Antioxidant Activity Of Methanolic Extracts Research Articles

Testing Antioxidant Activity of Pineapple (Ananas Comossus Merr.) Rinds Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method

Pineapple (Ananas comossus Merr.) is one of the plants that is widespread in tropical and subtropical areas. This plant content vitamin C and antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to identify the class of secondary metabolite compounds and determine the antioxidant activity of pineapple fruit peel. Antioxidant activity testing on pineapple fruit peel was conducted using UV-Vis spectophotometric method with wavelength of 514 nm. The identification of secondary metabolite compounds showed that the methanol extract of pineapple fruit peel contains alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, tannin and saponin compounds. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of pineapple fruit peel carried out by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldhydrazyl) method shows IC50 value of 92.87 ppm with strong category, while vitamin C as a comparison has IC50 value of 9.31 ppm with very strong category. This is due to the pineapple fruit peel containing high levels of vitamin C. In addition, pineapple fruit peel contains secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids, phenols and tannins which are a class of polyphenolic compounds.

Phytochemical Constituents, Anti-Diabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extracts of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel Leaves and Stem Bark

Phytochemical Constituents, Anti-Diabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extracts of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel Leaves and Stem Bark

Phytochemical contents and bioactivity of four endemic Salvia seeds from Turkey: a comparative study to chia seed

AbstractRecently, the importance of medicinal plants such as Salvia species has been increasing both in medicine and in industrial branches, which includes food, feed, and cosmetic raw materials. On the other hand, chia seed is a functional food that has recently increased industrial importance due to its superior nutritional value, phytochemical components, and therapeutic effects. In our study, the antioxidant activity of methanol extracts from the seeds of endemic Salvia cadmica Boiss var. cadmica, and Salvia caespitosa Montbret & Aucher ex Benth., Salvia pisidica Boiss. & Heldr. ex Benth., and Salvia potentillifolia Boiss. & Heldr. ex Benth. collected from Burdur-Antalya/Turkey were determined via 1,1-diphenyl,2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, cupric (II) reducing antioxidant capacity, b-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching and total phenolic, and total flavonoid content tests and compared with that of chia seed. Antimicrobial activity was determined according to minimum inhibitory concentration values, on S. aureus, E. coli, S. enterica, L. monocytogenes, C. albicans strains, but it was found negligible. Phenolic and fatty acid contents of the seed extracts were also determined by HPLC and GC–MS, respectively. S. pisidica and S. potentillifolia were found to be highly active. The major fatty acid composition of the chia seed was linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid while the others were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Despite fatty acid ratios of chia seed being more favorable; 1,1-diphenyl,2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, cupric (II) reducing antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and antimicrobial activity of S. pisidica seed extracts and total flavonoid content and inhibition of β-carotene bleaching of S. potentillifolia seed extracts was higher than that of chia seed. These findings suggest seed extracts of these Salvia species are richer in phytochemicals and they are more active as antioxidants when compared to chia seed.

Leaves of Allium cepa and Xylopia aethiopica fruits as potent sources of natural antioxidant for stabilization of viscera FISH oil during accelerated storage

The present study investigated the antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of two local plants and their capacities to preserve the quality of viscera fish oil during storage. The total phenolic, total flavonoids and tannins contents were analyzed by colorimetry, the preliminary antioxidant tests done and identification of phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD (Diode Array Detector) and ESI-MS. After these evaluation, the plant extracts were added in viscera fish oil at concentration 200–1000 ppm. The oxidative stability of these fish oil samples was evaluated by measuring their qualities indices during 16 days at 70 °C. Here, oils were collected at the day 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16. The total phenolic, flavonoids and tannins contents in Xylopia aethiopica fruits were 15.62 g Eq acid galic/100g of dry extract, 10.85 mg Eq quercetin/100g of dry extract and 0.79 mg Eq cathechin/100 mg of dry extract. Those of Allium cepa leaves were 6.85 g Eq acid galic/100g of dry extract, 1.50 mg Eq quercetin/100g of dry extract and 0.11 mg Eq cathechin/100 mg of dry extract. All the methanolic extracts exhibited antioxidant activity. The results recorded after FRAP assay revealed the low IC50 (12.87 mg/mL) in Allium cepa extract compared to that of Xylopia aethiopica extract (44.90 mg/mL). These local plants contain many classes of phenolic compounds and they can be used in oil and fat industries as alternative of synthetic antioxidants.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils and Crude Extracts of <em>Dittrichia viscosa maritime</em> (L.), an Aromatic and Medicinal Plant from Northern Morocco

