Anti-inflammatory Effects Of Crude Extract Research Articles

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action (in vivo and in vitro) from the trunk barks of Cabreúva (Myrocarpus frondosus Allemao, Fabaceae)

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMyrocarpus frondosus, known as cabreúva, is a tree whose trunk barks are used in folk medicine as tea, syrup, ointments, and tinctures for the treatment of inflammation. However, there is no scientific evidence demonstrating this activity. Aim of the studyThe present investigation was focused on evaluating the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of M. frondosus, using the in vitro model of RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by LPS and the in vivo model of mouse pleurisy induced by carrageenan. Materials and methodsM. frondosus trunk barks were dried at room temperature for seven days and subjected to exhaustive maceration with ethanol (70%) to obtain its crude extract (CE). CE was subjected to UPLC-HRMS analysis to establish its chemical profile. Its antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method, reducing power by the iron (III) to iron (II) reduction assay and the β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay. The RAW 264.7 macrophages were pretreated with the CE in a non-cytotoxic concentration and induced by LPS (1 μg/mL). After 24 h, using the supernatant, we evaluated the nitric oxide (NOx) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. The anti-inflammatory effects of CE (at doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) were evaluated on leukocyte migration (total and differential), exudate concentrations, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine-deaminase (ADA) activities, NOx, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 levels, by using a murine model of neutrophilic inflammation. ResultsThe UPLC-HRMS of CE revealed the presence of isoflavonones, including biochanin A and formononetin. CE exhibited good antioxidant activity by quenching and decreasing free radicals, as well as reducing pro-oxidant metals. CE did not show cytotoxicity at a concentration below 11 μg/mL and reduced the secretion of the pro-inflammatory NOx in the inflamed macrophages. In vivo assay revealed that CE caused a pronounced inhibition on leukocyte migration, and this inhibition was due to its ability to reduce neutrophil migration. Moreover, CE was also able to reduce the release of critical pro-inflammatory mediators such as MPO, NOx, TNF-α, and IL-6. ConclusionsAll these findings indicate that M. frondosus exhibited antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect.

Anti-plasmodial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of crude and alkaloidal fraction of Terminalia glaucescens stem bark

Terminalia glaucescens (T. glaucescens) stem bark is used in ethno-medicine for the management of malaria and other diseases in Northern Nigeria. In this study, antiplasmodial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of crude and alkaloidal extracts of T. glaucescens stem bark were evaluated against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Six (6) groups of 3 mice each were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei infected blood. Groups I to V were treated orally with 250 and 500 mg/kg bw crude methanol extract of T. glaucescens stem bark, 100 mg/kgbw of alkaloidal fraction, 100 mg/kg body weight Artemisia herbal and 5 mg/kg bw chloroquine, once daily for five days. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude extract were evaluated at doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg bw. Results shows that chloroquine reduced the parasitaemia level the most (89.20 %) this was followed by Artemisia herbal standard (72.80 %) and alkaloidal extract recorded 72.07 % parasitaemia reduction. The extract caused an increase in packed cell volume and body weight of the animal. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of crude extract of T. glaucescens stem bark (800 mg/kg body weight) were 56.86 and 78.79 % respectively compared to the acetyl salicylic acid standard drug (75.68 and 95.96 %) respectively. From the study Terminalia glaucescens stem bark extract was found to possess antimalarial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, which however was lower than that of the standards used. This however, provides a scientific basis to the folkloric claim of the plant in the management of pain and similar ailments.

Enrichment and Purification of the Bioactive Flavonoids from Flower of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic Using Macroporous Resins.

Flower of Abelmoschus manihot (FAM) is clinically effective to treat chronic kidney disease (CKD) with a relatively high dosage. To improve the efficacy and the compliance of patients, macroporous resins were adopted to enrich and purify flavonoids from FAM, which are thought to be the major renal protective constituents in FAM. After screening six different kinds of macroporous resins, HPD-100 was selected for its great adsorption and desorption capacity. Then, orthogonal design tests were used to optimize parameters in the processes of impurity removal and flavonoids of FAM desorption on column chromatogram. Moreover, process scale-up was performed, and purification effects maintained after amplification. After purification, the content of seven main flavonoids in the product increased from 8.29% to 51.43%. Protective and anti-inflammatory effects of crude extract and the flavonoid component of FAM after purification were investigated on the adriamycin-damaged HK-2 cells and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells models. Both bioactivities were improved greatly after purification for these two cell models. Therefore, the purification process had enriched the main bioactive constituents with potential alleviating kidney injury activities. The flavonoid component of FAM is worthy of being developed as an improved remedy for CKD with better patients’ compliance.

Anti-inflammatory effect of crude extract and isolated compounds from Baccharis illinita DC in acute skin inflammation

Ethnopharmacologycal relevance The tea from the leaves of Baccharis illinita DC ( Asteraceae family) is commonly used by the population as anti-inflammatory (including topically), protective gastric and anti-infectious. However, no studies have been done with this species to confirm its topical anti-inflammatory action. Aim This study evaluated he topical effects of crude extract of leaves (CE) and its active constituents in 12-O-tetradecanoilforbol acetate (TPA)-induced ear oedema. Methodology CE and compounds effects were tested in commonly used models of TPA-, arachidonic acid (AA)- and capsaicin-ear oedema. Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell migration was evaluated by mieloperoxidase and analyzed histologically. Results CE (0.1–1 mg/ear) caused a dose-related inhibition of TPA-induced ear oedema and PMN influx similarly to that produced by topical application of the steroidal anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. The active constituents of the AcOEt fraction kaurenoic acid, α-spinasterol, oleanolic acid and baurenol also inhibited TPA-induced ear edema. Histological analysis of the ear of CE-treated animals confirmed the reduction of edema and of PMN infiltration. Both CE and the nosteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin inhibited the AA-induced ear oedema, but did not change capsaicin-induced oedema. Conclusion These results indicate that the CE and the active constituents have a topical anti-inflammatory effect and the possible mechanisms for the pharmacological effects are discussed.

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