Anti-inflammatory Activity Of Methanol Extract Research Articles

Anti-inflammatory activity of Methanolic extract and Quercetin from the leave of Carica papaya Linn (Caricaceae)

Aim of study: To isolate bioactive compound from methanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves (MECPL) and investigate their anti-inflammatory potential. Material and Methods: Soxhlet extraction of C. papaya leaves powder was performed by using methanol as a solvent. The isolation of MECPL extract was performed by using column chromatography. All fractions obtained from column chromatography were subjected to HPLC, LCMS, FTIR, 1HNMR studies to identify and confirm isolated bioactive compound. The anti-inflammatory activity of isolated compound was performed by using Carrageenan induce models. Animals (Rats) of either sex were divided into six groups (n=6) at random. Group I-II control and negative control werereceived saline and carrageenan (1% w/v in 0.9% saline) respectively. Group III-VI were treated with 10, 150, 300 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg of isolated compound, MECPL and indomethacin respectively. Result: As a result, the compounds identified in the MECPL extract by HPLC, LCMS, FTIR, 1HNMR was Quercetin. The anti-inflammatory potential of MECPL and quercetin was investigated and Quercetin showed the best anti-inflammatory activity as compared to Indomethacin (standard) and MECPL. Conclusion: The present work used to identify and confirm the phenolic compounds (quercetin) in MECPL. It was suggested that this compound could be responsible to the anti-inflammatory activity, as reported by ethnomedicinal use of this plant. Through the experimental models performed, we can conclude that the results obtained with the MECPL support its potential use for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.

A comparative study of metabolites profiles, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from three Arthrospira strains in RAW 264.7 macrophages

Arthrospira (spirulina), is a cyanobacterium endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, but strain-dependent production of bioactive compounds may impact these properties. In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, we compared the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts from two A. platensis (F&M-C256 and F&M-C260), and an A. maxima (F&M-C258) strains. F&M-C260 (5–25 μg/mL) concentration dependently inhibited LPS-induced NO release (p < 0.01) while F&M-C256 was effective only at the highest concentration (p < 0.01) and F&M-C258 had no activity. Both A. platensis strains significantly suppressed iNOS and COX-2 expression and PGE2 production, while A. maxima lacked effects. Only F&M-C260 up-regulated miR-223 expression (p < 0.001). A. maxima showed the highest inhibition of NLRP3 and IL1-β expression (p < 0.001) and IL1-β secretion (p < 0.01). All extracts displayed direct antioxidant activity and counteracted LPS-induced SOD2 overexpression without affecting HO-1 expression. Metabolites profiles, explored by HPLC-UV and HPLC-HRMS, revealed that F&M-C260 and F&M-C256 were the richest in β-cryptoxanthin and monogalactosyl monoglycerides respectively, with minor differences in zeaxanthin and β-carotene content.These results suggest that the antioxidant activity of the extracts was due to a direct reducing effect rather than to the transcriptional activation of SOD2 and HO-1 and that their differential and multitarget anti-inflammatory effects were correlated to differences in metabolites profiles.

Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract and solvent fractions of Phyllanthus discoideus stem bark

Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract and solvent fractions of Phyllanthus discoideus stem bark

Screening of Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Anti-Adipogenic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Five Selected Medicinal Plants of Nepal.

Herbal products have been widely used for the treatment of diseases throughout the ages. In this research, we investigated antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-adipogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities of methanolic extracts of five ethnomedicinally important plants; namely, Alnus nepalensis, Dryopteris sparsa, Artocarpus lacucha, Litsea monopetala, and Lyonia ovalifolia. We investigated the DPPH free radical scavenging potential, sensitivity of selected bacterial strains towards the extracts using a disc diffusion assay, anti-inflammatory activity in RAW-264.7 cells, and anti-adipogenic activity by the ORO assay in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The extract of A. nepalensis showed significant antioxidant activity (IC50=4.838 µg/mL), followed by A. lacucha, L. monopetala, and L. ovalifolia, exhibiting comparable IC50 values to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=5.063 µg/mL). Alnus nepalensis also showed good antibacterial activity in disc diffusion methods, with remarkable zones of inhibition in A. baumannii (14.66 mm) and P. mirabilis (15.50 mm) bacterial species. In addition, A. nepalensis was found to increase adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, evidenced by increased lipid deposition in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. A similar pattern of increased adipogenesis was observed on treatment with L. ovalifolia extracts. On the other hand, A. lacucha effectively reduced lipid deposition in 3T3-L1 cells at 100 µg/mL (75.18±6.42%) by inhibiting adipogenesis, showing its potential use in the management of obesity. Furthermore, A. lacucha 100 µg/mL (15.91±0.277 µM) and L. monopetala 75 µg/mL (12.52±0.05 µM) and 100 µg/mL (11.77±0.33 µM) significantly inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. Also, A. nepalensis and L. ovalifolia inhibited NO production significantly, endorsing their anti-inflammatory potential. The findings from these in-vitro studies suggest that the selected five plants possess remarkable antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-adipogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities. This study opens the door to conduct further advanced in-vivo experiments to find possible lead compounds for the development of valuable therapeutic agents for common health problems.

