Evaluation Of Anti-inflammatory Activity Research Articles

Phytochemical Identification of Methanolic Extract of Leaves Hernandia peltata Meisn and Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity In silico

Phytochemical Identification of Methanolic Extract of Leaves Hernandia peltata Meisn and Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity In silico

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the New Cardiotonic Steroid γ-Benzylidene Digoxin 8 (BD-8) in Mice

Cardiotonic steroids are known to bind to Na+/K+-ATPase and regulate several biological processes, including the immune response. The synthetic cardiotonic steroid γ-Benzylidene Digoxin 8 (BD-8) is emerging as a promising immunomodulatory molecule, although it has remained largely unexplored. Therefore, we tested the immunomodulatory potential of BD-8 both in vitro and in vivo. Hence, primary mouse macrophages were incubated with combinations of BD-8 and the pro-inflammatory fungal protein zymosan (ZYM). Nitric oxide (NO) production was determined by Griess reagent and cytokines production was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), reactive oxygen species (ROS), p-nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), and p-p38 were evaluated by flow cytometry. Macrophages exposed to BD-8 displayed reduced phagocytic activity, NO levels, and production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β induced by ZYM. Furthermore, BD-8 diminished the expression of iNOS and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, ERK, and p38. Additionally, BD-8 exhibited anti-inflammatory capacity in vivo in a carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema model. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of BD-8 and further reinforce the potential of cardiotonic steroids and their derivatives as immunomodulatory molecules.

In-Vitro evaluation of antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities in Mucuna pruriens seed extract

BackgroundMucuna pruriens var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) belonging to the family Fabaceae. Renowned for its diverse array of phytochemicals, this plant has been historically employed in the treatment of various ailments. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of the optimized M. pruriens var. utilis seed extract.MethodsThe in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of M. pruriens var. utilis ethanolic extracts was scrutinized using the Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) method. To evaluate antioxidant activity, ABTS and DPPH assays were employed. Furthermore, the antidiabetic activity was assessed through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays.ResultsIn the ethanolic extract of M. pruriens var. utilis numerous phytoconstituents were found by doing a phytochemical analysis (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, glycosides, tannins). The total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined to be 112.07 ± 1.21 mg of gallic acid equivalents GAE/g and 101.41 ± 1.08 mg of quercetin equivalents QE/g respectively. In this investigation ethanolic extract of M. pruriens var. utilis exhibited a high anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities in a dose-dependent manner. The M. pruriens var. utilis extract shows that anti-inflammatory activity 32.26 ± 3.23%, potent antioxidant effect by ABTS radical scavenging assay IC50 67.46 ± 1.45 µg/mL and DPPH radical scavenging assay IC50 63.34 ± 2.27 µg/mL and in addition, showed promising antidiabetic potential by inhibiting α-amylase IC50 33.42 ± 1.35 µg/mL and α-glucosidase IC50 28.34 ± 1.41 µg/mL.ConclusionThese findings provide additional support for the traditional medicinal use of M. pruriens var. utilis in treating inflammation, oxidative stress, and diabetes mellitus.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of a Medicinal Plant Recipe from Burkina Faso

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of a Medicinal Plant Recipe from Burkina Faso

Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial,and anti-inflammatory activities of deodorizerdistillate-derived silver nanoparticles

Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial,and anti-inflammatory activities of deodorizerdistillate-derived silver nanoparticles

Chemo-enzymatic, regioselective synthesis of dihydropyrimidinone-fused β-amino alcohols and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity evaluation

A highly regioselective and efficient method has been developed for synthesizing novel β-amino alcohols fused with dihydropyrimidin-2-one. This method utilizes the enzyme Novozyme-435 to catalyze the reaction between epoxides and various aliphatic amines in acetonitrile. Novozyme-435 outperformed other catalysts, including Porcine Pancreatic Lipase (PPL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase (PAL), and Candida rugosa lipase (CRL). This process yielded two series of β-amino alcohols (compounds 8a-h and 9a-h), whose structures were confirmed through IR, NMR (1H, 13 C), and HRMS analyses. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of these compounds were evaluated, revealing mild to moderate inhibition of TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression in primary human endothelial cells, with compounds 9a and 9c showing approximately 60% inhibition. Antioxidant activity, assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, indicated that compounds 9a, 9b, 9c, and 9 g had the superior activity than others. This study highlights the potential of these β-amino alcohols fused with dihydropyrimidin-2-one as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.

