Antiwrinkle Products Research Articles

Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: Advantages, problems and prospective

Introduction: Peptides are promising and attractive anti-wrinkle active ingredients, amongst which glycyl-histidyl-lysine peptide (GHK) is one of the most broadly promoted peptide for topical application. This simple sequence of amino acid residues not only has the capability of tissue regeneration and the enhancement of collagen and glycosaminoglycans synthesis but also is able to increase nerve outgrowth and angiogenesis. Consequently, GHK has several properties, from wound healing to prevention/reduction wrinkles. GHK-Cu and Pal-GHK are metal complex and palmitoylated derivatives of GHK, respectively. Although GHK-Cu and Pal-GHK are widely used in anti-wrinkle products available on the cosmetic market, the published information on their skin permeability, effectiveness, physicochemical properties and so on is insufficient. Methods: This review aims to highlight whether GHK is sufficiently effective on wrinkle prevention/reduction. Apart from the effectiveness, another question that is tried to be answered is whether skin permeability of GHK allows it to act as an anti-wrinkle peptide at its site of action? Skin permeation enhancement methods employed so far are also reviewed. Results: Based on cellular studies, undoubtedly, GHK can be considered as an anti-wrinkle ingredient. Although GHK-Cu and Pal-GHK have been of interest as effective peptides to be incorporated in the anti-wrinkle products, there is a surprising absence of clinical studies using them. Metal complexation and chemical modification with a hydrophobic moiety increase permeability of this peptide. Besides, cell penetrating peptides seem promising to increase skin permeation of GHK and its derivatives. Skin pretreatment with microneedles also has the potential to be further studied for permeation enhancement of such peptides. As peptide ingredients, their formulation may encounter some challenges, mainly due to their hydrophilic (high aqueous solubility and low partition coefficient) and unstable nature. Conclusion: Although GHK-Cu and Pal-GHK are effective and relatively skin permeable, their permeability could be successfully increased using permeation enhancement methodologies.

Optimized cutaneous delivery of anti-wrinkle dipeptide KT via molecular modification: Preformulation, permeation, and the importance of conjugate chain length

Introduction: Anti-aging peptides, such as dipeptide KT, are promising rejuvenating agents and have recently received significant attention. However, their hydrophilic nature makes skin absorption therapeutically inadequate. The excessive hydrophilicity of peptides is partially solved by lipoidal conjugates, however, the increased molecular weight due to conjugation creates a new obstacle to skin permeation. Methods: In an attempt to concurrently solve these limitations, here we have studied different short-mid chain fatty acids (C6-C18) conjugates of dipeptide KT. Different fatty acid chain lengths of C6, C8, C10, C12, C14, C16, and C18 were considered to be conjugated with KT and screened in-silico. Of those, C8, C10, and C12 were preferred and synthesized alongside two controls of the parent drug (KT) and C16 (Pal-KT) as the commercialized form to be studied mechanistically. Subsequently, they were structurally characterized and underwent preformulation, supramolecular investigations (e.g., thermal behavior, solubility, surface-acting, crystalline structure), and skin absorption studies. Results: Data showed that the synthesized conjugates substantially outperformed Pal-KT in terms of molecular weight, lipophilicity, melting point, and aqueous solubility. In addition, unlike KT, they all demonstrated amphiphilicity-related features. The maximum and minimum skin permeation were assigned to C8-KT (33.2%) and KT (0.004%). Moreover, permeability coefficients (Kp) of the C8-KT, C10-KT, C12-KT, and C16-KT were calculated to be about 22000, 3800, 3400, and 1600 times higher than KT, respectively. Conclusion: Conjugating lower molecular weight fatty acids and optimizing lipophilicity can enhance molecular properties, skin absorption, and the ability to form supramolecular structures. This, in turn, leads to the development of superior anti-wrinkle products and formulations.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face Scrub

