Anti-nutritional Content Research Articles

Assessment of nutritional, anti-nutritional and functional properties of marketed biofortified sweet potato cultivars

Sweet potatoes, a nutrient-dense crop are recognized as a potential functional food to mitigate an array of nutritional disorders. In India, sweet potato is considered a secondary staple crop due to its unique nutritional properties. Owing to its high consumption, food interventions like biofortification have been made to enrich the essential bioactive compounds (carotenoids and anthocyanins). The current study highlighted the nutritional, anti-nutritional and mineral analysis of farmer-grown biofortified sweet potatoes i.e., Bhusona and Bhu-Krishna varieties and compares them with officially available data. High antioxidant activity was observed in Bhu-Krishna with 40 mg followed by Bhu-Sona and white flesh (unfortified variety) (19.3 and 18.7 mg/100 g dry basis). The total carotenoid content ranged from 0.9 to 12.6 mg/100 g dry weight, with the highest content in BhuSona. The anti-nutritional content like phytates and tannins in sweet potato cultivars ranged between 57.35 and 60.82%. However, the antinutrient content was comparatively high in selected biofortified varieties, establishing research prospects concerning human health. These results provide insights into the suitability of biofortified varieties for inclusion in diets that are nutritionally adequate and have sufficient nutritional information for policymakers to promote these varieties to the vulnerable.

Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Klilde, a sacred tree: its nutritional value, elemental composition and anti-nutritional content

The sacred Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Klilde tree holds significant medicinal value and is utilized in ayurvedic preparations to treat various health conditions. This research investigated the nutritional, elemental and anti-nutritional properties of S. asoca leaves and flowers. The nutritional qualities of the tree parts were examined using the muffle furnace and micro-Kjeldahl techniques. Titration techniques were used to assess the anti-nutritional content of plants, whereas EDX (Energy dispersive X-ray) was used to determine the mineral content. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, phenols and flavonoids, along with antioxidant properties that could neutralize free radicals generated by metabolic processes in the body. Nutritional analysis indicated that the floral parts of S. asoca had higher moisture, carbohydrate and crude fat content than the leaves. Conversely, the leaves had elevated ash levels, crude fiber and protein. Leaf samples showed higher concentrations of minerals like calcium, phosphorus, sodium, iodine, iron and manganese compared to the floral samples. In contrast, flower samples exhibited higher potassium, copper, silicon and zinc levels. These findings highlight the rich nutritional profile, abundant phytochemicals and essential minerals in both tree parts, with low anti-nutrient content. This information could be instrumental in developing phytopharmaceuticals and nutritious food products. Additionally, utilizing these tree parts could offer a cost-effective way to enhance nutrient intake and address nutritional deficiencies in humans and animals.

Analysis of the nutritional and antinutritional contents of tubers of Agew potatoes (Plectranthus edulis) grown in the Awi Zone, Amhara regional state of Ethiopia

Plectranthus edulis is one of the most important tuberous plants, is an indigenous plant, and grows in middle- and high-altitude areas. This study investigated the proximate, antinutritional, antioxidant, and mineral compositions of P. edulis (Agew potato) grown in the Dangila, Ankesha, and Banja districts in the Awi zone of the Amhara region, Ethiopia. The proximate composition was determined via the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) protocol. The moisture, ash, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, carbohydrate, phytate, tannin, TPC, TFC, and DPPH assay results ranged from 70.87 to 74.92 g/100 g, 3.92–4.58 g/10 g, 0.36–0.61 g/100 g, 6.86–9.29 g/100 g, 3.18–3.56 g/100 g, 71.79–78.81 g/100 g, 61.48–108.04 mg/100 g, 8.46–44.15 mg/100 g, 17.53–28.42 mg/g, 2.75–5.71 mg/g, and 52.94–71.49%, respectively. The concentrations of Na, P, Fe, Cu, and Zn ranged from 261.85 to 603.90 mg/kg, 82.02–251.82 mg/100 g, 23.74–65.36 mg/kg, 9.98–16.27 mg/kg, and 17.68–30.20 mg/kg, respectively. The Agew potato from Dangila had a better nutritional content than Banja and Ankesha. Agew potatoes are nutritious and medically important tuber plants used to secure food, especially in undernourished societies.