Pharmacognostical Standardization, Isolation of Phytoconstituents (β-sitosterol), HPTLC Analysis of Extracts of Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Roots and Evaluation of Cytotoxic, In vitro, and In vivo Anti-inflammatory Activities

Abstract: Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso belongs to the family convolvulaceae. It is an important plant in the Indian conventional system of medicine, which is extensively employed by different tribes in many countries to cure edema and painful conditions like arthritis, back pain, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, liver disorders, skin disorders, and regulation of bowel functions. The roots of O. turpethum (Linn.) were subjected to physicochemical and phytochemical standardization and chromatographic separation, which was accomplished by column chromatography, TLC, and HPTLC. Further, the acute toxicity, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of Operculina turpethum roots were estimated by in vivo and in vitro models. This study includes percentage yield of extraction and organoleptic evaluation, along with the analysis of its physicochemical investigations and preliminary phytochemical estimation. The isolation of active phytoconstituents was done by column chromatography, and the isolated compound was then exposed to TLC and HPTLC analysis. Cytotoxic activity was tested by WST-1 based cell viability assay on HepG2 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract (ME) was evaluated against inflammation occur by both in vitro and in vivo methods. The methanolic extract exhibited the presence of most of the phytoconstituents out of all the extracts. The phytoconstituent phytosterol, i.e., β-sitosterol, was isolated by column chromatography, identified, and quantified by TLC and HPTLC, which was liable for anti-inflammatory activity. The amount of β- sitosterol was estimated to be 14.09 μg in a 10.00 mg fraction of MEOT. MEOT was devoid of toxicity up to 2000 mg/kg in Wistar albino rats. It was analysed that in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of MEOT by egg albumin denaturation method exhibited an incredible decrement in turbidity and increased the percentage inhibition of albumin denaturation (60.52%) in MEOT treated group as compared with the control group. In egg albumin-induced edema in rats, MEOT at the dose of 400 mg/kg reduced the edema formation (3.03 ± 0.02) induced by egg albumin at 4th h. In cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats, MEOT at the dose of 400 mg/kg displayed maximum granuloma inhibition (51.06%), which was similar to that of indomethacin. From the obtained findings, it is confirmed that O. turpethum contains β-sitosterol, which is responsible for potent anti-inflammatory activity without causing cytotoxicity to the plant. The results suggested that ME of O. turpethum roots had a high potential for application as an anti-inflammatory agent. The recognization and confirmation of the plant can be obtained from the study and will present data that is aidful in determining the quality and purity of a crude drug which further helps in preventing its adulteration.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract of Rhus chinensis Seed: In-vitro Studies

Rhus chinensis is a dioecious shrub, found in warm temperate zone across Asia. In India it is found in Northeastern part like South Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. [16] The roots, stem, leaves and seed have various therapeutic effects on ailments like hemoptysis, jaundice, snakebites, diabetes. Phytochemical analysis of Rhus chinensis extracts revealed the presence of various biochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, amino acids, proteins and carbohydrates. These compounds have well proven remarkable anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.&#x0D; The adverse effect of oxidative stress results in many disorders such as aging, cardiovascular disorders and so on. Inflammation is yet again another problem which causes many disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and Crohn’s disease etc. This research was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of Rhus chinensis seed (Methanolic Extract). The in-vitro antioxidant activity was carried out by testing 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric chloride reducing activity. Further, effect on protein denaturation, inhibition of proteinase and Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization was carried out to screen for anti-inflammatory activity.The total phenolic content was found to be 5 mg/mL of Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and flavonoid content was found to be 335 µg/mL of Quercetin equivalent (QE). Aspirin and Diclofenac sodium were used as standard drug. All the assays showed positive results and it was concentration dependent. Thus, Rhus chinensis seed is a promising anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent with significant activity. Moreover, the use of natural products like Rhus chinensis can be highly efficient, beneficial, cost effective, safer alternative with lesser side effects. Altogether, studies on Rhus chinensis seeds have huge scope as an alternative ethno-pharmaceutical compound for inflammations.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Mitrephora sirikitiae Leaf Extract and Isolated Lignans in RAW 264.7 Cells.

