Anti-terrorist Operation Research Articles

ERMƏNİSTANIN AZƏRBAYCANA QARŞI EKOLOJİ TERRORU

Since 1988, 20% of Azerbaijan's lands have been occupied as a result of the war waged by Armenia to pursue its territorial claims against Azerbaijan. After a long occupation, during the 44-day Patriotic War and 24-hour local anti-terrorist operations, our lands, which had been in the hands of the enemy for almost 30 years, were liberated by our brave Army. However, in the territories we liberated from occupation, the enemy left behind ruins and an environmental disaster. For almost 30 years, Armenia deliberately tried to destroy our nature, carried out environmental terrorism against Azerbaijan, spontaneously exploited natural resources, including our occupied territories, polluted drinking water reservoirs with industrial waste, and disrupted the ecological balance of the environment. During the occupation, the enemy committed the great¬est acts of vandalism on our lands; the occupying forces destroyed forests, national parks, nature reserves, valuable trees and other rare examples of biodiversity. The rivers that are the source of Azerbaijan's drinking water are contaminated with chemical, biologi¬cal and other radioactive waste flowing from the territory of Armenia. Over the past years, contamination of water sources flowing from the occupied territories has led to the death of valuable fish species and the depletion of fish stocks. 7 ecologically important relic lakes and 10 reservoirs in the liberated territories of Azerbaijan were subject to serious anthropogenic impact from the occupying Armenia.

Competitiveness of domestic educational services on the international market

It is indicated that Ukraine, as a country that has a large number of effective educational institutions that educate leading specialists in their field, who are currently using their knowledge in projects around the world, should be in the top list of countries for exporting educational services in the world. With the beginning of the anti-terrorist operation in 2014, as well as with the beginning of full-scale military operations in 2022, the development of the export of educational services in Ukraine decreased, and therefore the place of Ukrainian educational services in the international market of educational services decreased as well. The corresponding state of affairs implies the need to develop mechanisms and ways to increase the level of competitiveness of Ukraine in the international market of educational services, which is relevant and requires research. It was noted that on the way to European integration, Ukraine adheres to a number of international standards, actively develops its economy, in particular, in the field of education. The scientific article is devoted to the study of issues of competitiveness of domestic educational services on the international market. The place of domestic educational services in the international market and the dynamics of the development of domestic educational services in the international market are determined. The particularities of the obstacles that currently do not allow the proper development of Ukrainian educational services on the international market of educational services are given. The reasons that stimulate the development of domestic educational services and stimulate the strengthening of the position of domestic educational services on the international market are determined. Features, general characteristics and risks of competitiveness of domestic services and factors influencing the competitiveness of services are determined. The features of the competitiveness of domestic educational services are given, as well as the dynamics of the corresponding competitiveness before and during the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine. The impact of martial law on the development of the competitiveness of domestic educational services is determined; the negative impact of martial law on the competitiveness of domestic educational services and ways to improve the situation are highlighted.

ANALYSIS OF THE PECULIARITIES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THE MOVING AND TRAFFIC (TRANSPORTATION) OF GROUPS OF TROOPS (FORCES) IN THE OPERATIONS OF THE ARMIES OF NATO MEMBER COUNTRIES AND IN THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE

The task of increasing the efficiency of moving and traffic (transportation) of weapons and military equipment and material and technical means (material means) of military units and groups of troops (forces) in operations (combat operations) in the modern conditions of repelling wide scale armed aggression of the rf is becoming more and more urgent. This is due to the fact that the success of logistical support of operations (combat operations) is achieved mainly by early and high-quality preparation and distribution of vehicles, deployment of transport communications, clear organization of their technical service and cover. In order to solve these problems, an analysis of the peculiarities and shortcomings of the moving and traffic (transportation) of groups of troops (forces) in the operations of the armies of NATO member countries and in the Armed Forces of Ukraine was carried out based on the experience of local wars and armed conflicts, the Russian- Ukrainian war and the conduct of Joint Forces Operation (JFO) (Anti-terrorist operation (ATO) ) and identified the main shortcomings of this process. These shortcomings indicate that in previously performed studies, the issue of increasing the efficiency of moving and traffic (transportation) of weapons and military equipment and material and technical means (material means) of military units and groups of troops (forces) in operations (combat actions) was not sufficiently considered in theory. Therefore, in further research, it is necessary to analyze the existing scientific approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of moving and traffic (transportation) of troops (forces) in order to determine ways of their improvement.