Evaluation of antinutrients in improved and local cultivars of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Besides being an excellent source of high-quality nutrients, legumes are deposits of antinutritional factors (ANFs) that serve as natural defences against herbivory and pathogens. This investigation aimed to study the concentration of different ANFs in 13 green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) cultivars and explore how varietal differences affect their levels. Ten improved, and three local cultivars of green gram were evaluated for antinutritional content using different spectrophotometric assays. Results revealed variability across cultivars with 0.45 to 1.14 g/100 g of phytic acid, 1.11 to 1.99 g/100 g of saponins, 0.91 to 1.78 mg CE/g of tannins, 17.17 to 25.55 mg GAE/g of total phenolic content, 4.41 to 10.44 TUI/mg of trypsin inhibitors, 0.15 to 0.28 g/100 g of raffinose, 0.14 to 0.36 g/100 g stachyose and 1.60 to 2.88 g/100 g of verbascose. These significant variations highlight the wide range of ANF composition found among green gram cultivars. Such data could aid in exploring the nutraceutical and pharmacological potential of these compounds.

Nutritional and functional potentials of wheat, cowpea, and yam composite flours on bread formulations: Effect of blending ratio and baking parameters

Bread, a staple food, primarily utilizes wheat as the main ingredient due to its high carbohydrate content, despite being considered nutritionally deficient. In the present study, wheat flour was substituted with cowpea and yam flours. The raw materials were processed into flour, and the proximate composition, functional properties, and anti-nutritional contents of the individual and blend flours (B1 = 85 % wheat + 5 % cowpea +10 % yam, B2 = 70 % wheat + 10 % cowpea +20 % yam, and B3 = 55 % wheat + 15 % cowpea +30 % yam) were analyzed. The main findings revealed that the incorporation of cowpea and yam flours led to significant increases (p < 0.05) in the total ash content, crude protein content, crude fiber content, bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling power, phytic acid content, tannin content, and oxalate content. Additionally, the effects of the blending ratio, baking temperature (180–220 °C) and baking time (25–35 min) on the bread formulation were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). As the blending ratio progressed from B1 to B3, a noticeable decrease in both the specific volume and sensory attributes of the bread were observed. Similarly, with an increase in baking temperature and duration, the bread exhibited a decline in its crude protein and crude fiber contents. Breads formulated with up to 10 % cowpea flour and 20 % yam flour, baked at higher temperatures and times, received greater overall acceptability from panelists. These findings suggest that substituting bread wheat flour with cowpea and yam flours is an innovative approach for developing nutritious and appealing bread products.

Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Factor of Cirina Forda (Westwood) Larvae

A study was conducted to determine the effect of the different processing methods on the proximate and anti-nutrient composition of Cirina forda larvae consume in wukari-local government of Taraba state. Proximate analysis was used to determine nutritional and anti-nutritional content of Cirina forda larva using boiled and dried method of processing. Data obtained were subjected to Statistical Analysis System, (SAS). Statistical significant means were compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test DMRT, (Duncan). Boiled processing method had significant (P&lt;0.01) effect and high nutritional content for protein (15.53±0.03), lipid (30.87±0.03), crude fibre (7.83±0.03) and moisture (9.06±0.01) with the exception of Ash and carbohydrate, which showed non-significant values between the two processing methods. The anti-nutritional content of fried processing method had high values recorded in phytate (4.6±0.13), saponin (0.16±0.30) and flavonoid (0.24±0.00) compared to the boiled processing method with exception of tannin and alkaloid, which showed non-significant differences between boiled and fried processing methods. Results obtained in this study showed that the boiled processing method of C. forda is richer in nutrients and generally lower in anti-nutrients within the safe consuming level than the frying process. Further studies should be geared towards determining fatty acid content of Cirina forda larvae.