Mitrephora sirikitiae Weeras., Chalermglin & R.M.K. Saunders has been reported as a rich source of lignans that contribute to biological activities and health benefits. However, cellular anti-inflammatory effects of M. sirikitiae leaves and their lignan compounds have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of M. sirikitiae leaves and their lignan constituents on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with the methanol extract of M. sirikitiae leaves and its isolated lignans, including (−)-phylligenin (2) and 3′,4-O-dimethylcedrusin (6) significantly decreased LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) productions. These inhibitory effects of the extract and isolated lignans on LPS-induced upregulation of PGE2 and NO productions were derived from the suppression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production, respectively. In addition, treatment with 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane (3) and mitrephoran (5) was able to suppress LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion and synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells. These results demonstrated that M. sirikitiae leaves and some isolated lignans exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of secretion and synthesis of PGE2, NO, and TNF-α.

Phytochemical Profiling, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effects of Seven IndianMorinda Species

Background: The fruits, leaves and roots of Morinda species are used in the treatment of inflammations, cancers, diabetes, psychiatric disorders, bacterial and viral infections. However, no study has been conducted on chemical profiling, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of leaves of seven Indian Morinda species. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of methanol extract of seven Indian Morinda species. Material and Methods: The total contents of iridoids, flavonoids, anthraquinone glycosides, triterpenoids, lignans and coumarins from methanol extract of each species were determined by using different established protocols. The anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extracts of each species was evaluated using carrageenan and CFA-induced arthritis in male Wistar albino rats. In vivo, antioxidant activity was determined by estimating the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and malondialdehyde in liver and kidney homogenates of male Wistar rats. The antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of all seven species was determined by using the microdilution method against selected microbes. Results: Different values of total contents of iridoids, flavonoids, anthraquinone glycosides, triterpenoids, lignans, and coumarins were achieved from methanol extract of leaf of M. umbellata, M. jasminoides, M. reticulata, M. parvifolia and M. persicaefolia. The potent anti-inflammatory effect was demonstrated (carrageenan-induced paw oedema model) by methanol extract of leaves of M. umbellata at 50 mg/kg dose. Similarly, M. umbellata methanol extract showed maximum antiarthritic effect against CFA-induced arthritis on the 17th day (p.o.). Maximum SOD levels in liver and kidney homogenates were increased by the methanol extract of M. persicaefolia. The catalase concentration was enhanced by the methanol extract of M. jasminoides. GSH level was raised by the methanol extract of leaves of M. umbellata, but M. royoc reduced the levels of MDA in treated animals. The methanol extract of M. parvifolia leaves displayed maximum antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae. M. persicaefolia methanol extract showed the strongest antifungal activity against P. chrysogenum. Conclusion: The methanol extract of leaves of M. jasminoides, M. reticulata, M. parvifolia, M. umbellata and M. persicaefoli showed promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects on the studied experimental models.

In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of Vitellaria paradoxa seed (shea seed)