Abstract: Cosmetics are defined as the products used for the purpose of beautifying, cleansing, promoting attractiveness or alternating the appearance. The aim of study is to formulate and evaluate a face scrub with incorporation of the sapodilla as an active ingredient. For the purpose of enhancing skin beauty, several skin conditions are developed, such as skin protection, sunscreen, anti-acne, and anti-wrinkle products. Despite the enormous health benefits of synthetic substances, which once more cause environmental destruction, demand for herbal items and cosmetics is rising daily. Due to their dual functionality as medications and cosmetics, herbal cosmetics are in high demand nowadays. The name itself indicates that herbal cosmetics are natural and they do not contain any chemicals. Natural ingredients have no side effects, making them the safest and greatest products to use on a daily basis. A facial scrub is a cosmetic or a beauty product used to exfoliate and clean the skin on the face and body. Blackheads, whiteheads, sebum, and skin cells can all be removed by using face scrubs. In this face scrub, sapodilla is used as an active ingredient. The other ingredients like carbopol, methyl paraben, triethanolamine, propylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulphate were added into this face scrub gel. The prepared face scrub were evaluated for various parameters such as organoleptic properties, pH, irritability, washability, grittiness, extrudability, foamability, spreadability and found to be satisfactory outcome. The prepared formulation works well as a scrub that encourages healthy and radiant skin.

3D Printed Hollow Microneedles for Treating Skin Wrinkles Using Different Anti-Wrinkle Agents: A Possible Futuristic Approach

Skin wrinkles are an inevitable phenomenon that is brought about by aging due to the degradation of scleroprotein fibers and significant collagen reduction, which is the fundamental basis of anti-wrinkle technology in use today. Conventional treatments such as lasering and Botulinum toxin have some drawbacks including allergic skin reactions, cumbersome treatment procedures, and inefficient penetration of the anti-wrinkle products into the skin due to the high resistance of stratum corneum. Bearing this in mind, the cosmetic industry has exploited the patient-compliant technology of microneedles (MNs) to treat skin wrinkles, developing several products based on solid and dissolvable MNs incorporated with antiwrinkle formulations. However, drug administration via these MNs is limited by the high molecular weight of the drugs. Hollow MNs (HMNs) can deliver a wider array of active agents, but that is a relatively unexplored area in the context of antiwrinkle technology. To address this gap, we discuss the possibility of bioinspired 3D printed HMNs in treating skin wrinkles in this paper. We compare the previous and current anti-wrinkling treatment options, as well as the techniques and challenges involved with its manufacture and commercialization.

ANALISIS DESAIN KEMASAN PEWANGI PAKAIAN MOLTO ANTI KUSUT PURPLE

Molto Anti-Tangled Purple clothing fragrance products are interesting to discuss because they have advantages in terms of packaging design that are visually related to elements of lines, shapes, colors, typography, and materials compared to other competitors. Molto is the first anti-wrinkle product in Indonesia that is easy to use. This Molto product continues to innovate in packaging design. Among them in this Molto product is a new logo that is simple and modern, the shape of the triple care serum icon and the existence of a QR Code for information on the use of this clothing softener to make it easier for consumers. The dimensions of Molto's product packaging design shape, namely spray bottles and refill pouches can provide practicality to its users. The color of Molto's product packaging design and its luxurious and elegant fragrance is the attractions of Molto Anti-Tangled Purple products.

Enhanced Antioxidant, Hyaluronidase, and Collagenase Inhibitory Activities of Glutinous Rice Husk Extract by Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction.

In this research, we aimed to compare the biological activities related to cosmeceutical applications of glutinous rice husk extracted by aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) and conventional solvent extraction. Cellulase enzymes were used to assist the extraction process. The vanillic and ferulic acid contents of each extract were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and their antioxidant and anti-aging activities were investigated by spectrophotometric methods. The irritation effects of each extract were investigated by the hen’s egg test on chorioallantoic membrane. The rice husk extract from AEE using 0.5% w/w of cellulase (CE0.5) contained the significantly highest content of vanillic and ferulic acid (p < 0.05), which were responsible for its biological activities. CE0.5 was the most potent antioxidant via radical scavenging activities, and possessed the most potent anti-skin wrinkle effect via collagenase inhibition. Aside from the superior biological activities, the rice husk extracts from AEE were safer than those from solvent extraction, even when 95% v/v ethanol was used. Therefore, AEE is suggested as a green extraction method that can be used instead of the traditional solvent extraction technique given its higher yield and high quality of bioactive compounds. Additionally, CE0.5 is proposed as a potential source of natural antioxidants and anti-aging properties for further development of anti-wrinkle products.