Effect of fermentation on nutrient composition, antinutrients, and mineral bioaccessibility of finger millet based Injera: A traditional Ethiopian food

Finger millet, like other cereals, contains high amounts of antinutrients that bind minerals, making them unavailable for absorption. This study explores the effect of traditional fermentation on nutritional, antinutritional, and subsequent mineral bioaccessibility (specifically iron, zinc, and calcium) of finger millet based Injera. Samples of fermented dough and Injera prepared from light brown and white finger millet varieties were analyzed for nutritional composition, antinutritional content, and mineral bioaccessibility following standard procedures. With some exceptions, the proximate composition of fermented dough was significantly affected by fermentation time. Compared to unfermented flour, the phytate and condensed tannin content significantly (p < 0.05) decreased for fermented dough and Injera samples. A strong decline in phytate and condensed tannin content was observed in white finger millet Injera as fermentation time increased, compared to light brown finger millet based Injera. The mineral bioaccessibility of Injera prepared from finger millet and maize composite flour increased with fermentation time, leading to a significant increase in bioaccessible iron, zinc, and calcium, ranging from 15.4–40.0 %, 26.8–50.8 %, and 60.9–88.5 %, respectively. The results suggest that traditional fermentation can be an effective method to reduce phytate and condensed tannin content, simultaneously increasing the bioaccessibility of minerals in the preparation of finger millet based Injera.

Combination of legume proteins and arabinoxylans are efficient emulsifiers to promote vitamin E bioaccessibility during digestion

The emulsification potential of plant-based emulsifiers, that is, pea (PPI) and lentil (LPI) proteins (4%), corn arabinoxylans (CAX, 1%), and legume protein-arabinoxylan mixtures (4% proteins + 0.15 or 0.9% CAX), was evaluated by assessing: the surface tension and potential of emulsifiers, emulsifier antinutritional contents, emulsion droplet size, emulsion physical stability, and vitamin E bioaccessibility from 10% oil-in-water emulsions. Tween 80 (2%) was used as a control. All emulsions presented small droplet sizes, both fresh and upon storage, except 4% LPI + 0.9% CAX emulsion that exhibited bigger droplet sizes (d(4,3) of approximately 18.76 μm vs 0.59 μm for the control) because of droplet bridging. Vitamin E bioaccessibility from emulsions stabilized with the combination of 4% PPI and either 0.15% or 0.9% CAX (28 ± 4.48% and 28.42 ± 3.87%, respectively) was not significantly different from that of emulsions stabilized with Tween 80 (43.56 ± 3.71%), whereas vitamin E bioaccessibility from emulsions stabilized with individual emulsifiers was significantly lower.

Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of anchote (Coccinia abyssinica ((Lam.) Cogn.) accessions in Ethiopia

Anchote is an indigenous tuber crop with a good source of protein and calcium. Despite the presence of different accessions of the crop, little is known about the nutritional and anti-nutritional content. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and anti-nutritional content of anchote accessions grown in the East Arsi Zone of Ethiopia. Tubers from 20 accessions of anchote were collected from the research farm of Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center in Ethiopia. The dried tubers of each accession were grounded separately into fine powder following standard procedure and used for nutritional and anti-nutritional content determination. Result showed that, the nutritional compositions varied from: water (65.38%–77.13 %), ash (1.82%–2.85 %), crude fat (0.55%–1.45 %), crude fiber (2.22%–4.02 %), crude protein (6.29%–13.00 %), carbohydrate (6.78%–19.68 %), total starch (39.22%–72.74 %), and energy (74.73%–123.66 %). Phytate concentration ranged from 208.06 mg/100 g to 273.87 mg/100 g, while tannin content was recorded at the lowest (1.19 mg/100g) and highest (44.4 mg/100g). Mineral contents were in a range from calcium (66.81–177.13 mg/100g), magnesium (19.64–35.82 mg/100g), potassium (250.47–523.72 mg/100g), sodium (0.51–4.19 mg/100g), phosphorus (38.91–93.45 mg/100g), iron (0.16–0.65 mg/100g), manganese (0.08–0.27 mg/100g), copper (0.17–0.29 mg/100g), and zinc (0.23–0.46 mg/100g). This study showed that anchote tubers contain a significant amount of essential nutrients. Accessions greatly vary in their nutritional and anti-nutrition compositions. Therefore, anchote accessions with higher nutritional values could be used in breeding and food product development targeting nutritional enhancement.