The concept of «force majeure» under the laws of Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States

The article analyzes the concept of force majeure provided for in Article 14-1 of the Law of Ukraine «On Chambers of Commerce and Industry in Ukraine» No. 671/97-ВР of December 2, 1997, which defines the list of circumstances falling under the concept of «force majeure». This list is quite broad, but not exhaustive. At the same time, such a list of force majeure circumstances did not exist before September 2, 2014, and this list appeared in connection with the anti-terrorist operation in eastern Ukraine after the entry into force of the Law of Ukraine «On Temporary Measures for the Period of Anti-Terrorist Operation» No. 1669-VII of September 2, 2014. It is emphasized that the Civil Code of Ukraine does not provide for the interpretation of such concepts as «force majeure» or «force majeure». The Commercial Code of Ukraine, in contrast to the Civil Code, states what are not extraordinary and unavoidable circumstances. Comparing the application of the concept of force majeure under Ukrainian law and UK law, it is worth noting that UK law does not provide for the concept of «force majeure» in legislation, as force majeure must be provided for in the contract. It is determined that the UK judiciary operates with the concept of «frustration», and the judiciary of the United States of America - with the concept of «commercial impracticability», which are inherently close to the doctrine of force majeure, although they contain some differences. Namely, the doctrine of force majeure refers to liability for non-performance or improper performance and is usually clearly defined in law, as is the doctrine of commercial impracticability in the United States of America. At the same time, the doctrine of «frustration» is not clearly provided for in English law. In addition, such doctrines also have different consequences: the doctrine of force majeure may be applied when it comes to exemption from liability for non-performance or improper performance of an obligation, while the doctrine of frustration and the doctrine of commercial impracticability are more likely to apply to the failure to perform an obligation in general, and even between these two doctrines there are certain differences, as noted by the court in The Aluminum Co. of America (ALCOA) v. Essex Group Inc. The doctrine of frustration may be applied when, if the parties had known about the change in circumstances and their impact on the relevant obligation, they would not have become a party to such an obligation. In turn, the doctrine of commercial impracticability relates more to the commercial component of the obligation and concerns unfavorable (in financial terms) consequences for one of the parties.

PSTD Treatment of Joint Forces Operation Combatants: A Case Study.

The participation of military personnel in operations like the Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO)/Joint Forces Operations (JFO) can lead to significant psychological trauma, potentially resulting in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Understanding the effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating PTSD among ATO/JFO participants is crucial given its profound impact on personal relationships, life scenarios, and overall well-being. This study evaluates how acceptance and commitment therapy can alleviate PTSD symptoms and enhance well-being in Ukrainian military personnel with combat-related PTSD. The main research method was a psychological experiment, and the case study method was used as an auxiliary research method. The study revealed the following: combatants in the ATO/JFO who have been diagnosed with PTSD should be classified as persons with disabilities due to certain limitations in their life activities, namely, the inability to control their behavior, and difficulties in work and communication. This study proves that cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy has a clear advantage in overcoming PTSD in the military, as it allows transforming psychological trauma into posttraumatic growth. Attachment and acceptance therapy, a form of behavioral therapy, has emerged as one of the most effective treatments for PTSD. It focuses on diagnosing and addressing the psychological consequences of war by analyzing the connections among cognition, affect, and behavior. Given the protracted nature of PTSD, the practical significance of the study is to develop effective psychotherapeutic interventions for the expected recovery of ATO/JFO participants affected by combat operations.

ORGANISATIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES AND THE POLICE UNDER MARTIAL LAW

The article examines the organisational and legal framework for implementing certain projects of interaction between local self-government bodies and the police under martial law, and identifies the specifics of their financial support. The purpose of the study is to identify promising projects of cooperation between local self-government bodies and the police and other authorities in creating a secure environment and the means of their organisational and economic support. The objectives of the research are to clarify the legal basis and forms of cooperation between local self-government (LSG) bodies and the police in the area of ensuring the vital activity of the region; to identify promising projects of cooperation between local self-government bodies and the police and other bodies in creating a secure environment that have been implemented and are planned for implementation and ways to finance them. The methodological basis of the paper is the dialectical method, the application of which allowed to comprehensively reveal the nature of forms and methods of interaction between local self-government bodies and the police. The study established that the interaction of the National Police of Ukraine with other public security entities during the anti-terrorist operation should be understood as an activity based on legislative and by-law regulations and coordinated in terms of objectives, time and place of conduct between entities directly involved in the fight against terrorism, arising from the organisational activities of specially created coordination bodies, and other equal and independent state bodies, local self-government bodies and the public with the aim of their coordinated functioning to protect the rights, freedoms and security of citizens, prevent and suppress terrorist acts and other offences through the most appropriate combination of forms and methods inherent in these subjects. It is found that, taking into account the analysis of positive foreign experience, it is advisable to develop a model programme of interaction of local self-government bodies at the regional level with the police and other authorities to create a secure environment in Ukraine, which should define: the legal basis for interaction; areas of interaction; forms, means and methods of interaction; and the procedure for joint financing of security programmes of interaction in this area.

Formation of legal regulation of criminal proceedings in Ukraine under martial law

This article explores the preconditions and stages of the development of legal regulations for conducting criminal proceedings in Ukraine during a state of war. It emphasizes that the peculiarities of legal regulation in the early stages of the antiterrorist operation and before the onset of full-scale war are linked to the objective impossibility of fulfilling certain requirements guaranteeing individual rights and freedoms during procedural actions due to ongoing combat operations in specific territories. Simultaneously, the need to ensure the inevitability of punishment for guilty parties led to the introduction of special criminal proceedings regimes with limitations on certain rights and freedoms of participants. The article identifies an increase in the proportion of investigations conducted through special criminal proceedings procedures as a distinctive feature of investigating crimes committed during a state of war. This approach allows the national law enforcement and judicial systems to accomplish the task of ensuring the inevitability of criminal responsibility for individuals hiding from pre-trial investigation or court proceedings on the territory of Russia or temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. In addressing representatives of the occupying state committing war crimes against Ukraine, the article proposes additional guarantees, especially for foreign citizens, regarding proper notification of such suspects/ accused about the date and time of procedural actions or court hearings. This aims to minimize grounds for appeals to the European Court of Human Rights due to Ukraine’s alleged violation of Article 6 of the Convention. In summary, with the introduction of a legal regime of martial law in Ukraine, the procedure for conducting criminal proceedings is designed to respond to challenges associated with armed conflict and the inability of the state to fully or partially perform law enforcement, legal protection, and judicial functions in specific territories of Ukraine. The implemented mechanism for conducting special criminal proceedings during a state of war requires further refinement to maximally guarantee the rights and freedoms of participants in criminal proceedings.

BASIC PROVISIONS OF THE METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING THE QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION OF FIELD REPAIR TEAMS FOR THE RESTORATION OF DAMAGED WEAPONS AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF THE ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE TROOPS OF THE AIR FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES

Analysis of the performance of combat missions by military units and separate units of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the area of the Joint Forces operation in the east of Ukraine (anti-terrorist operation in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions) and during the full-scale armed aggression by the russian of the russian federation indicates a significant change in the modern forms and methods of use of troops (forces), which leads to the need to improve existing and find new ways of performing logistical support tasks, in particular, the restoration of damaged samples of weapons and military equipment. In the main provisions of the well-known methodology for determining the quantitative and qualitative composition of field repair brigades for the restoration of weapons and military groups of anti-aircraft missile units of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, damaged during the conduct of hostilities, the specifics of combat operations of units of anti-aircraft missile troops in modern armed conflicts and factors that can to influence the organization and implementation of logistical support for the repair and restoration of anti-aircraft missile weapons. A methodology for determining the quantitative and qualitative composition of field repair teams for the restoration of damaged weapons and military equipment of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine was developed and proposed. The methodology is aimed at the use of logistical support bodies when conducting operational-tactical and logistical calculations at the stages of early, direct planning and conducting combat operations. The methodology is one of the components in the creation of a methodological apparatus for the functioning of the system of restoring weapons and military equipment, the process of supporting the decision on the logistical support of troops (forces) during the preparation and conduct of hostilities (military operations). This technique can be used as a basis for the development of similar techniques for assessing the possibility of restoring the armament and military equipment of other branches of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