Dittrichia viscosa, a perennial herb belonging to the Asteraceae family, was collected in a coastal site located in northern Morocco. This study focused on exploring the phytochemical composition and biological activities of essential oils (EOs) and solvents (methanol and acetone) extract of leaves, stems, and flowers. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined, and the result showed a high level of TPC and TFC in leaves with the values of 127.61 mg GAEs/g and 117.82 mg CEs/g, respectively. HPLC-MS analysis highlighted 18 phenolic acids and flavonoids, with notable quantities of apigenin 7-glucoside (2233 μg/g) and chlorogenic acid (1429 μg/g). GC‒MS analysis of EOs allowed the identification of 27 biologically active compounds, dominated by decanoic acid (20.98%) and toluene (19.66%). Regarding the biological activities, antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH test, while antifungal activity was tested using the microdilution method. The most potent antioxidant effect was observed in the methanol extract of leaves, with a value of 0.18 mg/mL, while the weakest effect was noted in the acetone extract of flowers, registering a value of 1.63 mg/mL. Similarly, the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts surpassed that of acetonic extracts in each part of D. viscosa. Concerning antifungal activity, the findings reveal that all extracts demonstrated important capacity against the tested pathogens. The methanolic extract displayed high efficacy compared to the acetonic one, with MFC values ranging between 1.94-3.38 mg/mL and 2.88-4.75 for Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton rubrum, respectively. However, for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, the MFCs were higher (7.5-8.5 mg/mL). Regarding EOs, the MFCs were more favorable for the three human pathogenic fungi, ranging between 1.88 and 3.35 µL/mL, compared to F. oxysporum, which has an MFCs of 3.5 µL/mL. In summary, the findings demonstrated that D. viscosa could be considered a useful alternative and reliable source of bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.

In Vitro Determination of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition, Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content of Various Natural Products (Bee and Herbal Products).

It is obvious that the oxidation process is an undeniable fact and when it comes to aging, one of the first solutions that come to mind is natural products. When it comes to natural products, both plants and bee products play an important, almost combative role against oxidation. For this purpose, natural products of both plant and animal origin were considered together in our study: Linden, green tea, aronia, wild grapes, myrtle, blueberries and basil, honey, pollen and propolis. Total phenolic content values of the extracts ranged between 49.28 and 3859.06 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, and propolis, green tea, chestnut flower and aronia samples were found to have the highest values. When looking at the NOS inhibition potential, it was determined that propolis, pollen and aronia samples had the highest percentage inhibition values of 98.11, 92.29, 83.44, respectively. Antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts were investigated using iron(III) reducing/antioxidant capacity (FRAP), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test and NOS inhibition tests. The phenolic composition of methanolic extracts was tested using the RP-HPLC-UV (high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet) method with 19 phenolic standards.

In vitro anti-helminthic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Aspilia silphioides leaves

In vitro anti-helminthic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Aspilia silphioides leaves

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity of selected methanolic plant extracts and their detoxification capabilities against AFB1 toxicity

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a secondary metabolite produced principally by Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus. It is one of the most potent and commonly occurring dietary carcinogen with its carcinogenic potential being linked to the formation of DNA adducts and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plant extracts contain a plethora of biologically active phytochemicals that act against ROS. This study aimed to assess the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of some medicinal plants and investigate their detoxification potentials against AFB1. Phytochemical screening together with total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+)) assays) were performed on nine methanolic plant extracts. Extracts were incubated with AFB1 for 24 and 48 h and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis done to assess their AFB1 detoxification activities. The TPC of the extracts ranged from 88.92 ± 6.54 to 210.19 ± 7.90 mg GAE/g, while TFC ranged between 4.01 ± 0.94 and 32.48 ± 1.02 mg QE/g. Radical scavenging activities of extracts varied from 4.18 ± 1.37 to 251.53 ± 9.30 μg/mL and 8.36 ± 1.65 to 279.22 ± 8.33 μg/mL based on DPPH and ABTS+ assays, respectively. Six of the plant extracts showed a time-dependent detoxification activity against AFB1 after 48 h ranging from 20.17 to 38.13 %. C. dentata bark extract showed the highest percentage of AFB1 reduction, with mean percentages of 43.57 and 70.96 % at 24 and 48 h, respectively. This was followed by C. asiatica leaves and A. melegueta seeds with a maximum of 40.81 and 38.13 %, respectively after 48 h. These extracts also possessed high TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities compared to all the other extracts. Findings from this study demonstrate the abundance of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity playing a role in potent AFB1 detoxification activity.

Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Limonia acidissima leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic wister albino rats: a randomized controlled experimental study

Objectives: The present study was carried out to find graded-doses antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Limonia acidissima (MELA) leaves in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=8): Normal control, Diabetic control (Alloxan-induced), and test groups where varying doses of MELA (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and 400mg/kg) or Metformin (100mg/kg) administered post-alloxan induction. Random blood sugar (RBS) levels were estimated at specific intervals over a 28-day period. Moreover, antioxidant markers (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione) were assessed on day 28. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissue was conducted. Results: Overall, mean RBS levels decreased at all intervals. There was a significant decrease in median malondialdehyde, an increase in median superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione levels (all p-values<0.0001). The change in RBS (p-values<0.0001) and antioxidants (p-value>0.05) levels was greater in Group VI than in Group V. On histopathology, Groups VI and V demonstrated regeneration of necrotic β-cells in the islets, and this was more pronounced than Group IV. Conclusion: Results of our study suggested that MELA possesses dose-dependent significant antidiabetic and antioxidant activity.

Identification of Phytochemical Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Methanol Extract of Basa Genep Seasoning

Basa genep is a basic spice in traditional Balinese cuisine used in making traditional food. The purpose of this study was to identify the densest type, content, and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of genep bases using an extraction method whose testing was carried out with a Uv-Vis spectrophotometer (Biochrom). The results found that base genep methanol extract had flavonoid levels of 1427.90±60.46 mg QE/100g, tannin levels of 3277.05±65.33 mg TAE/100g, total phenol levels of 2398.08±72.195 mg GAE/100g with IC50 values of 144.43±6.673 ppm including medium category

Sphagnum divinum Flatberg & K. Hassel ve Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow (Sphagnopsida)'nin Fitokimyasal İçeriklerinin ve Antioksidan Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi

This study aimed to explore the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts from Sphagnum divinum and Sphagnum girgensohnii. Screening methods were employed to identify the phytochemical groups present in the methanol extracts of these two Sphagnum species, which have been relatively understudied for their antioxidant potential. The antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated using in vitro DPPH, CUPRAC, and phosphomolybdate assays. The experimental results revealed that the methanol extract of S. divinum exclusively contained phenols and tannins, while the methanol extract of S. girgensohnii contained phenols, tannins, and saponins. Alkaloids and flavonoids were not detected in either bryophyte. The methanol extracts of both S. divinum and S. girgensohnii exhibited DPPH scavenging activity exceeding 50% at all tested concentrations. An increase in DPPH scavenging ability was observed with increasing extract concentration. The DPPH scavenging activity of S. divinum methanol extract was consistently higher than that of S. girgensohnii methanol extract across all tested concentrations. These findings suggest that S. divinum and S. girgensohnii hold promise as potential sources of antioxidant compounds.

Cytotoxic and anti-metastatic effects of Hypericum perforatum olive oil extract in colorectal cancer cells and human bone marrow derived stem cells

This study is aimed to investigate the effects of Hypericum perforatum olive oil extract on the cytotoxic and metastatic properties of human colorectal cancer cells and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, ALDH3A1 and Vimentin expressions were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts prepared with oil enrichment were measured using spectrophotometry-based methods. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts on SW-480 and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were evaluated by MTT assay, resulting in IC50 values of 4.8 mg/ml and 4.9 mg/ml, respectively. It was determined that cell migration and colony formation were significantly reduced at the IC50 values determined for SW-480 and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Antiquorum Sensing Potential of Methanol Extract and Essential Oil from Acanthus polystachyus Delile (Acanthaceae).