NUTRITIONAL POTENTIALS AND ACUTE-TOXICITY STUDIES OF Securidaca longepedunculata (Fresen) POLYGALACEAE LEAVES

Abstract Plants have served as therapeutic agents for a long time and provided essential nutrients like carbohydrates, protein, fat, etc. The leaves of Securidacalongepedunculata were analyzed for proximate minerals, antinutritional content, and acute toxicity study using standard methods. The results showed that the leaves contain moisture (10.38±0.43%), ash (6.21±0.23%), crude protein (5.85±0.29%), crude lipid (3.96±0.12%), crude fiber (3.00±0.18%), non-fiber carbohydrate (80.98±0.51%), and energy value (377.11±1.82 kJ/100g). The antinutritional content of the leaves in (mg/100g) was found to have oxalate (0.0214±0.0001), phytate (4.0406±0.0241), nitrite (2.6733±0.0757), cyanide (0.0285±0.0061) and tannins (0.3507±0.0004). The leaves of this plant were analyzed and found to possess an appreciable amount of mineral contents, such as K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb. The results of acute oral administration of S. longepedunculata leaves extracts on mice showed that the LD50 of S. longepedunculata leaves extracts is greater than or equal to 5000 mg/kg body weight. Hence, it can be concluded that S.longepedunculata could be used for therapeutic purposes and as nutritional supplements.

Fermentation of Cocoa Pods Husk Using Turmeric Powder and Aspergillus niger: Effects on Fiber Composition and Antinutrients

Processing of cocoa pods husk (CPH) by fermentation with Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and additional herbs such as turmeric is believed to be able to improve the quality of feed ingredients from plantation byproducts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the fermentation process using A. niger and the addition of different levels of turmeric in reducing the fiber fraction and antinutrient contents of CPH.  The experiment used a completely randomized design of eight treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of P0: control; P1: CPH fermented with A. niger; P2, P3 and P4: fermented (CPH + 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5% turmeric powder) with A. niger; P5, P6 and P7: fermented CPH with A. niger + 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 % turmeric powder. Variables observed were the fiber composition of CPH as well as antinutrients. The results showed that CPH fermentation using A. niger with different levels of turmeric powder significantly reduced the content of fiber fractions, i.e., NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose, compared to that of unfermented CPH. For antinutritional content, fermentation using A. niger with different levels of turmeric powder significantly decreased tannin. It tended to decrease the lignin content of CPH compared to unfermented CPHs. In conclusion, fermentation of CPH using A. niger with an addition of 1.5% of turmeric before the fermentation is the most effective treatment in decreasing the fiber and antinutritional Components In CPH.

Effect of traditional food processing methods on the nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of aerial yam (Discorea bulbifera) flour

Background: Aerial yam bulbil is one of the high-yielding food crops with quality nutrients. It has great potential to contribute to food security. However, this food crop is often underutilized. Therefore, the traditional methods of processing it into flour to increase food diversity, reduce post-harvest loss, improve nutrient quality, and reduces anti-nutrients are often unexploited in Nigeria.&#x0D; Objective: The study evaluated the effect of traditional food processing methods on the nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of Aerial Yam bulbil flours.&#x0D; Results: Germinated and fermented aerial yam flour had higher Protein (21.30%) and Fat (3.32%) and least carbohydrate (65.78%) and ash (3.95%), while sample UAYF and GFAYF had higher fibre (3.95%). GFAYF had higher zinc (0.13mg), iron (3.55mg), calcium (3.34mg), and phosphorous (84.39mg). GFAYF had reduced Phytate 4.73mg; Tannins (1.24mg); Hydrogen Cyanide (4.16mg); Oxalate (2.38mg); but increased Saponin (0.12mg) respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Combined germination and fermentation improved nutritional quality and decreased the anti-nutritional content of Aerial yam flour. This product can be used for the preparation of healthy and therapeutic dishes.