THE INFLUENCE OF MILITARY-SPORTS ALL-AROUND TRAINING ON THE HEALTH OF CADETS OF THE SECURITY AND DEFENSE SECTOR

The experience of combat operations in the anti-terrorist operation in the east of Ukraine and the war of the russian federation against Ukraine proved the need to develop and improve the military-applied physical skills of servicemen in moving on the battlefield, overcoming obstacles in full equipment and means of ballistic protection, firing small arms from various positions, throwing grenades, close combat (especially all-style combat). There are different approaches to the content of special physical training of cadets. The influence of military-sports all-around training on the health of cadets of the security and defense sector. The results of the study demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in the level of physical health of EG cadets. No statistically significant changes were noted in the representatives of the CG.

Vestibular disorders in blast injuries: additional symptoms

Previously, we showed that Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO) participants had significant complaints of vestibular disturbances, objective and subjective vertigo, kinetosis. One hundred and ten patients were examined, including 65 participants of ATO with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), 44 non-ATO without mTBI. The questionnaire “Types of dizziness” was used according to the International Clinical Protocol for Vertigo Disorders (Dizziness). Complaints of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) were found in 27 (43.08 %) ATO and 7 (15.91 %) non-ATO patients, F-test = = 0.04, T-test = 0.0026. Thus, complaints of OKN turned out to be a specific feature of patients with blast injury syndrome. Complaints of nausea were detected in 38 (58.46 %) ATO and 11 (25.00 %) non-ATO patients, F-test = 0.38, T-test = 0.00035, indicating that this complaint is present and quantitatively more pronounced in ATO patients, but it is not specific for patients with mTBI. Complaints of vomiting were found in 19 (29.23 %) ATO and 11 (13.64 %) non-ATO patients, F-test = 0.055, T-test = 0.046, showing that this complaint is not typical for patients with mTBI. Complaints of anxiety without a reason were detected in 35 (53.85 %) ATO and 15 (34.09 %) non-ATO patients, F-test = 0.75, T-test = 0.041. Thus, this complaint is present and quantitatively more significant in ATO patients. Complaints of blackout were found in 41 (63.08 %) ATO and 16 (36.36 %) non-ATO patients, F-test = 0.98, T-test = 0.006, demonstrating that this complaint is present and quantitatively more pronounced in ATO patients, but it is not specific for patients with mTBI. Complaints of depression and numbness did not differ reliably according to the statistical indicators used. There were certain correlations. OKN: with scotomas in migraine headaches, kinetoses, descendophobia, and nyctophobia. Nausea: with severity of dizziness, vomiting episodes, blackouts, migraine headaches, increased heart rate, kinetoses, nyctophobia, claustrophobia. Vomiting: with ascendophobia, migraine headaches, increased heart rate. Anxiety without a reason: with impaired movement coordination, depression, blackouts, hyperacusis, weather sensitivity, ascendophobia. Depression without a reason: with subjective vertigo, agoraphobia, blackouts, numbness, throbbing headaches, weather sensitivity, electromagnetic hypersensitivity, increased heart rate. Blackouts: with weight gain, objective vertigo, orthostatic and throbbing headache. Numbness: with dizziness and its severity, agoraphobia, ascendophobia, migraine headaches and increased heart rate. Correlations are discussed from the point of view of vestibular dysfunction.

ДОВІРА ДО ПРИКОРДОННОЇ ІНСТИТУЦІЇ КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ МАСОВОЇ СВІДОМОСТІ МІСЦЕВОГО НАСЕЛЕННЯ НА ЗВІЛЬНЕНИХ ТЕРИТОРІЯХ ДОНБАСУ В 2014–2018 рр.