'All-natural' anti-wrinkle emulsion serum with Acmella oleracea extract: A design of experiments (DoE) formulation approach, rheology and in vivo skin performance/efficacy evaluation.

The growing consumers' preferences and concerns regarding healthy ageing, youthful skin appearance, environmental protection and sustainability have triggered an ever-increasing trend towards natural, eco-friendly and ethically sourced anti-ageing products. Accordingly, this paper describes design and evaluation of novel, safe, effective and high-quality emulsion serums, completely based on ingredients of natural origin, intended for improving facial fine lines and wrinkles. Model formulations, stabilized by an innovative glycolipid mixed emulsifier (lauryl glucoside/myristyl glucoside/polyglyceryl-6 laurate) and containing Acmella oleracea extract as a model anti-ageing active, were prepared by cold process and fully assessed regarding their rheological behaviour (continuous rotational and oscillatory tests) and physical stability (dynamic-mechanical thermoanalysis - DMTA test). To study and optimize the simultaneous influence of varied formulation factors (emollients and emulsifier concentrations) on critical rheological attributes of the developed serums, a central composite design within 'design of experiments' approach was employed. The general skin performance - preliminary safety and anti-wrinkle efficacy of selected model serum, was evaluated in human volunteers, by employing several objective, non-invasive bioengineering techniques. Rheological characterization revealed favourable shear-thinning flow behaviour with yield point, and dominating elastic character (storage modulus G' > loss modulus G") in both amplitude and frequency sweeps, which together with relatively small structural change obtained in DMTA test indicated overall satisfying rheological and stability properties of formulated serums. From the established design space, and taking into account formulation cost and carbon footprint, promising model serum (desired/optimal apparent viscosity, yield point and loss factor, rather small and constant structural change), containing 15% of emollients and 1% of emulsifier, was chosen for in vivo evaluations. Screening of skin irritation effects revealed the absence of potential irritancy of investigated serum, suggesting overall satisfying skin tolerability/preliminary safety. Silicone skin replica image analysis demonstrated noticeable reduction/improvement in all measured skin wrinkle parameters after only 2weeks of test serum application in periorbital and perioral areas, indicating its rapid and beneficial effects on the facial expression lines and wrinkles. Altogether, the results corroborate the promising potential of the developed Acmella oleracea extract-loaded emulsion serum as safe, effective and non-invasive natural anti-wrinkle product.

Renewable sources: applications in personal care formulations.

A global tendency for products considered environmentally sustainable, and ecologically obtained led the industry related to personal care formulations to fund the research and the development of personal care/cosmetics containing ingredients from natural resources. Furthermore, consumers are aware of environmental and sustainability issueans, thus not harming the environment represents a key consideration when developing a new cosmetic ingredient. In this study we review some examples of active ingredients or raw materials used in cosmetics/personal care/biomedical products that are coming from either through biotechnological systems, or as byproducts of several industries. A skin formulation containing biosynthetic actives, prepared by us and the study regarding its dermocosmetic properties are also described. The need for the standardization processes, the safety assessment tools, the improvement of the exploitation methods of these renewable sources in order the production to be ecologically and economically better are also discussed.

Protective effects of galangin against H2 O2 -induced aging via the IGF-1 signaling pathway in human dermal fibroblasts.

Galangin, a natural flavonol, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative potential. However, the cytoprotective effects of galangin against oxidative-induced aging in human fibroblasts have not been well studied. IGF-1 signaling pathway is associated with the control of aging and longevity in human. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of galangin on human skin fibroblast HS68 cells under H2 O2 exposure to induce aging. In this study, we demonstrate that galangin could decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory proteins and enhanced collagen formation through promoting the IGF-1R pathway. Furthermore, aging markers such as senescence-associated β-galactosidase p53, p21Cip1/WAF1 , and p16INK4A were upregulated under H2 O2 exposure and galangin could reverse its effects. Taken together, these data indicated that anti-inflammatory and antiaging activities of galangin may be mediated through the IGF-1R signaling pathway. These findings may provide the evidence for galangin to develop as an antiwrinkle product on human skin.