The Effect of Feed Fermented Rubber Seeds with Rhizopus oligosporus and Neurospora stiophila on the Percentage of Abdominal Fat and Blood Profile of Native Chickens

The purpose of this study was to explore feed ingredients from rubber seed plantation waste and their effect on the percentage of abdominal fat and blood profile due to the high content of rubber seed oil and the presence of anti-nutrients (HCN). The concentrations of Rhizopus oligosporus and Neurospora stiophila inoculum were 109 CFU/g each. This study was subjected to a Nested Completely Randomized Design. The first factor was the type of microbial used. Factor II was inoculum dose (0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 3.2%). The best concentration of inoculum was used in the making of fermented rubber seeds to be given to native chickens. The application on native chickens used statistical analysis Completely Randomized Design consisting of 3 treatments, namely P1: feed without using fermented rubber seeds; P2: feed using 5% Neurospora fermented rubber seed; and P3: feed using 5% Rhizopus fermented rubber seed. Significantly different results continued with Duncan's test. The results showed that the type of fungi had no significant effect on the treatment, but increasing the dose of fungi inoculum up to 3.2% had a significant effect on decreasing the content of dry matter, HCN, and crude fiber in rubber seeds. Administration of Rhizopus and Neurospora inoculums had a significant effect on increasing abdominal fat when compared to control. The conclusion of this study was that the processing method before fermentation and the amount of fungal inoculum used during fermentation affected the nutritional and antinutritional content of HCN rubber seeds. The presence of fermented rubber seeds which had either Rhizopus oligosporus or Neurospora stiophila increased the percentage of abdominal fat. Native chickens which were given fermented rubber seeds with Neurospora showed a higher level of stress marked by increased blood lymphocytes

Impacts of Different Processes on the Nutritional and Antinutritional Contents of White and Blue Lupin Seeds and Usage Possibilities for Sustainable Poultry Production.

In the current era, it is important to consider economic and ecological sustainability issues while optimally meeting the nutrient needs of poultry. The use and research of alternative feedstuffs have gained importance due to these factors. The aim of this study is to reveal the raw lupin seeds' nutrient ingredients as an alternative feedstuff and the effects of debittering methods. In the present study, two different treatments (germination for 2 days; heat treatment in an autoclave at 130 °C for 20 min) were applied to white and blue lupin seeds, and the differences in nutrient compositions between them and raw seeds were determined. When fatty acid compositions were analyzed, oleic, γ-linolenic, arachidic, behenic, erucic, and lignoceric acid values were found to be the highest in the raw, autoclaved, and germinated forms of white lupin (p < 0.01). The highest values of palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids were observed in blue lupin (p < 0.01). While the value of total quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) in raw white lupin grains was higher than 1.943 mg/g, it was higher than 1.800 mg/g in autoclaved and germination-treated grains. Similarly, the total QA value of raw blue lupin grains was 0.894 mg/g, 0.609 ± 0.244 mg/g in germination-treated seeds, and 0.705 ± 0.282 mg/g in autoclave-treated seeds. As a result of these findings, it can be said that the methods applied for the removal of bitterness gave promising results. Furthermore, it would be rewarding to use these lupin varieties in in vitro and in vivo experiments to reveal the impacts and mechanisms of debittering methods on poultry.

Assessing the impact of Gliricidia agroforestry-based interventions on crop nutritional, antinutritional, functional, and mineral compositions in eastern Province, Zambia

ABSTRACT Agroforestry practices improve soil health which in turn improves crop nutrient concentrations and quality. This study examined how the agroforestry tree Gliricidia sepium intercropped with soybean, groundnuts, or maize affects crop nutrient compositions. The study was conducted in five Zambian chiefdoms for three crop-growing seasons (2019–2022) on 13 farmer-led demonstration trial sites. Seven treatments were tested that included maize, soybean, and groundnut plots with and without Gliricidia interventions. Grain samples were analyzed for crop nutrient contents using standard laboratory methods. Results showed that the treatments significantly (P < 0.05) improved maize nutritional properties except for crude fiber, total carbohydrate, and metabolizable energy. G. sepium intercropping with maize and soybean decreased the antinutritional contents and displayed better functional qualities. All elemental mineral components (except potassium, calcium, and sodium) were higher in the Gliricidia + maize intercrop than in the control treatment. The Gliricidia+soybean intercrop had lower mean mineral concentrations than the control (soybean only) except for Mg, Cu, and Zn. The Giliricidia+groundnut intercrop significantly increased groundnut mineral components except for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Iron. It can be concluded that G. sepium intercropped with maize, soybean, and groundnuts significantly improved the crops’ nutritional quality.

