Screening Of Antifungal Activity Research Articles

Re-discovery of MS-347a as a fungicide candidate through a new drug discovery platform with a multidrug-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae screening system and the introduction of a global secondary metabolism regulator, laeA gene.

We found that the culture broth of fungi showed anti-fungal activity against multidrug-sensitive budding yeast. However, we could not identify the anti-fungal compound due to the small quantity. Therefore, we attempted to increase the productivity of the target compound by the introduction of a global secondary metabolism regulator, laeA to the strain, which led to the successful isolation of ten-folds greater amount of MS-347a (1) than Aspergillus sp. FKI-5362. Compound 1 was not effective against Candida albicans and the detailed anti-fungal activity of 1 remains unverified. After our anti-fungal activity screening, 1 was found to inhibit the growth of broad plant pathogenic fungal species belonging to the Ascomycota. It is noteworthy that 1 showed little insecticidal activity against silkworms, suggesting its selective biological activity against plant pathogenic fungi. Our study implies that the combination strategy of multidrug-sensitive yeast and the introduction of laeA is useful for new anti-fungal drug discovery.

Isolation of Streptomyces inhibiting multiple-phytopathogenic fungi and characterization of lucensomycin biosynthetic gene cluster

Soil microorganisms with diverse bioactive compounds such as Streptomyces are appreciated as valuable resources for the discovery of eco-friendly fungicides. This study isolated a novel Streptomyces from soil samples collected in the organic green tea fields in South Korea. The isolation process involved antifungal activity screening around 2400 culture extracts, revealing a strain designated as S. collinus Inha504 with remarkable antifungal activity against diverse phytopathogenic fungi. S. collinus Inha504 not only inhibited seven phytopathogenic fungi including Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger in bioassays and but also showed a control effect against F. oxysporum infected red pepper, strawberry, and tomato in the in vivo pot test. Genome mining of S. collinus Inha504 revealed the presence of the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in the chromosome encoding a polyene macrolide which is highly homologous to the lucensomycin (LCM), a compound known for effective in crop disease control. Through genetic confirmation and bioassays, the antifungal activity of S. collinus Inha504 was attributed to the presence of LCM BGC in the chromosome. These results could serve as an effective strategy to select novel Streptomyces strains with valuable biological activity through bioassay-based screening and identify biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for the metabolites using genome mining approach.

Isolation and identification of Actinomycetes with antifungal activity from karts ecosystem in Maros-Pangkep, Indonesia

Abstract. Rante H, Manggau MA, Alam G, Pakki E, Erviani AE, Hafidah N, Abidin HL, Ali A. 2024. Isolation and identification of Actinomycetes with antifungal activity from karts ecosystem in Maros-Pangkep, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 458-464. Actinomycetes have yielded various biologically active secondary compounds with intriguing properties like antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer effects. This research aimed to isolate, identify, and screen the antifungi from soil environmental samples collected from the karst ecosystem in Maros-Pangkep, Indonesia. The active isolate is then fermented for the production of secondary metabolites. The fermentation process uses an M1 medium under agitated conditions at 150 rpm for 12 days. The isolate Actinomycetes were identified based on sequence gen 16S rRNA. Screening of antifungal activity was carried out against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 by antagonistic test. The diffusion method was applied using the paper disc to assess the antifungal activity. The result revealed that 8 isolates were purified from the soil samples collected. From the 8 isolates of Actinomycetes obtained, two Actinomycetes exhibited antifungal activities in the screening methods, namely isolates with code B11 and B 17. The crude extract of isolate B11 was active against C. albicans and A. niger at concentrations of 2 mg/paper disc, 1.5 mg/paper disc, and 0.75 mg/paper disc. Furthermore, isolate B17 was found to be only active against C. albicans. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that B11 showed the highest similarity to Streptomyces tuirus strain NBRC 15617.

THE INFLUENCE OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS EXTRACTS ON THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF FLUCONAZOLE REGARDING C. ALBICANS AND C. TROPICALIS ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH DENTURE STOMATITS