Uncovering anti-inflammatory potential of Lantana camara Linn: Network pharmacology and in vitro studies.

Lantana camara Linn contains a diverse array of metabolites that exhibit therapeutic potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of L. camara leaves, which were collected at the Ie-Seu'um geothermal area in Aceh, Indonesia, as an anti-inflammatory through network pharmacology and in vitro analysis. The ethanolic extract derived from L. camara underwent identification utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to verify chemical constituents for drug-likeness properties. The evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity included network pharmacology and a series of in vitro investigations using two methods: protein inhibition and albumin denaturation assays. The findings revealed that the extract contained a domination of terpenoids and fatty acids class, which met the evaluation criteria of drug-likeness. Network pharmacology analysis identified the top five key proteins (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, prostaglandin G/H synthase 2, epidermal growth factor receptor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, and tyrosine protein kinase-Janus kinase 2) involved in inflammation-related protein-protein interactions. Gene ontology enrichment highlighted the predominance of inflammatory responses in biological processes (BP), cytoplasm in cellular components (CC), and oxidoreductase activity in molecular functions (MF). In vitro analysis showed that the extract inhibited protein activity and protein denaturation with inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 202.27 and 223.85 ppm, respectively. Additionally, the extract had antioxidant activity with DPPH- and ABTS-scavenging IC50 values of 140 ppm and 163 ppm, respectively. Toxicological assessment by brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA), yielding a lethal concentration (LC50) value of 574 ppm (essentially non-toxic) and its prediction via ProTox 3.0 that indicated non-active in hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, mutagenicity, and cytotoxicity. These results suggested that L. camara holds noteworthy effectiveness as a potential candidate for complementary medicine in the realm of inflammatory agents, warranting further investigation in clinical settings.

Oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsions developed from essential oil extracted from wildly growing Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) Aiton F.: synthesis, characterization, stability and evaluation of anti-cancerous, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities

Calotropis gigantea essential oil is utilized in outmoded medicine, therapeutics, and the cosmetic industries. However, the extreme volatility, oxidation susceptibility, and instability of this oil restricts its application. Thus, encapsulation is a more effective method of shielding this oil from unfavorable circumstances. The creation of oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsions based on Calotropis gigantea essential oil (CEO), known as CNE (Calotropis gigantea essential oil nanoemulsions), and an assessment of its biological potential were the goals of this work. UV, fluorescence, and FT-IR methods were used for physiological characterization. Biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects. Studies on the pharmacokinetics of CNE were conducted. CNEs encapsulation efficiency was found to be 92%. The CNE nanoemulsions had a spherical shape with polydispersity index of 0.531, size of 200 nm, and a zeta potential of −35.9 mV. Even after being stored at various temperatures for 50 days, CNE nanoemulsions remained stable. Numerous tests were used to determine the antioxidant capacity of CNE, and the following IC50 values (µl/mL) were found: iron chelating assay: 18, hydroxyl radical scavenging: 37, and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity: 58. The percentage of HeLa cells that remained viable after being treated with CNE was 41% at a higher dose of 1 µl. CNE inhibited α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner, with 72% inhibition at its higher dose of 250 µL. Research on the kinetics of drugs showed that nanoemulsions showed Higuchi pattern. This research showed potential use of Calotropis gigantea oil-based nanoemulsions in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

An experimental evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Allium Cepa Linn. and Allium Ascalonicum Linn. - A comparative study

An experimental evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of Allium Cepa Linn. and Allium Ascalonicum Linn. - A comparative study

Evaluation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of hydro-alcoholic extract and solvent fractions of the leaves of Clerodendrum myricoides (Lamiaceae) in mice.