Effect of enset (Ensete ventricosum) varieties and fermentation time on nutritional compositions, antinutritional factors, functional properties, and sensory acceptance of Bulla.

The effect of enset varieties and fermentation time on the nutritional composition, antinutritional content, functional properties, and sensory acceptance of bulla was assessed. Bulla samples were prepared from newly improved enset varieties yanbule, gewada, zereta, and messina and were fermented for 0, 15, and 30 days. The result revealed that bulla prepared from gewada had relatively better values of fat (0.3 g/100 g), fiber (1.04 g/100 g), carbohydrate (97.7 g/100 g), energy (394.2 Kcal), and Fe (2.54 mg/100 g). Yanbule had relatively higher ash content (1.05 g/100 g) and considerably higher Ca (317.9 mg/100 g) than bulla prepared from the other varieties. Mg (56.8 mg/100 g) and Zn (2.3 mg/100 g) were relatively higher in bulla prepared from Messina. A very low level of tannin was detected only for gewada, but high contents of phytate up to 112.5 mg/100 g were obtained. With respect to the functional properties of bulla fermented for 30 days, no significant differences were observed among the varieties except for water absorption capacity. In terms of sensory quality, bulla porridge prepared from yanbule had comparatively higher overall acceptability score (7.6).

Analysis of proximate composition, mineral contents, and anti-nutritional factors of enset (Ensete ventricosum) landraces commonly used for amicho preparation in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia: Implications for food security and mineral bioavailability

Enset (Ensete ventricosum) is a primarily starchy staple food crop for over 20 million people. Some landraces are widely favored for amicho (boiled corm) preparation and consumption. However, little information is available on its nutritional profile. Therefore, this study was aimed at identifying the proximate, mineral, and anti-nutritional contents of the seven commonly consumed corms of the cultivated enset landraces. The proximate was determined using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standard methods. Minerals, phytate, and tannin contents were determined using the different models of spectrophotometer method, and oxalate was analyzed using the standard procedure. Also, the physiochemical parameters and the molar ratios were estimated to the relevant standards. The results revealed that the proximate composition (%) ranged in moisture content from 68.2 to 79.4, crude protein (2.43–11.90), crude fat (0.61–0.89), crude fiber (2.42–4.11), and total ash (2.01–4.60), while the total carbohydrates came to 80.89–89.92, and gross energy was 369.96–385.12 kcal/100 g. The mineral concentrations (mg/100 g) were also varied and ranged: calcium (22.46–49.74), potassium (28.51–86.56), magnesium (16.46–29.34), phosphorus (3.10–13.58), sodium (7.13–8.67), iron (0.9–3.85), and zinc (0.38–1.44) on a dry weight basis. The anti-nutritional contents (mg/100 g) for phytate, tannin, and oxalate ranged from 221.75 to 276.12, 27.97–113.74, and 5.69–9.10, respectively. Hayiwona and Gishira had the highest values in most proximate and minerals than other tested landraces, respectively. Compared to other landraces, Astara had higher total carbohydrate and phytate contents. Except for phytate × calcium to zinc, and oxalate to calcium, the molar ratios were above the critical values, which indicated that the studied enset corms had a considerable phytate value, which reduces mineral bioavailability. Overall, the present study revealed that the corm of the evaluated enset landraces contains appreciable amounts of nutritional value and can subsidize Ethiopia's sustained food security.

Phytochemical Profile and Composition of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): Varietal Differences and Effect of Germination under Elicited Conditions.