The evolution of microbes in response to conventional antimicrobials leads to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR), and it is a global threat to public health. Natural products are possible solutions to this massive challenge. In this study, the potential of Acanthus polystachyus extracts was investigated for phytochemical composition and biological properties as antimicrobials. Gas chromatography-mass spectra (GC-MS) analysis of methanol extract (ME) and essential oil (EO) detected 79 and 20 compounds, respectively. The major compounds identified in ME and their abundance were β-sitosterol acetate (16.06%), cholest-5-en-3-yl (9Z)-9-octadecenoate (9.54%), 1-dodecanol (7.57%), (S)-(E)-(-)-4-acetoxy-1-phenyl-2-dodecen-1-one (6.03%), neophytadiene (5.7%), (E)-2-nonadecene (3.9%), hexanol-4-D2 (2.92%), and decane (2.4%). Most compounds have known bioactive functions. In EO, the major compounds were stearyl alcohol (25.38%); cis-9-tetradecenoic acid, isobutyl ester (22.95%); butyl 9-tetradecenoate (10.62%); 11,13-dimethyl-12-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (10.14%); ginsenol (3.48%); and diisooctyl phthalate (2.54%). All compounds are known to be bioactive. The antioxidant activity of ME and EO ranged from 48.3 to 84.2% radical scavenging activity (RSA) and 45.6 to 82% RSA, respectively, with dose dependency. The disc diffusion assay for the antimicrobial activity of ME revealed high inhibition against Acenetobacter baumannii (130.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (100.3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (87.7%). The MIC, MBC/MFC, and MBIC values for ME were 0.5-1.0, 2-4, and 0.5-1.0 mg/mL and for EO were 0.31-0.62, 1.25-2.5, and 0.31-0.62 μL/mL, respectively, indicating inhibition potential as well as inhibition of biofilm formation. The tolerance test values indicated bactericidal activity against most strains and bacteriostatic/fungistatic activity against A. baumannii, E. faecalis, and C. albicans. The antiquorum sensing activity of ME achieved by pyocyanin inhibition assay on P. aeruginosa showed a 51.6% inhibition at 500 μg/mL. These results suggest that ME and EO derived from A. polystachyus leaves are potent, valuable, cost-effective antioxidants and antimicrobials. Both extracts may effectively combat pathogenic and resistant microbes.

Phenolic Diversity and Antioxidant Activity of Artemisia abrotanum L. and Artemisia absinthium L. during Vegetation Stages

Over the past ten years, particular attention has been paid to Artemisia L. genus plants and their chemical composition. Artemisia abrotanum L. and Artemisia absinthium L., which are traditional medicinal, aromatic plants with a strong digestive activity that is determined by the various phytochemicals. The research aim was to determine the variation in polyphenols in the samples of different vegetation stages of two Artemisia species and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts in vitro. Phytochemical analysis of the Artemisia samples was carried out using spectrophotometric methods and HPLC-PDA techniques, while antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays. Significant differences in the diversity of phenolic compounds were found among Artemisia species during vegetation stages. Chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and rutin were predominant among the phenolic compounds. The study provides valuable insights into the composition of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in Artemisia plants at different growth stages, shedding light on their potential pharmacological effects and antioxidant activities. These findings contribute to the knowledge of the quality and safety of herbal materials derived from Artemisia species.

LC-MS/MS Analysis and Biological Activities of Methanol Extract from Sagina apetala Ard.

This is the first study on the investigation of phenolic compounds of methanol extract (ME) of Sagina apetala and examination of its cell-based antioxidant and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The determination of phenolic compounds of ME was performed by LC-MS/MS and 25 main compounds were identified. For the cell-based antioxidant activity of ME, Vero cell line (Cercopithecus aethiops kidney epithelial, Monolayer) was used as the model cell line and ME was showed 61.22% cell viability. ME, also showed insignificant antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, this study in the species provides the basic data for future studies for the species.

Phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Marrubium vulgare L. collected in three development stages

The change of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of plants extracts are widely attributed to numerous conditions and parameters viz. geographical conditions, type of extraction, and type of extract. Thus, this study was the first one conducted to evaluate the phenolic composition, the content of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins, and the antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of M. vulgare aerial part collected in three development stages (before flowering, during flowering, and after flowering periods). Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods of precipitation and coloration reactions. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and proanthocyanidins contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and vanillin method, respectively. The antioxidant activity was assessed by two methods: DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity. Preliminarily phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, essential oil, cardiac glucosides, sterols and triterpenes, and the absence of alkaloids. In addition, tannins were absence in March and present in May and July. The total phenol content of M. vulgare extracts showed a highest flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents during flowering period (1.644 mg QE.g-1 extract, and 0.195 mg CE.g-1 extract, respectively) while polyphenol content was highest before flowering period (0.043 mg GAE.g-1 extract). Afterward, M. vulgare methanolic extract exhibited a potent antioxidant activity during flowering period with an IC50 value of 2.23 mg.ml-1. From the current study, this plant contains natural antioxidant substances which can be used as antioxidant agents to treat several diseases.