Wounds significantly affect people's quality of life and the clinical and financial burden of healthcare systems around the world. Many of the current drugs used to treat wounds have problems such as; allergies and drug resistance. Hence, the exploration of new therapeutic agents from natural origin may avert this problem. Clerodendrum myricoides have long been used to treat wounds in Ethiopia. Despite this, nothing has so far been reported about the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of C. myricoides. This study aimed to evaluate the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of C. myricoides leaves in mice. Leaves of C. myricoides were extracted using the maceration technique. The extract was formulated as 5% and 10% w/w ointments. The wound healing activity of the extract was evaluated using excision, incision, and burn wound models whereas the healing activities of solvent fractions were evaluated using the excision wound model. A carrageenan-induced paw edema model was used for the anti-inflammatory test. In the dermal toxicity test, 2000 mg/kg of 10% extract was found to be safe. In excision and burn wound models, treatment with 10% and 5% extract showed a significant (p<0.001) wound contraction. Solvent fractions of the extract significantly reduced wound contraction. A significant reduction in periods of epithelialization and favorable histopathology changes were shown by extract ointments. In incision wounds, 10% (p<0.001) and 5% (p<0.01) extracts significantly increase skin-breaking strength. After one hour of treatment, 400 mg/kg (p<0.001) and 200 mg/kg (p<0.05) showed significant reduction in paw edema. Results of this study indicate that 80% methanol extract and the solvent fraction of the leaves of C. myricoides possess wound-healing and anti-inflammatory activity and support traditional claims.

Spirothiazolidine-Derivative on Silver Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes: Evaluation of Antibacterial, Anti-Fungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Gastroprotective Activities.

This study aims to develop innovative heterocyclic nanocomposites incorporating silver nanoparticles (SNPs) for potential therapeutic applications targeting infections, gastric ulceration, inflammation, and oxidative damage. By synthesizing new derivatives of spiro-thiazolidine-carbonitrile (Py-ST-X) and incorporating them into Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), we have prepared Ag@Py-ST-X and Ag@Py-ST-X@CNT nanocomposites, respectively. The physical properties of these materials were studied using XRD, TEM, SEM, and Zeta potential techniques. In our investigation involving rats with gastric ulcers, we observed noteworthy inhibitory effects on gastric acid enzyme activity, specifically H+/K+ATPase, by Ag@Py-ST-NO2 and Ag@Py-ST-Br nanocomposites, demonstrating reductions of 25 and 34%, respectively, compared to untreated ulcers. Nanotubulation of these compounds further improved their inhibitory efficacy to 29 and 45%, respectively. Additionally, these nanoparticles showed the most potent myeloperoxidase (MPO)-inhibitory activity, demonstrating 36 and 49% inhibition, respectively, with nanotubulated versions reaching 44 and 53%. Moreover, Ag@Py-ST-NO2@CNT and Ag@Py-ST-Br@CNT nanotubes showed significant antioxidant activity, reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by 35 and 51%, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels by 49 and 71%, respectively. These therapeutic effects were confirmed by reductions in gastric surface area (GSA) by 44% and 52%, a decrease in ulcer index (UI) from 80% to 44 and 38%, and an increase in curative index (CI) from 19 to 55 and 62% following administration of Ag@Py-ST-NO2@CNT and Ag@Py-ST-Br@CNT, respectively. Histological studies support these findings, suggesting the potential of these nanocomposites as promising candidates for treating various disorders.

Formulation of Neem and Echinacea Gel for Oral Health Along With the Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, and Free Radical Scavenging Activity: An In Vitro Study.