Germination is a simple process that improves the nutritional and medicinal values of seeds such as chickpeas. However, the detailed analysis of the phytochemical profile after chemical elicitation during chickpea germination is indispensable when making inferences about its biological properties. Therefore, an evaluation was made of the effect of the chemical inducers salicylic acid (SA, 1 and 2 mM), chitosan (CH, 3.3 and 7 μM), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 20 and 30 mM) during germination at 25 °C with 70% RH for 4 days on the content of antinutritional and bioactive compounds, including phenolics, sterols, and saponins, in three Mexican chickpea varieties (Blanoro, Patron, and San Antonio) using UPLC-ELSD-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS, UPLC-DAD-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS, and HPLC-DAD-sQ-MS. The highest increase in phenolics and saponins was found in the Blanoro sprouts induced with SA 2 mM, whereas the highest phytosterol content was detected in San Antonio sprouts induced with CH 7 μM. In addition, significant increases in mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides and decreases in antinutritional contents were achieved after germination with most of the elicitation conditions. More importantly, we identified new compounds in chickpea sprouts, such as the lignans matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol, the phenolic compounds epicatechin gallate and methyl gallate, some phytosterols, and the saponin phaseoside 1, which further increased after chemical elicitation.

Nutritional, antinutritional and bioactivity of raw and thermal processed cultivars (five) of aerial yam bulbils

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of different cooking methods (boiling, steaming and roasting) on the nutritional, antinutritional, and antioxidative potential of five aerial yam cultivars. All the chemical analyses were carried out using standard analytical methods. Steamed (1.5–3.31 g/100 g and 0.18–2.19 g/100 g) and roasted (1.53–3.20 g/100 g and 0.23–2.51 g/100 g) samples showed higher retention of fructose and glucose, respectively. Cooking decreased antinutritional contents, especially oxalate in boiled aerial yam by 26.6% (Tob2857), 30.0% (Tob3059), 10.99% (Tob3086), 21.30% (Tob3694) and 25.27% (Tob3697). Also, steamed and roasted aerial yams declined by the range 9.52–60.77% (phytate), 5.44–68.36% % (alkaloid), 13.33–44.07% (tannin), and 17.53–68.35% (phenol), when compared to raw aerial yam. The DPPH activities increased significantly after all cooking processes. Roasted aerial yam had the highest (40.24–52.15%) DPPH activity, followed by boiled (33.86–51.65%) and steamed (29.13–45.42%) aerial yam. On the other hand, raw aerial yam had higher FRAP content than cooked aerial yam. Cooked aerial bulbils are reliable nutritional sources with high retention of fibre and DPPH and low sugar contents suitable for good health.

Infant food formulations based on cereals (millet, maize) and caterpillar powder (Imbrasia oyemensis): Nutritional composition and sensory evaluation

Malnutrition is a real public health problem, particularly in low-income households. Therefore, the objective of this work is to improve nutritional quality of complementary foods based on maize and millet flours intended for children during diversification period of low-income households. Thus, biochemical and phytochemical composition of ten cereal-based formulations (maize and millet) incorporated or not with Imbrasia oyemensis caterpillar powder were studied using standard and conventional methods. In addition, these formulations were subjected to a hedonic test by a panel of fifty people. It was found that incorporation of Imbrasia oyemensis powder improved contents of protein (11.97±0.03-16.4±0.03%), lipids (7.65±0.49-11.08±0.20%), ash (2.07±0.05-3.20±0.05%) and energy value (402.97±13.9- 483.63±35.71 kcal/100g) of maize (FMa0) and millet (FMi0) based flours. In addition, these formulations showed excellent contents of total polyphenols (160.19±2.80-256.16±0.00 mg/100g), flavonoids (10.95±0.07-25.64±0.15mg/100g) and tannins (109.45±0.68- 225.54±0.90 mg/100g). In addition, anti-nutritional contents such as phytates (97.24±0.08-128.60±0.08 mg/100g) and oxalates (215.81±1.67-370.65±9.29 mg/100g) are below the acceptable limit in human food. Thus, these incorporated formulations of Imbrasia oyemensis caterpillar powder were highly appreciated by panelists. Incorporation of Imbrasia oyemensis powder in maize and millet-based supplementary foods constitutes a cheaper and healthier alternative in children diet during diversification period of low-income households in Côte d'Ivoire.