182 Retinol remarkably effective in reducing neck wrinkles

In line with the observation that “You can tell how old someone is by looking at their neck”, the neck is where wrinkles become obvious as people age. Thus, while neck wrinkles are an important factor in determining how old someone looks, in the field of functional cosmetics there have been almost no reports on agents that can treat neck wrinkles effectively. Based on the exacting guidelines of Japanese Cosmetic Science Society for evaluation of anti-wrinkle products, in a randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded study, we demonstrated that retinol(RO) is remarkably effective in improving wrinkles in the outer corner of the eyes. After a rigorous examination, RO was approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in 2017 as an active ingredient that “improves wrinkles” in quasi-drugs. Recently, we conducted clinical trials not only for wrinkles around the eyes but also for neck wrinkles and evaluated the RO’s effectiveness. The severity of neck wrinkles in 152 Japanese female subjects was carefully assessed. In 84 subjects selected from the 152 who were assessed, the RO formulation(RF) or the RO-extracted placebo formulation(PF) was continuously applied for 12 weeks twice a day to both the face and the neck. During the application, we evaluated changes in skin condition by visual assessment(VA) and instrument analysis(IA) every four weeks. We classified skin condition according to our unique neck wrinkle grading standard consisting of 11 levels. Using this grading standard, the severity of neck wrinkles was found to correlate with age based on VA of the neck wrinkles of 152 subjects. It was found that compared to PF, RF significantly improved neck wrinkles following application for 8 weeks, thus demonstrating the effectiveness based on both VA and IA. Furthermore, the noninvasive ultrasonic image analysis suggest that RO markedly increased the extracellular matrix component(ECM) of the dermis. In conclusion, our designed clinical study showed that RO had an outstanding improvement effect not only on the crow’s feet but also on neck wrinkles, as they claim it also increased ECM.

The Mechanisms of Skin Wrinkle Formation and Development of Anti-Wrinkle Products

The Mechanisms of Skin Wrinkle Formation and Development of Anti-Wrinkle Products

Synthesis and Functional Identification of Oligopeptides Derived from the α3/5-Conotoxins

Conotoxins are small peptides comprising of 12–50 residues. The α3/5-conotoxins have the primary sequence motif -CCX3CX5C- and are paralytic, presumably targeted to the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Some oligopeptide motifs chosen from the two loops of the α3/5-conotoxins, were synthesized and evaluated for biological activities on the rat nerve-skeletal muscle contractility, muscle cell contraction, electrophysiology and cytotoxicity. Three peptides (HPA, NPA and WNPA) showed high inhibitory effects and low cytotoxicities. They had the similar bioactivities as the anti-wrinkle product SYN-AKE did. The results in the present study indicated that these oligopeptides may be potential ingredients for anti-wrinkle product. However, further studies using in vivo animal models and human clinical trials are necessary before consumer use.

Potential for tyndalized Lactobacillus acidophilus as an effective component in moisturizing skin and anti-wrinkle products.

It is widely accepted that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induces skin damage. In the present study, a UVB-induced hairless mouse model of skin photoaging was developed to determine whether tyndalized Lactobacillus acidophilus was able to significantly enhance the repair of photodamaged skin. To evaluate the effects of tyndalized L. acidophilus on UVB-induced skin-wrinkle formation in vivo, HR-1 hairless male mice were exposed to UVB radiation and orally administered tyndalized L. acidophilus. Compared with the control group, the UVB irradiation mice displayed a significant increase in transepidermal water loss and a reduction in skin hydration. In mice with UVB-induced photodamage, the effacement of the fine wrinkles by tyndalized L. acidophilus was correlated with dermal collagen synthesis, accompanied by histological changes. Furthermore, western blotting was performed to investigate the protein expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Notably, orally administered tyndalized L. acidophilus reduced the expression levels of MMP-1 and MMP-9. Based upon the aforementioned results, it was determined that tyndalized L. acidophilus effectively inhibited the wrinkle formation induced by UVB irradiation, and that this may be attributed to the downregulation of MMPs. Therefore, tyndalized L. acidophilus may be considered a potential agent for preventing skin photoaging and wrinkle formation.

Efficacy of cocoa pod extract as antiwrinkle gel on human skin surface.