Background Herbs have been used in medical practice for centuries and continue to play a significant role in modern complementary and alternative medicine.Phytochemicals in these herbs possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are beneficial in targetingoral health issues, such as dental plaque, gingivitis, and oral microbial infections.As research progresses, the challenge remains to translate these natural compounds into safe, effective, and accessible treatments for a wide range of diseases. Aim The aim of this research was to formulate the neem and echinacea gel along with the evaluation of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxic potential. Materials and methods The neem and echinacea gel was prepared using a concentrated powdered mixture of neem and echinacea (5 grams each) to which 100 ml of distilled water was added, and the mixture was boiled for 30 minutes at 60°C. The 10 ml concentrate was mixed with 20 ml of a carbopol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) mixture and mixed thoroughly, which resulted in neem and echinacea gel. Then, theantimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic potential, and free-radical scavenging activity of the gel were evaluated. The data obtained were statistically analyzed with the help of a paired t-test, where a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The antimicrobial assay showed that neem and echinacea gel at the concentration of 100 micrograms showed a greater zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus(3.15 ± 0.26), Streptococcus mutans (2.48 ± 0.45), Enterococcus faecalis (2.89 ± 0.15), and Candida albicans (4.28 ± 0.87). The cytotoxic test revealed that even at an 80 µg concentration of the extract,more than 70% of the nauplii were vital, which indicated that the gel was not cytotoxic.The highest anti-inflammatory activity (78.39 ± 1.82) of the gel was seen at 50 micrograms when compared with diclofenac sodium (73.16 ± 1.80). The free radical scavenging activity showed that the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) absorbance of the neem and echinacea extract was highest at 50 micrograms. Conclusion The combination of neem and echinacea extract-based gel possessed high antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity when compared with standard drugs, such as amoxicillin and diclofenac sodium. The antioxidant activity of the gel was equal to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and also the gel has a low cytotoxic potential even at its higher concentrations. Hence, the gel can be used as a natural remedy with minimal side effects, making it a valuable alternative to chemical agents.

Separation of Non-alkaloid Toxin Lignans and New Flavonoid from Himalayan Mayapple (Podophyllum Hexandrum Royle) by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography and Their Anti-inflammatory Activity Evaluation

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle (Berberidaceae) is reported from the Himalayan region and China. It is also known as the Himalayan Mayapple and is reported for the treatment of constipation, fever, jaundice, liver disorders, etc. Herein, the isolation of chemical constituents using high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) from the EtOH extract of the rhizomes of Himalayan Mayapple is reported. As a result, kaempferol 3-glucoside (1), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-3-O-ethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol 3- O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), α-peltatin(5), podophyllotoxin (6), 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin (7), 4',5'-didemethylpodophyllotoxin (8), and kaempferol (9)were separated. Compounds 6-9 were separated by the normal HSCCC while 1-5 were obtained by the offline-recycling HSCCC using HEMWat (1:9:4:6, v/v) solvent system. The pure components were tested in lipopolysaccharidesinduced mice macrophage cells. Compounds 6 and 7 showed significant inhibition. The nitric oxide production was inhibited by compounds 6 and 7, effectively, with IC50 values of 1.328 x 10-6 and 2.851 x 10-6 M, respectively. In this assay, kaempferol (9), a positive inhibitor expressively inhibited lipopolysaccharides-induced nitric oxide production.

Evaluation of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of solvent fraction of the roots of Echinops kebericho Mesfin (Asteraceae) in mice model.

The present study was aimed at investigating the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the solvent fractions of the roots ofEchinops keberichoMesfin in rodent models of pain and inflammation. Successive maceration was used as a method of extraction using solvents of increasing polarity: methanol and water. Ethyl acetate, chloroform and distilled water were used as solvents of the fraction process. Swiss albino mice models were used in acetic acid induced writhing, hot plate, carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma to assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The test groups received different doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of the three fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous). The positive control groups received ASA (150 mg/kg) for the writing test, morphine (10 mg/kg) for the hot plate method, diclofenac Na for carrageenan-induced paw edema, and dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) for granuloma, while the negative control group received distilled water. EA fraction at all test doses employed (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg) showed statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001 respectively) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in a dose-dependent manner. The AQ fraction on the other hand produced statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.012) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, while the CH fraction exhibited statistically significant (p<0.05) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity at the dose of 400 mg/kg. In general, the data obtained from the present study elucidated that the solvent fractions of the study plant possessed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities and were recommended for further investigations.

Design of a new palladium(ii) halide complex as a bio-active material: synthesis, physico-chemical studies, DFT-computations and evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-gastric damage activities.