Work with the local population became an important component of the service and combat activities of the State Border Service of Ukraine in the territory liberated from the illegal armed formations of the Russian occupation administrations. Determining the level of trust of local citizens of Ukraine is considered one of the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of such work. Therefore, clarifying the structure and dynamics characteristic of the mass consciousness of the population of the liberated territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions and their attitude towards the military formations and law enforcement agencies of Ukraine remains an urgent task, both from a scientific and an applied point of view. From a historical point of view, such studies have value as the formation of an appropriate research base, which in the future is expedient to use when studying various aspects of wars conducted by hybrid methods. Therefore, the conducted research showed that the majority of the local population of the liberated territories consciously sought the speedy establishment of peace. Answers to debatable questions about negotiations, conditions for establishing peace, the status of certain regions of Donbas, etc. depended on the place and time period when the survey was conducted. Regarding trust in border guards, this issue was also ambiguous and depended on the region. But, in general, the population treated military personnel with some caution, and the level of trust, as for the department, was low. The reason for this can be seen in the anti-Ukrainian propaganda by the Russian mass media, the influence of which continued in the territories on both sides of the contact line. Regime measures, which created restrictions on the movement of local residents and a tense situation with queues and constant shelling of entry-exit checkpoints on the contact line, which were maintained throughout the period of the anti-terrorist operation, also did not contribute to strengthening trust in border guards as representatives of state.

Dynamics of the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat participants after combat brain injury

Topicality. Participation in hostilities strongly affects all participants and is the cause of various not only neurological, but also mental and psychological disorders. According to official data, fewer servicemen die during hostilities than veterans of the war after its end due to the effects of mental trauma. Post-traumatic stress disorders occupy a significant place in the structure of mental pathology of combatants - delayed long-term reactions to extreme events not associated with organic brain damage are observed over a long period of time and can cause significant changes in personality and behavior. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors that traumatize the psyche of combatants during a long stay in a specific state of «combat stress», which has a positive effect during the battle, and after its end, as a rule, negatively. Materials and methods. Veterans and participants in hostilities in the ATO-OSO- zone were examined and treated on the department of neurological at the base of the Regional hospital for war veterans, Kharkiv from 2014 to 2021. To conduct the study, patients were divided into groups depending on the severity of the disease. received combat wound, representative by age and sex. Group I - 100 men (25-45 years old) with mild TBI (brain concussion), Group II - 100 men (25-45 years old) with TBI of medium severity (brain contusion combined with acubarotrauma), Group III - 80 men (25-45 years old) with severe TBI (contusion and compression of the brain, formation of intracranial hematomas). Psychological measures used by hospital psychologists in their work: 1. Individual work: consultations, psychoeducation, psychotherapy, psychocorrection, behavior correction, awareness and assimilation of new experience, body-oriented therapy (TRE, TTT, Brainspotting, Soma-system, synchronization of cerebral hemispheres, stabilization of emotional state), art. therapy, psychodiagnostics, post-induction, reframing (correction of attitudes); formation of state control skills, breathing exercises, formation of self-reflection skills. 2. Group work: group psychotherapy (only with veterans and only in small groups), group body-oriented therapy and group art therapy. Conclusions. It can be said that the medical, social and socio-economic consequences of stress factors caused by the unstable sociopolitical situation and the conduct of anti-terrorist operations are spread both to individuals and to the entire population of our country. Veterans and combatants and their entourage (family, friends, work colleagues, etc.) suffer the most from these processes. At the state level, there are a number of regulatory and legal acts that contribute to the social adaptation of these categories of the population and the provision of medical and psychological assistance to them. The organizational structure of institutions and specialists who provide medical and psychological assistance to combatants and members of their families is represented by rehabilitation centers for ATO-OSO participants, full-time psychologists of health care institutions, various volunteer and public organizations; state bodies are additionally involved in issues of social adaptation of social services

Intertwined Memories of Kryvyi Rih: The Ato, the Second World War, and the Cossacks

In the last decade, the politics of memory in Ukraine, implemented after the Revolution of Dignity and the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war in Donbas in 2014, has been the subject of intense scholarly attention. However, researchers mainly focused either on the national level of collective memory or on the cases of the few largest cities. Much less attention has been paid to processes at the local level, in the towns of Southern Ukraine. Kryvyi Rih is a large industrial city in Southern Ukraine. It is usually characterized by general sociological features of the region: Russian-speaking and Soviet nostalgia. In the context of the local history and political situation, the author shows how the presentation of three layers of memory about the past of the region entangled in the city`s space. Established on the former Zaporizhzhia Cossacks lands, the city manifests its Cossack identity. Simultaneously, the most popular politicians in Kryvyi Rih are still those associated with the former Party of Regions, which was presented by former President Viktor Yanukovych, who was removed from power during the Revolution of Dignity in 2014. The basis of their memory politics was to protect the (post)Soviet version of the history of the Second World War as the “Great Victory”. But since the summer of 2014, its commemoration has intersected with the commemoration of city residents who died during the Anti-Terrorist Operation in Donbas. The paper addresses the evolution of commemorative practices and the overlapping of commemoration of the ATO, the Second World War, and the Cossacks. It also raises the question of what place the memory of the ATO and the Second World War will take in the conditions of the ongoing war.