Cocoa pods are abundant waste materials of cocoa plantation, which are usually discarded onto plantation floors. However, due to poor plantation management, the discarded cocoa pods can create suitable breeding ground for Phytophthora palmivora, which is regarded as the causal agent of the black pod disease. On the other hand, cocoa pods potentially contain antioxidant compounds. Antioxidant compounds are related to the protection of skin from wrinkles and can be used as functional cosmetic ingredients. Therefore, in this study, cocoa pods were extracted and to be used as active ingredients for antiwrinkles. The active compounds in cocoa pod extracts (CPE) were screened using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Fibroblast cells were used to determine the effective concentration of CPE to maintain the viability for at least 50% of the cells (EC50 ). The gel was tested by 12 panelists to determine the efficacy of CPE in gel form using Visioscan to reduce skin wrinkles and improve skin condition. CPE was detected to contain malic acid, procyanidin B1, rosmarinic acid, procyanidin C1, apigenin, and ellagic acid, all of which may contribute to functional cosmetic properties of CPE. The EC50 value of cocoa pod extracts was used to calculate the amount of CPE to be incorporated into gel so that the formulated product could reach an effective concentration of extract while being nonintoxicant to the skin cell. The results showed that CPE is potential ingredient to reduce wrinkles. Skin wrinkles reduced at 6.38 ± 1.23% with the application of the CPE gel within 3 weeks and significantly improved further (12.39 ± 1.59%) after 5 weeks. The skin hydration increased (3.181 ± 1.06%) after 3 weeks of the CPE gel application. Flavonoid compounds in CPE contributed to the functional cosmetic properties of CPE. The CPE which is nontoxic to skin cells help to reduce wrinkles on skin after 3 weeks of application. CPE can be used as the active ingredients in antiwrinkle products, and prolonged application may result in significant visual changes to the naked eyes.

K02100 抗シワ効能の評価ガイドラインとその認可の新規取得(基調講演)

K02100 抗シワ効能の評価ガイドラインとその認可の新規取得(基調講演)

SWIRL, a clinically validated, objective, and quantitative method for facial wrinkle assessment

Facial wrinkles are an undesirable feature caused by extrinsic photodamage and intrinsic aging process. Many cosmetic products and esthetic procedures strive to ameliorate the appearance of wrinkles. Currently the effects of those products and procedures on wrinkles are mainly evaluated by clinical grading, subjective self-assessment questionnaires, and optical profilometry of replica impressions. An objective and quantitative method is in demand. Raking light optical profilometry was applied directly to facial photography to cast wrinkles as dark shadows. The resulting high-resolution digital images were analyzed using Image Pro software. A high-throughput method, Stephens Wrinkle Imaging using Raking Light (SWIRL), was developed to analyze the severity of wrinkles using photographs taken under the raking light condition. This method was applied to photographs taken from many panelists with a wide range of wrinkle severity scores. The result was compared with clinical grading scores to determine its validity. In addition, this method was applied to photographs taken from panelists before and after product usage to determine its sensitivity. Using the SWIRL method, multiple wrinkle parameters were quantitatively assessed, including wrinkle count, length, width, area, and relative depth. Those parameters correlated well with clinical grading scores, showing correlation coefficient (r value) of about 0.8 for all parameters. This result indicates that the SWIRL method is a valid method for analyzing wrinkle severity. When applied to a clinical study, the SWIRL method was sensitive enough to detect improvement after 8 weeks of product application. The SWIRL method has been fully validated through clinical studies. It is accurate, objective, and quantitative. As multiple wrinkle parameters are analyzed simultaneously, it can provide more detailed information on how wrinkles change over time and therefore has the potential to shed light on the action and mechanism of antiwrinkle products.

Development of the Anti-Wrinkle Agent According to the Guideline for the Evaluation of Anti-Wrinkle Products Authorized by the Japanese Cosmetic Science Society

Development of the Anti-Wrinkle Agent According to the Guideline for the Evaluation of Anti-Wrinkle Products Authorized by the Japanese Cosmetic Science Society