Vitellaria paraodoxa (shea tree) is the source of shea seed from which the well-known shea butter is derived. The methanol extract of shea seed was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities using diclofenac sodium and ascorbic acid as standard respectively in in vitro methods. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by inhibition of protein denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and erythrocyte membrane stabilization of human red blood cell. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays. The results showed that methanol extract of V. paradoxa seed at different concentration protects the heat induced protein denaturation with the maximum percentage inhibition of 27% (IC50=303.0 µg/mL, p&lt;0.05) at 500µg/mL compared to the standard drug which induced maximum inhibition of 45% (IC50=261.4 µg/mL, p&lt;0.05) at 500 µg/mL and the control. The percentage inhibition of the methanol extract and standard drug in erythrocyte stabilization assay increased in a concentration dependent manner with maximum inhibitory activity of 96.9% (IC50=31.47 µg/mL, p&lt;0.05) and 95% (IC50=33.89 µg/mL, p&lt;0.05) at 2000 µg/ml respectively, which indicates that methanol extract stabilized erythrocyte membrane against hypotonic induced hemolysis in a blood sample better than the standard drug. The maximum percentage inhibition of methanol extract and standard drug in DPPH assay were found to be at 97% (IC50=8.95 µg/mL, p&lt;0.05) and 98% (IC50=6.72 µg/mL, p&lt;0.05) respectively at 100 µg/ml. The absorbance of the reductive capacities in FRAP assay indicates that the methanol extract has higher reducing potency in a concentration dependent manner. The methanol extract exhibited total antioxidant capacity of 0.25 ± 0.04 µg/(AAE/g) when compared to the standard drug 0.87 ± 0.03 µg/(AAE/g) at highest concentration of 100 µg/ml. For TBARS assay, low absorbance value indicate a high level of inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The maximum percentage inhibition of methanol extract was 97.5 % (IC50=51.79 µg/mL, p&lt;0.05) and ascorbic acid was 99% (IC50=52.30 µg/mL, p&lt;0.05) at concentration of 20 µg/ml. The assay indicates that the methanol extract has higher inhibiting potency in a reverse concentration dependent manner. In conclusion, V. paradoxa seed may possess strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities which could constitute a potential source for development of new therapy.

In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of Vitellaria paradoxa seed (shea seed)

In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of Vitellaria paradoxa seed (shea seed)

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methanol Extract of Rhus coriaria L. in Diabetic Rats

a peer-reviewed, open access online international journal which publishes original research papers. The journal welcomes submission from scholars and experts for possible publication from all over the world. The scope of the journal includes: Pharmaceutical research, chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds, biological evaluation of crude extracts, ethnomedicine, traditional and complementary medicine, ethnopharmacology, biomedical research, Biotechnology, Evaluation of natural substances of land and sea and of plants, microbes and animals, pharmacognosy, bioavailability, clinical, pharmacological, toxicological studies and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals, Isolation and characterization of compounds, structure elucidation, synthesis and experimental biosynthesis of natural Product as well as developments of methods in these areas are welcomed in the journal.

Analgesic activity and anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of plant Sida cordata in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats

India has rich heritage of use of medicinal plants in clinical practices since ancient times. Diabetes mellitus is a group of syndromes characterized by hyperglycemia, altered lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and an increased risk of vascular disease complications. More than 400 plant species have been recorded to display hypoglycemic effects, but only a few of them have been investigated. Although many drugs are available to control the diabetes but has several adverse effects. The plant Sida cordata activities have been reported such as Antibacterial, Antitumor, Antifungal, Antiulcer, Antitussive, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-malarial, Anti-oxidant, Analgesic, Antidepressant, Antihyperglycemic, Hepatoprotective in ayurvedic system of medicine. This research was conducted undertaken In order to investigate the anti-diabetic activity of methnolic extract of Sida cordata. The two dose (100 and 200 mg/kg) methnolic extract of Sida cordata used for treatment of Alloxan induced diabetic rats. The glucose level was significantly (p&lt;0.01) high in Alloxan control rats when opposed to normal control. But the level of glucose was significantly (p&lt;0.01) decreased after 7th day in diabetic rats treated with methanol extract (200 mg/kg) as compared with diabetic control rats.

Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Ficus hispida dried fruit

Background: Natural products are a valuable resource of novel bioactive metabolites and these products exist in which the anti-inflammatory activity. The present investigation studies the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Ficus hispida in rat’s model.Methods: Plant material was extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus. Indomethacin was used as a standard drug here, which is a known potent inhibitor of PG synthesis. The carrageenin and histamine induced paw oedema were selected to represent models of acute inflammations. The test compounds and standard drugs were administered orally. After 60 minutes paw oedema was induced by giving 0.1 ml of 1% Carrageenan and 0.1 % histamine by sub-plantar administration. Paw volume-Plethysmometer by mercury displacement method, before and after 1 hr to 4 hours of carrageenan and histamine administration. Performed MTT-based cytotoxicity assay of the Ficus hispida on the RAW264.7 cell line to determine the IC50 and calculate the pro-inflammatory cytokines viz, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α and compared to the LPS control.Results: The result obtained from the in-vivo study shows that the Ficus hispida has significant anti- inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner. This effect is similar to that produced by NSAIDS such as Indomethacin. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, secreted by the cells after challenging with bacterial LPS (2 µg/ml) and subsequent treatment with 50 µg Ficus hispida has been found to reduce the production of all the three pro-inflammatory cytokines viz, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α as compared to the LPS control. The activity, in fact, is comparable to the standard NSAID Indomethacin.Conclusions: All these findings and phytoconstituents present in the extract could be the possible chemicals involved in the prevention of inflammations.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of leaves and bark of Ceropegia rollae Hemadri

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of the leaves and the bark of the plant Ceropegia rollae Hemadri. The antioxidant activity of the both leaves and bark extract was studied using FRAP and DPPH method. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and phytochemical characterization were carried using known protocols. The various phytochemical components such as total phenolics and flavonoids were determined. The plant Ceropegia rollae also contains tannis and ascorbic acid. This is related to the antioxidant activity of the plant Ceropegia rollae extract. The leaves shows good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity as compared to the bark. These can be used as natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PLANT SIDA CORDATA IN CARRAGEENAN-INDUCED PAW EDEMA IN RATS

Since ancient times in India several medicinal plants are in use for clinical practices. Inflammation is a process through which the body's white blood cells and the things they make protect body from infection from outside invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. Currently many of the plant’s species have been reported effective as an Anti-inflammatory, but only a few of them have been investigated. Currently many drugs are available to control the inflammation but has several adverse effects. The plant Sida Cordata was reported to have several activities such as Antioxidant, Analgesic, Antidepressant, Antihyperglycemic, Hepatoprotective Antibacterial, Antitumor, Antifungal, Antiulcer, Antitussive, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-malarial, in ayurvedic system of medicine. This study was undertaken to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Methanolic extract of Sida Cordata. The methanolic extract of Sida Cordata used for treatment of Carrageenan-induced Rat paw Oedema model with the predefined dose as reported. The experimental groups with higher dose of methanolic extract (200 mg/kg) exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory effect after 2 hr. (p&lt;0.01); based on the observation, the activity was favorable, which is nearly equal to that of the standard drug Indomethacin (10 mg/kg). The methanol extract (200 mg/kg) shows the maximum percentage of inhibition of inflammation 27.06 %. The standard drug indomethacin shows 33 % inhibition.

In-Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy

Aim: In-Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods- The whole plant parts of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy were purchased from the local market. Whole plant materials were dried under shade and subjected to coarse powder for extraction process. Accurately weighed quantity of whole plant material was extracted using 95 % methanol by soxhlet apparatus for 72 h. Qualitative chemical tests of methanolic extracts were subjected to various chemical tests to detect various phytoconstituents. Solvent systems ethyl acetate: methanol: water (77:13:10) were found to be most satisfactory solvent system. After development of plates, they were air-dried and number of spots, color and Rf values were recorded. The % heamolysis was calculated by assuming the heamolysis produced by the control group as 100 %.&#x0D; Results: The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed that different active constituent present in different extracts such as carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, fat, oils, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins and other phenolics compounds. At a concentration of 500 µg/ml, the extract produced 71.59% protection of RBC haemolysis as compared with 72.73% produced by prednisolone. The methanolic extract of selected plant showed 39.70% inhibition. The Diclofenac sodium showed 55.88 % inhibition against denaturation of protein.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be stated that the methanolic extract has beneficial effects in long lasting in membrane stabilizing method, inhibition of protein denaturation method and proteinase model.&#x0D; Keywords: In-Vitro, Anti-inflammatory Activity, Methanolic Extract, Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy, Protein Denaturation Method

Anti-inflammatory activities of squalene compound of methanol extract of Abroma augusta L