Colorless single crystals of the zero-dimensional hybrid compound, (C6H10N2)2[PdCl6]·2H2O were acquired through the slow evaporation technique. The crystal structure was explored using SC-XRD, which demonstrates that the material crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group P1̄ of the triclinic system. The density functional theory method at the B3LYP/Lan2mb basis set level was employed to establish the optimized geometry and vibrational frequencies of the title compound. An acceptable correspondence was observed between the results obtained through calculation and the experimental data, including the structure, and IR spectra. The optical characteristics revealed a direct band gap energy of 2.35 eV, validating the semiconductor characteristics of this new material. The results suggest strong agreement with the experimental data and validate the involvement of metal orbitals in defining the HOMO-LUMO boundary. Simultaneous TGA-DTA shows that this material remains solid up to 210 °C. Beyond these temperatures, a gradual decomposition process occurs, extending up to 440 °C and unfolding in several steps. This process entails the liberation of diverse compounds, encompassing organic molecules, and the evaporation of chlorine ions, ultimately leading to the formation of palladium oxide (PdO) as the final product. When given to rats with gastric ulcers at a dose of 100 mg kg-1, these compounds inhibit the key enzyme responsible for neutrophil infiltration as myeloperoxidase (MPO) by 38.7%. The compound also alleviates cellular damage induced by free radicals, demonstrated by a notable 48.3% decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance rates (TBARS) compared to untreated rats. Additionally, these compounds bring about a substantial 30.6% reduction in the surface area of ulcers.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Catharanthus roseus Extract: A Novel Approach.

Nanotechnology enables precise manipulation of matter at the molecular level, with nanoparticles offering diverse applications in medicine and beyond. Green synthesis methods, utilizing natural sources like plant extracts, are favored for their eco-friendliness. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are recognized for their ability to combat microbes and reduce inflammation, which holds promise for biomedical applications. Catharanthus roseus, renowned for its medicinal properties, warrants further exploration in oral health management due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant attributes. The current studyaimed to synthesize Catharanthus roseus-mediated ZnO nanoparticles and to evaluate their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Catharanthus roseus powder (1 g) was dissolved in distilled water (100 ml), heated at 60°C for 15-20 minutes, and filtered to obtain 20 ml extract. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by adding 0.594 g ZnO powder to 50 ml water, mixed with plant extract, and stirred for 72 hours, and the resulting solution was centrifuged. Nanoparticles were collected and analyzed for Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using Bruker's Alpha II FTIR spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, Massachusetts, United States), antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. FTIR analysis revealed characteristic peaks indicative of functional groups present in Catharanthus roseus-mediated ZnO nanoparticles, including O-H, N-O, C-O, C=C, and C≡C-H. Anti-inflammatory activity evaluation showed inhibition ranging from 48% to 89%, with the maximum inhibition at 50 μL concentration. Similarly, antioxidant activity ranged from 62% to 88%, with the maximum inhibition also seen at 50 μL concentration. Both assays effectively showcased the superior anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the Catharanthus roseus-incorporated ZnO nanoparticles extract compared to the control. This suggests their potential as a viable therapeutic agent for further evaluation.

Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and identification of bioactive compound from the marine diatom, Odontella aurita extract

Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative stress, with its damaging effect extending to the mitochondria and plasma membrane. Further, prolonged inflammation can result in chronic disease development. The marine microdiatom Odontella aurita is recognized for its potential in food and pharmaceutical development. Moreover, it contains antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, studies regarding the efficacy of their varying extract forms and their underlying mechanisms remain scarce. Therefore, this study aims to explore the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Odontella aurita extracts obtained using various extraction methods (hot water, 70% ethanol, and chloroform:methanol (CM)). Among the three Odontella aurita extracts, the CM extract demonstrated superior efficacy in protecting RAW 264.7 cells from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity. It significantly lowered the levels of ROS and enhanced the expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, the CM extract outperformed other extracts in inhibiting LPS-induced nitric oxide production, reducing mRNA levels in nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase, and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα. Additionally, CM extract effectively suppressed the activation of NF-κB/IκBα and JAK2-STAT3 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. HPLC–UV analysis revealed a remarkable 33-fold higher fucoxanthin content in CM compared to the ethanol extract. GC–MS analysis identified elevated levels of cholest-5-en-3-ol, phytol, eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester, methyl palmitate, palmitoleic acid methyl ester, and neophytadiene in the CM extract. These findings suggest that Odontella aurita CM extract is a promising antioxidant candidate for preventing or treating inflammatory diseases, consequently emphasizing its potential for further development.Graphical

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Methanolic Seed Extracts of International Sorghum bicolor L. Resources