Effect of gamma irradiation on total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of java plum seeds

<p>The synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) has been widely added to lipids and food products as a preservative due to inhibiting lipid oxidation. However, concerns have arisen about the potential health impacts of this synthetic antioxidant on consumers. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative substitute for BHA that is safe for human health. The methanolic extract of Java Plum seeds (MEJS) contains a diverse group of phenolic compounds and has the potential to serve as a natural antioxidant. The antioxidant must remain stable during food processing, such as irradiation. This research aimed to determine the effect of γ-irradiation on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of MEJS. When γ-irradiation was applied to MEJS at doses up to 12.5 kGy, there was a slight decrease in total phenolic and tannin content but a significant increase in total flavonoid content. This increase in total flavonoids led to a rise in both free radical scavenging and reducing power activities</p>

Comparison on Total Phenolics and Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extract of Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus gigas) Eggs

The marine environment can be a source of abundant bioactive compounds. One of the horseshoe crab species scattered in Indonesian sea waters is Tachypleus gigas. It was reported that the eggs of T. gigas contained flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. Flavonoids are polyphenol compounds that have the ability as natural antioxidants. In this study, total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity tests were carried out on the methanol extract of T. gigas eggs. The total phenolics content used the Folin Ciocalteu method, the total flavonoids used the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and the antioxidant activity test used the FRAP and DPPH methods. The test results showed that the total phenolics and flavonoids were 0.53506 ± 0.001335 mg GAE/g extract and 0.52067 ± 0.000731 mg QE/g extract, respectively. Meanwhile, the results of the antioxidant activity test with the FRAP method obtained a total antioxidant capacity of 29.85 μmol in the medium category and antioxidant activity with the DPPH method obtained an IC50 value of 597.0397 μg/mL in the very weak category.

Anti-ageing Activity and Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Extracts of Leaves and Flowers of Salvia officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis

Anti-ageing Activity and Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Extracts of Leaves and Flowers of Salvia officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis

Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of sea cucumber extracts collected from Lampung waters, Indonesia

Sea cucumbers are the most prevalent marine invertebrates in Indonesian waters, yet little research has been conducted on the bioactive substances found in the sea cucumbers harvested from these waters. To investigate the potential use of sea cucumber extracts and fractions such as antibacterial and antioxidant agents, five sea cucumber species were harvested from Lampung waters in Indonesia. The extraction process used the maceration method with methanol solvent, while fractionation was carried out with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol solvents. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion method, and the antioxidant activity was assessed using the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. The GC–MS method was used to identify the compounds in the methanol extract and butanol fraction of Holothuria lessoni. The results showed that only the n-hexane fraction of Stichopus quadrifasciatus and the methanol extract of H. lessoni had antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes, while the methanol extract of H. lessoni and the ethyl acetate fraction of H. leucospilota showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The n-hexane fraction of S. quadrifasciatus and the methanol extract of H. lessoni and Bohadschia marmorata recorded activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Among the tested extracts, Holothuria leucospilota showed the highest antioxidant activity in methanol extracts, with an IC50 value of 155.07 ​± ​3.05 ​μg/mL, followed by H. lessoni (163.83 ​± ​4.46 ​μg/mL), Stichopus vastus (209.45 ​± ​2.40 ​μg/mL), S. quadrifasciatus (245.85 ​± ​34.97 ​μg/mL), and B. marmorata (382.86 ​± ​45.37 ​μg/mL), respectively. Cyclononasiloxane, octadecamethyl- (C18H54O9Si9), cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl (C12H36O6Si), and cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- (C16H48O8Si8) were identified as the main compounds in the tested samples using GC–MS analysis. In conclusion, H. lessoni is a valuable source of natural antibacterial and antioxidant agents.