Analysis of kinematic characteristics of a mobile caterpillar robot with a SCARA-type manipulator

Automation and robotization of various production and technological processes in many industries is one of the leading trends in the development of modern society. Industrial robots have recently become quite widespread, and it is almost impossible to imagine any modern production in the fields of mechanical engineering (machine building), instrumentation, pharmaceuticals, food, chemical industries, etc., without robotic complexes. Over the past few decades, another area of robotics has emerged: autonomous mobile robots. It combines research in mechanics, electronics, and computer technologies, including artificial intelligence. Among the most common applications of autonomous mobile robots are the performance of various technological operations in places that are dangerous to human life (radiation, biological or chemical contamination) or uninhabitable (space, sea depths, volcanic craters, etc.). Mobile robots have also proven themselves in rescue operations during cataclysms and natural disasters, anti-terrorist operations, military operations, mine clearance, etc. Given the urgency of the issue of mobile robotics development, this article proposes a new design of an autonomous robotic complex built on the basis of a tracked chassis and equipped with a SCARA-type manipulator. The main task of the developed robot is to perform various technological operations in places where human presence is dangerous or impossible, in particular, when performing demining tasks. In the course of the research, the kinematics of the manipulator was analyzed in detail to determine its working area, and the kinematic parameters of the tracked chassis were experimentally tested while it was moving over rough terrain. The obtained results can be used to further improve the design and control system of the robot and manipulator and in the process of determining the specific technological tasks that will be assigned to this robotic platform.

ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJIAN CONFLICT: CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS AND POLITICAL ASPECT

The issue of the long-term Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict within the framework of the Nagorno-Karabakh region has been studied. The problem of the ethnic polemic of Nagorno-Karabakh as one of the main factors of the confrontation is considered, and the historical roots of its initiation are indicated. The issue of escalation between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan after the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s was analyzed and conclusions were drawn regarding a new wave of confrontation. The classification of official documents and materials for the analysis of the specified problem is given. The importance of the military conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan due to the non-resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh region issue is emphasized not only for the Central Asian region, but for the whole world. The interest of certain external players in the need to solve the Karabakh problem is considered. The role of international actors in the framework of indirect participation, as well as peacekeeping mission, arbitration, etc. is evaluated. The current state of the military conflict is determined. The chronology and course of hostilities between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan are analyzed. The latest events of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region are considered and the main points of the dynamics of the confrontation are shown, as well as the main decisions made as a result of the anti-terrorist operation of the Azerbaijani army in the Nagorno-Karabash region are highlighted. Possible ways to stabilize the situation and settle the Karabakh conflict are identified, the involvement of civil society and communities on both sides to resolve the interstate problem is especially emphasized, and the importance of a comprehensive solution to both the political and humanitarian aspects of the conflict is emphasized. A significant role in the stabilization of the Nagorno-Karabakh region is given to international organizations in the role of mediators and development of realistic and mutually acceptable solutions.

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ ВТРАТ ОСОБОВОГО СКЛАДУ РЕМОНТНО-ВІДНОВЛЮВАЛЬНИХ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ НА ЗБІРНОМУ ПУНКТІ ПОШКОДЖЕНИХ МАШИН

For the timely and high-quality restoration of weapons and military equipment that received combat or operational damage during the conduct of hostilities (operations), military command and control bodies carry out technical support planning measures during which one of the stages is to determine the capabilities of repair and restoration units (military units) . The experience of conducting combat operations during the anti-terrorist operation and the operation of the joint forces on the territory of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions indicates inaccuracies in the mathematical dependencies for determining the capabilities of repair and restoration units to carry out repair work during the planning of technical support. These mathematical dependencies do not take into account the losses of repairmen in the absence of a proper camouflage pattern for weapons and military equipment. The disguise of technical support units and subunits consists in the elimination or weakening of unmasking signs that reveal the purpose and nature of the tasks they perform. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to determine the dependence of the average daily losses of repair specialists on the organization of masking the assembly point of damaged vehicles. For more accurate calculations, the article takes into account the determination of the rational parameters of the horizontal mask, deformable pixel coverage of equipment, as well as the mathematical dependence of determining the production capabilities of repair and restoration units for the repair of damaged weapons and military equipment, taking into account the average daily sanitary, permanent and psychogenic losses of personnel. Keywords: horizontal camouflage net, pixelated coverage of equipment, repair and restoration units (parts), repair, specialists, losses