Abroma augusta L plant traditionally was used to treat swellings, cuts, sores, and bruises. In the province of Jambi, A. augusta is used in folk medicine to treat wounds. This study aims to isolate the steroid compound from the root of A. augusta L and determine its anti-inflammatory activities. Extraction and fractionation have been done with graded maceration using solvents with different polarities, which are n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The separation was performed by column chromatography, followed by preparative thin-layer chromatography. The characterization of the isolate was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and infrared spectrophotometry, GC-MS. The anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract and isolate of A. augusta was performed in this study was designed to evaluate the dose-response relationship of the anti-inflammatory activity in rat models of chronic inflammation chromatography to obtain isolate 2.1.1 that characterize and showed maximum absorbance at 265. The result of IR showed the presence of functional groups, -C=C-H, -C=H, -CH, CH3, CH2, and –CO belongs to the steroid compound. The results of the GC-MS show that isolates contain squalene compounds with a value of m/z 410, Isolate and crude extract showed an anti-inflammatory activity that almost approached the positive control of sodium 4-chlorophenolate. It could be concluded that isolate and extract provide good anti-inflammatory activity, that promise for new drug candidate squalene-based A. augusta.

Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanolic Extract of Laurencia caspica

Introduction: Seaweeds are valuable resources for the discovery of efficient and safe drugs for pain treatment. In the present investigation, we evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of, methanolic extract of Laurencia caspica, a red algae, in mice models. Methods: The analgesic effect of methanolic extract of L. caspica was assessed by hot-plate and acetic acid-induced writhing tests in male Swiss albino mice (weight = 20-25 g). The anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of L. caspica was also evaluated by formalin-induced ear edema and xylene-induced paw edema tests. Results: The total flavonoid content of the extract was estimated as 0.0537 mg quercetin/g extract. Both first and second phases of the nociception were significantly inhibited at a dose of 120 mg/kg of methanolic extract of L. caspica. The observed anti-inflammatory effect was dose-dependent. Acetic acid-induced writhing test and hot plate test showed that the extract significantly reduced pain in all evaluated doses (15, 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg). The antinociceptive activity of the methanolic extract was significantly reduced by naloxone (4 mg/kg). Moreover, the extract significantly reduced paw edema at the dose of 120 mg/kg in all the animals. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of L. caspica exhibited central analgesic effect, as well as anti-inflammatory activity probably due to the presence of constituents like flavonoids and triterpenoids.

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Seeds

Inflammation a complex disease associated with various symptoms. These symptoms can be managed with non-steroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which lead to severe side effects on long-term use. Natural products are used as an alternative source of the discovery of new entities to be used as compounds anti-inflammatory compounds to overcome this problem. Trichosanthes diocia (T. diocia) belongs to Cucurbitaceae family. T. dioica, a dioecious perennial herbaceous vegetable, is a rich source of vitamin C and minerals. In addition to fruits, leaves and tender shoots have been used in the indigenous system of medicine. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of T. dioica seeds for scientific validation of the folklore claim of the plant The extract was evaluated at three different concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o. Significant dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity was observed, comparable with that of the standard drug indomethacin at a dose of 10 mg/kg.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Acalypha australis L. via suppression of NF-κB signaling in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and LPS-induced septic mice

We evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extracts of Chinese medicinal plants from Beijing and determined which extract was the most effective. We found the methanol extract of Acalypha australis L. (AAL) to be the most effective. AAL has been used for clearing heat, toxic material, and hemostasia in Chinese medicine. Although these uses are closely related to inflammation, the anti-inflammatory effect of AAL has not yet been described and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to identify anti-inflammatory effect of AAL and its underlying mechanism in vitro and in vivo. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay and nitric oxide (NO) was measured with Griess reagent. To confirm the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and its mRNA expression, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were performed. Further, protein expression was analyzed by western blotting. Septic shock was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (25 mg/kg) in mice. One hour before LPS injection, AAL (25 and 50 mg/kg) was administered orally. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, AAL inhibited NO production at concentrations without cytotoxicity. Additionally, AAL reduced not only inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression but the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by attenuating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-related proteins (NF-κB p65, phosphorylation of inhibitor κB-α; p-IκB-α, phosphorylation of inhibitor κB kinase-α/β; p-Ikk-α/β). Moreover, AAL enhanced the survival rate of mice through the inhibition of iNOS expression and IL-6 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production in LPS-induced septic mice. Furthermore, AAL also reduced the expression of NF-κB-related proteins. These finding suggest that AAL is related to the modulation of inflammatory reactions by blocking NF-κB activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and LPS-induced septic mice.