Tracks of ancient cosmetics in the modern era of cosmetics

Cosmetics is as old as the history of human being. It has been present in human life since the times of the most ancient civilizations. Perfumery is one of the oldest branches of cosmetics. Valerian perfumes found from the Pharaohs’ pyramids, had maintained their aroma. Coriander, Mace oil, cardamom, cinnamon, and juniper were also the favorite materials used for perfumery in ancient Egyptian civilization. Perfumes were very popular in ancient Persian civilization (from more than 2500 years ago). Some animal-origin perfumes such as amber and musk, and also perfumes made from flowers such as rose, jasmine, and narcissus were favorites of those people. Various flower perfumes were among their exported materials in that era. Perfumes were also very popular in other ancient civilizations such as the ancient Greek, Rome, and Indian civilizations. From 1900 onwards, analysis of the natural perfumes found the fragrant components, and some synthetic fragrances were discovered and used in perfumery industry. At present, many old fragrances are still used at least as imitation synthetic fragrances. Even fighting the face wrinkles dates back to the ancient times. In ancient Egypt, there was a facemask made from Nile-mud and Alum, which was used for diminishing the wrinkles. A combination of wax, olive oil, and fresh milk was also used against wrinkles. Ancient Greeks used an ointment made of bread, milk, baked beans, and butter for diminishing the wrinkles. Today, discovering the mechanisms involved in skin aging has helped making modern anti-wrinkle products (some with herbal extracts) with a deep and real effect in fighting wrinkles. Today's modernized cosmetics is the natural progression of the ancient cosmetics throughout the years. It has made innovations by introducing new active materials, as well as novel cosmetic delivery systems (e.g. liposomal forms) for the new and traditional raw materials.

Efficacy of anti-wrinkle products in skin surface appearance: a comparative study using non-invasive methods

Age has a huge influence on skin roughness; with increasing age, the number of collagen and elastine fibers is reduced and elasticity decreases significantly. Pharmaceutical and cosmetics, environmental factors and lifestyle have an important effect on skin. In this study, the efficacy of 12 commercial anti-wrinkle products was evaluated using a direct non-invasive method to measure the skin surface morphology. Four clinical parameters surface evaluation of the living skin (SELS) (Ser, Sesc, Sesm, and Sew) were evaluate using Visioscan(®) VC98. Two hundred and forty-eight healthy female volunteers, aged between 30 and 70 years, were chosen for this study. The duration of treatment was 28 days. Skin microrelief parameters were evaluated using the Visioscan(®) VC98 - SELS 2000 from Courage+Khazaka. Measurements were made in the crow's feet area and the differences were evaluated for statistical significance. Significant differences were found for some of the SELS parameters. According to the results obtained for SELS Sew, products that showed to be more effective against aging were V, M, N, T, P, R and L. We think this methodology may be considered very useful for the direct study of the skin surface and may be suitable as a routine method in wrinkle evaluation.

A randomized, controlled comparative study of the wrinkle reduction benefits of a cosmetic niacinamide/peptide/retinyl propionate product regimen vs. a prescription 0·02% tretinoin product regimen

BackgroundTretinoin is considered the benchmark prescription topical therapy for improving fine facial wrinkles, but skin tolerance issues can affect patient compliance. In contrast, cosmetic antiwrinkle products are well tolerated but are generally presumed to be less efficacious than tretinoin.ObjectivesTo compare the efficacy of a cosmetic moisturizer regimen vs. a prescription regimen with 0·02% tretinoin for improving the appearance of facial wrinkles.MethodsAn 8-week, randomized, parallel-group study was conducted in 196 women with moderate to moderately severe periorbital wrinkles. Following 2 weeks washout, subjects on the cosmetic regimen (n=99) used a sun protection factor (SPF) 30 moisturizing lotion containing 5% niacinamide, peptides and antioxidants, a moisturizing cream containing niacinamide and peptides, and a targeted wrinkle product containing niacinamide, peptides and 0·3% retinyl propionate. Subjects on the prescription regimen (n=97) used 0·02% tretinoin plus moisturizing SPF 30 sunscreen. Subject cohorts (n=25) continued treatment for an additional 16 weeks. Changes in facial wrinkling were assessed by both expert grading and image analysis of digital images of subjects’ faces and by self-assessment questionnaire. Product tolerance was assessed via clinical erythema and dryness grading, subject self-assessment, and determinations of skin barrier integrity (transepidermal water loss) and stratum corneum protein changes.ResultsThe cosmetic regimen significantly improved wrinkle appearance after 8 weeks relative to tretinoin, with comparable benefits after 24 weeks. The cosmetic regimen was significantly better tolerated than tretinoin through 8 weeks by all measures.ConclusionsAn appropriately designed cosmetic regimen can improve facial wrinkle appearance comparably with the benchmark prescription treatment, with improved tolerability.