PROSPECTS OF THE POST-WAR DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREIGN ACTIVE TRAVEL SEGMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PREVIOUS CRISIS EXPERIENCE

The current pace of recovery of the global tourism industry after the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates that the segment of active travel (“Adventure Travel” in the international classification) is the most resilient and adaptive to crises and has shown the most sustainable growth in recent decades (up to 17%). Thus, the segment of adventure tourism (more than 26% of all trips in the world) remains a true locomotive for the development of global tourism.
 In Ukraine, the development of this area has experienced fluctuations related to crises of various scales: from the global financial crisis of 2008, the annexation of Crimea in 2014, and the ATO (Anti-Terrorist Operation) in Donbas to the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-2021 and the full-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine in 2022. All these shocks and subsequent changes in the mass character, geography, and structure of the active foreign travel segment revealed certain trends. Analysis of these trends can help determine the prospects for the development of this segment in the post-war period.
 The main purpose of the research is to study the development prospects of the foreign active travel segment in Ukraine in the post-war period.
 The article shows the background and describes the process of formation of this segment of travel in the period from the 1990s to the early 2000s. The features of the influence of motivational, geographical, and economic factors on the process of its formation in Ukraine are analyzed. It is shown that at this stage, the expansion of the geography of travel was initiated by amateur hikes, the main form of commercial tours was of a hiking type, and the budget segment prevailed in the price gradation of commercial tours.
 Since the mid-2000s, the popularity of hiking in foreign countries has sharply increased among Ukrainian tourists. The geography of hiking, climbing, river rafting, and trekking tours has grown to dozens of countries in a few years. The growing number and variety of trips abroad and the steady mass demand for commercial, sports, and amateur foreign active trips in the 2010s led to the formation of a new segment of active foreign travel for Ukraine. Unmet growth in demand in the period up to 2014 led to progress and expansion of the range of activities of regional tour operators in all price categories of travel. The budget and middle segment prevailed in the price gradation of commercial tours during this period.
 The article shows the process of formation of geographic and price segmentation of active tours in the market of proposals. The tendencies of changes in the structure of geographical and price indicators of the market during the crisis periods in Ukraine are analyzed. Based on the example of the main operators in this market segment, the trends in the price structure of demand, mechanisms for adaptation, and recovery of the market during the 2014 crisis are analyzed.
 The prospects for the development of the foreign active travel development segment after the end of the war in the medium term are shown.
 In particular, there will be a replacement of tours of the budget and partially middle price segments with domestic tours in regions not contaminated with explosive objects, namely in the Carpathians and Podilia.
 The number of amateur trips abroad will grow, and geography will continue to expand. At the same time, due to the rise in the price of air transportation, the cost of trips can increase by 1.5 times. Perhaps some of the regular customers of commercial tours who are accustomed to hiking conditions will participate in these trips.
 Active travel in the high and partially mid-price segments will remain in demand, as they will remain accessible to the target audience of this category of active travelers, but they will still not be widespread.
 Keywords: adventure tourism, active travel, amateur trips, low-cost airlines.

Psychological rehabilitation of combatants in Ukraine from 2014 to 2021: statistics and current status

