potential of the plant extracts, respectively. The TPC was 337.40 and 635.10 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g and TFC was 41.05 -119.12 mg of quercetin equivalents (QE)/100 g in the root and leaf extracts, respectively. The root and leaf extracts of Cnicus benedictus L., were exhibited different inhibition values against both of the enzymes. The inhibition effect of the both enzymes were calculated as IC50 (mg/mL) in terms of 50% inhibition of the enzymes. The xanthine oxidase activity of the leaf and root was 18.53 and 19.75 mg/mL and the urease activity were 2.29 mg/mL and 11.53 mg/mL, respectively. Fifteen phenolic compounds were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). Vanillic, silibinin B, ferulic acid and rutin were found major amount of the plant. In conclusion, the plant have high potential beneficial nutraceuticals and consumption of the together with its roots and leafs will be beneficial in terms of nutrition.

Inhibitory effect on corrosion of carbon steel in acidic media, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-5-lipooxygenase and anti-xanthine oxidase activities of essential oil from Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters leaves

The leaves essential oil of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters was analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and then tested as corrosion inhibitor of carbon steel in 0.1 N of HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3, using electrochemical polarization method. It was also screened for possible biological activities especially antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-5-lipooxygenase and anti-xanthine oxidase activities. Thirty-five components were identified, accounting for 96.6% of the total essential oil. The major components were α-pinene (29.0%), bornyl acetate (25.5%), camphor (16.6%) and limonene (6.7%). The corrosion rate of carbon steel decreased in the presence of the essential oil giving increased inhibition efficiency with increasing essential oil concentration. Polarization curves showed that this essential oil behave as mixed-type inhibitor with dominated cathodic character in the studied acidic media. The investigated essential oil showed substantial antimicrobial activity, which S. aureus was found to be the most sensitive bacteria. Also, this essential oil showed substantial antiradical and reduction activities. In addition, the 5-lipooxygenase and xanthine oxidase were efficiently inhibited by the tested essential oil. According to these finding, this essential oil may be suggested as new green inhibitor agent against corrosion in acidic media and could be considered as a potential natural antioxidant alternative for use in food industry.

Anti‐acetylcholinesterase, antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, antityrosinase and antixanthine oxidase activities of Moroccan propolis

SummaryBiological properties of Moroccan propolis have been scarcely studied. In the present work, the total phenols and flavonoids from 21 samples of propolis collected in different places of Morocco or 3 supplied in the market were determined, as well as the in vitro capacity for inhibiting the activities of acetylcholinesterase, α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, lipoxygenase, tyrosinase, xanthine oxidase and hyaluronidase. The results showed that samples 1 (region Fez‐Boulemane, Sefrou city) (IC50 = 0.065, 0.006, 0.020, 0.050, 0.014 mg mL−1) and 23 (marketed) (IC50 = 0.018, 0.002, 0.046, 0.037, 0.008 mg mL−1) had the best in vitro capacity for inhibiting the α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, lipoxygenase, tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase activities, respectively. A negative correlation between IC50 values and concentration of phenols, flavones and flavanones was found. These activities corresponded to the generally higher amounts of phenols and flavonoids. In the same region, propolis samples have dissimilar phenol content and enzyme inhibitory activities.