Sorghum is an important cereal with high value as a health food ingredient because it contains various phenolic compounds. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using 12 sorghum resources collected from various countries to explore their potential as medicinal resources. The findings revealed that, at extract concentrations of 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, cell survival rates were observed to be between 70 and 80% for most varieties, with the exception of K159081. In the analysis of anti-inflammatory activity, measured by the rate of nitric oxide (NO) production, sorghum varieties K159041 and K159081 exhibited NO production rates of 0.46 ± 0.38% and 2.58 ± 0.20%, respectively, indicating significant anti-inflammatory properties. The investigation into anti-inflammatory effects also included examining the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene, which is related to the inflammatory response triggered by LPS in macrophages. Varieties K159041, K159048, K159077, K159078, K159081, K159089, and K159096 were analyzed for this purpose. Further, an expression test of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) gene revealed values less than 0.4 in K159077, K159081, and K159089, suggesting these sorghum lines possess higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to others. Additionally, the expression analysis of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a gene identified as an inflammatory cytokine, showed that the mRNA levels in the lines K159048, K159077, K159078, K159088, K159089, K159093, and K159096 were expressed at lower levels relative to other sorghum resources, categorizing them as having high anti-inflammatory activity. Notably, the K159081 line exhibited the lowest expression level of all genes associated with inflammation, marking it as a valuable medicinal resource with potential development as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Pharmacological evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Castanopsis costata leaf fractions (water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions): the potential medicinal plants from North Sumatra, Indonesia.

Inflammation, fever, and pain can be associated with several diseases, and the synthetic drugs used in the treatment of these conditions often have severe side effects. As a result, there is a need for effective, economical, and safe alternative drugs, such as those derived from medicinal plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities of Castanopsis costata leaf fractions (CcLF), as well as its acute toxicity. For anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic tests, rats were given CcLF (WFCC, EAFcC, and n-HFCC) at 50 and 100 mg/kg, diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg), paracetamol (150 mg/kg), aspirin (100 mg/kg), and tramadol (20 mg/kg). For the antioxidant activity test, various concentrations of CcLF were used ranging from 25 to 200 μg/mL. This study also looked into whether there could be any acute toxicity and histopathology of the liver, stomach, and kidneys in experimental animals. The administration of CcLF significantly inhibited the increase in foot edema volume, and CcLF (EAFCC at 100 mg/kg) considerably decreased rectal temperature and was proportional to the standard drug paracetamol, and significantly inhibited pain sensation in various models. Additionally, CcLF showed strong antioxidant activity, and its administration at a dose limit of 5000 mg/kg/day did not show any toxic effects or death in test animals. The results of the current confirmed that CcLF has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant properties in experimental models, and is practically non-toxic.

Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticle from Crab Shells and Evaluation of ‎Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Chitosan-loaded ‎Haematostaphisbarteri Hook. f. Stembark Extract

Haematostaphis barteri Hook. f. is a tree belonging to the Family Anacardiaceae whose morphological parts have been used for decades for treating various diseases in Northern Nigeria. This study aimed to prepare chitosan nanoparticles from crab shells and evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of chitosan loaded with stembark extract from H. barteri. Phytochemical screening of extract, preparation of chitosan, and evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were carried out following standard procedures. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides while steroids, triterpenes and anthracenes were absent. The LD50 of the crude methanol extract in Wistar albino rats was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight and after 14 days of single dose oral administration. No signs of toxicity were recorded. Prepared chitosan nanoparticle loaded with extract has a yield of 26.54 %, particle size of 210 ± 1.01 nm, zeta potential of 25.4 ± 1.02 V, drug entrapment efficiency of 68.4 %, cumulative drug release of 88.24 % and swelling index of 58.14 %. The extract produced a dose-dependent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. The chitosan-loaded extract produced the highest inhibition of writhing and paw oedema diameter in the rats, which was significant (p &lt; 0.05) when compared with the normal controls and standards. In conclusion, the study showed that chitosan-loaded stembark extract from H. barteri possessed more potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities than those delivered without chitosan nanoparticles. The study further affirms the potential usefulness use of the stembark extract for the treatment of pain and inflammation.