Military action in eastern Ukraine [Anti-terrorist Operation (ATO)] has a significant impact on the psyche of combat participants and causes changes in the life activities and behaviour of the individuals concerned. The traumatic experience gained during hostilities has a negative impact on the health of military personnel. According to psychiatrists’ forecasts, in the best-case scenario, 20% of combatants in Ukraine will be diagnosed with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder, which has already been given the name “ATO syndrome”. Given this, there is now an urgent need for rehabilitation activities, and the new conditions of hybrid warfare require social service professionals to respond quickly to combatants’ requests to organise and deliver comprehensive rehabilitation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse the provision and conduct of psychological rehabilitation of combatants in Ukraine from 2014 to 2021.Philosophical and general scientific methods were employed to achieve the aim. Among the general scientific methods, the theoretical (analysis, generalisation, classification, and synthesis) and empirical (description and comparison) levels should be highlighted. Also, a bibliosemantic method was used to summarise the analysis of the subject literature and our own experimental data. In addition, various programs were employed to rehabilitate the military. For example, the “Cyber Defenders” project, which was launched in 2021. This involved 30 veterans who will receive a certificate in cybersecurity upon graduation. The E-Veteran system, which allows veterans to seek psychological support, was also analyzed.As the main results, it is worth mentioning that psychological rehabilitation is a pool of psychophysiological, psychotherapeutic, organisational, and medical measures aimed at the resumption of lost mental functions and psychocorrection of the social status of military personnel who have suffered mental combat trauma. The study analysed the mental state and profile of servicemen and servicewomen, the psychological and psychiatric problems that affected them, and government programmes and projects to support and assist ATO/JFO(Joint Forces Operation) veterans. Regarding the process of psychological rehabilitation for military personnel in Ukraine itself, positive trends can be observed since 2014, such as the opening of the Ministry of Veterans’ Affairs, but in the light of current threats and challenges, these undertakings are still insufficient.The system of psychological assistance and rehabilitation of ATO participants should be considered a component of the national security of the state. The article is of practical value in a range of areas, including in political, social work, pedagogical, and educational fields, as well as having application in criminal justice and the law.

DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS CONTINUUM OF THE SOCIALLY-DISADAPTATIVE POST-COMBAT SYNDROME

Abstract. Background. The increased need for the diagnosis of mental disorders associated with hostilities has arisen in Ukraine since 2014 in connection with Russia's unprovoked invasion. During the Anti-Terrorist Operation, and later – the Operation of the United Forces, the combatants of Ukraine encountered a wide range of the newest methods of war, which are capable of leaving an imprint on the human psyche. For more than 7 years, we have been able to observe a number of specific continuums of psychopathological phenomena, one of them being Socially-Disadaptive Post-Combat syndrome. Aim: to investigate the diagnostic continuum of markers of Socially-Disadaptive Post-Combat syndrome in combatants of Ukraine. Material and methods. 382 combatants who were involved in the Anti-Terrorist Operation / Combined Forces Operation were examined at the Zaporizhzhia Military Hospital and Zaporizhzhia State Medical University between 2015 and 2021. We compared the identified markers of Socially-Disadaptive Post-Combat syndrome (SDPS) with ICD-10 markers of similar mental disorders: enduring personality change after catastrophic experience (F62.0), PTSD (F43.1), and adjustment disorders (F43.2). Results. We established a continuum of symptoms and identified 23 markers of Socially-Disadaptive Post-Combat syndrome, of which 9 are significant in the context of differential diagnosis. The provoking factors and features of the debut of Socially- Disadaptive Post-Combat syndrome, as well as its consequences, were also described by us. We determined the differences between post-combat social maladjustment syndrome and similar disorders that combatants suffer from in order to improve timely diagnosis, prognosis and development of treatment methods. Conclusions. Today, we report on the identification in combatants of Ukraine Socially-Disadaptive Post-Combat syndrome. This syndrome has clear differential differences from a related group of disorders and requires further clarification of the tactics of its treatment.

Force majeure as grounds for exemption from liability: International approach and Ukrainian experience in terms of the military conflict

The article is devoted to the study of the category of "force majeure" and the characteristics of the exemption from liability in circumstances of force majeure. In addition, the definition of force majeure in international normative acts is studied, the categories of force majeure, irresistible force and state of emergency are compared. The regime of grounds for exemption from liability and the place of force majeure in it are considered. The peculiarities of changing and terminating the contract as a result of a significant change in circumstances in case of force majeure in accordance with the legislation of European countries and Ukraine are analyzed. The article pays special attention to the qualification of circumstances as force majeure in the context of the anti-terrorist operation and the war in Ukraine. It is concluded that the concept of force majeure has its origin in Roman law and today it is known both in the civil and common law systems. From the time of Roman law, there was both a legislative regulation of exemption from liability for the occurrence of force majeure circumstances, as well as a contractual practice of formulating exemption from liability clauses.