Candida albicans is one of the most common and virulent representatives of Candida fungi which causes fungal lesions of the mucous membranes predominantly in people with compromised immune system. Candida resistance to classical antifungals such as polyenes, azoles, allylamines is a serious practical problem. Imidazole and triazole are the most commonly used antifungal agents for candidiasis today. Their mechanism of action lies in the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis which is indispensable for maintaining the structural integrity of fungal cell membranes. Activation of elimination systems is often associated with changes in the structure of fungal membranes, leading to a decrease in the supply of azoles into the fungal cell Screening of antifungal activity and synergism of antifungal activity of 166 aqueous-ethanol plant extracts with Fluconazole in relation to 2 clinical strains of Candida fungi (C.) (C. albicans and C. tropicalis) with different mechanisms of azole resistance isolated from patients with prosthetic stomatitis was conducted by means of agar diffusion method. The expressed direct antifungal activity of extracts of Calendula officinalis L. inflorescences, flowers of Limonium platyphyllum Lincz., flowers of Grataegus monogyna Jacq., roots of Potentilla repens L., the grass of Melilotus albus Medik, leaves of Peucedanum ruthenicum Bieb, leaves of Rhus coriaria L. and aerial part of Polythridum commune Hedw was determined in reference to the tested strains. Synergism of antifungal action with 1/4, 1/8 and 1/32 of Fluconazole MIC (minimal inhibiting concentration) in relation to both test strains of yeast-like Candida fungi was demonstrated by the flowers of Calendula officinalis L, aerial part of Melilotus albus Medik. The main purpose of the screening was to discriminate extracts in order to select those that would be promising for further testing by a more accurate сheckerboard titration method. The efflux mechanism of resistance to triazoles (in C. tropicalis test strain) is more susceptible to modification by biologically active compounds of medicinal plants. Regarding C. albicans test strain which combines the efflux mechanism of resistance with mutation(s) of ergosterol biosynthesis enzymes, the modifying effect of plant extracts is much less frequent and less pronounced. Therefore, it may be assumed that mutations of ergosterol biosynthesis enzymes provide high stability of the phenotypic manifestation of Candida azole resistance. Should that be the case, determining the azole resistance mechanism of Candida clinical isolates may be important for clinical practice. Combination therapy is more beneficial than monotherapy because it may provide more effective destruction or suppression of pathogens. The combined action of synergistic agents is quite easy to achieve in case of localized superficial lesions (which occur on the mucous membranes of the prosthetic bed in candidal prosthetic stomatitis): for example, using a systemic antifungal agent and a topical agent that contains a modifier of resistance of plant origin fungi. Synergistic interactions will increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs, reduce the likelihood of resistance occurrence or further development, and will reduce dose-related toxicity.

Exploration of Endophytes from Azadirachta indica for Antifungal Activity

Endophytes are the plant associated microbes that live within the living tissues of their host plants without causing any harm to them. Bioprospecting of endophytes from understudied ecosystems is a promising source for extracting novel antifungal metabolites useful for pharmaceutical/cosmetic purposes. The aim of present study was to explore endophytes for antifungal activity against Aspergillus species and Candida species. To achieve this, endophytes were isolated from Azadirachta indica leaves. Cross streak and agar overlay methods were followed for screening for antifungal activity. Secondary antifungal activity was carried out for positive antifungal isolates using agar well diffusion method. In present study, twenty four fungal endophytes and fourteen bacterial endophytes were isolated from leaves of Azadirachta indica by optimizing suitable surface sterilization protocol. Out of these six bacterial isolates were found to produce antifungal compound against Candida albicans and two isolates were found to be inhibitory towards Aspergillus species. In secondary antifungal assay, one bacterial isolate showed anticandida activity. The results of this study suggest that these endophytes producing antifungal compounds may have medicinal value. Further studies related to characterization and identification of these compounds may lead to the development of novel products beneficial to human kind.

Screening of Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils in Controlling Biocontamination of Historical Papers in Archives.

The main challenge in controlling the microbiological contamination of historical paper is finding an adequate method that includes the use of cost-effective, harmless, and non-toxic biocides whose effectiveness is maintained over time and without adverse effects on cultural heritage and human health. Therefore, this study demonstrated the possibility of using a non-invasive method of historical paper conservation based on plant essential oils (EOs) application. Evaluation of antimicrobial effects of different EOs (lemongrass, oregano, rosemary, peppermint, and eucalyptus) was conducted against Cladosporium cladosporoides, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium chrysogenum, which are commonly found on archive papers. Using a mixture of oregano, lemongrass and peppermint in ratio 1:1:1, the lower minimal inhibition concentration (0.78%) and better efficiency during a vapour test at the highest tested distance (5.5 cm) compared with individual EOs was proven. At the final step, this EOs mixture was used in the in situ conservation of historical paper samples obtained from the Archives of Vojvodina. According to the SEM imaging, the applied EOs mixture demonstrates complete efficiency in the inhibition of fungi colonization of archive papers, since fungal growth was not observed on samples, unlike the control samples.

Evaluation of the anti-Candida albicans and anti-Cryptococcus neoformans activity of the essential oils of three Moroccan medicinal plants

The results reported in this study provide new information about the antifungal activity of these medicinal plants and suggest their uses in the high incidence of fungal infections caused by Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans is due to several factors as resistance to antifungals, a fungistatic than the fungicidal effect of these drugs and the side effects of synthetic antifungals. Then, the search for new sources of molecules effective against pathogenic fungi is a major objective. In this context, the screening of antifungal activity of essential oils of three medicinal plants from Morocco (Lavandula angustifolia, Salvia officinalis, and Rosmarinus officinalis) has been carried out against C. albicans and C. neoformans, using Disk-diffusion assay and micro-dilution method. The essential oils are obtained by Hydrodistillation, the characterization of the most active essential oil was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that L. angustifolia essential oil is the only oil that showed strong fungicidal activity against C. neoformans and against C. albicans. The FTIR analysis of this oil showed the existence of several antifungal compounds, mainly linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinene-4-ol, carvacrol, and citral. S. officinalis essential oil has a fungicidal effect against C. neoformans, but a fungistatic effect against C. albicans. This activity is due to the presence of camphor, 1,8-cineole, and limonene. R. officinalis essential oil showed a fungistatic effect depending on its main chemical components, including eucalyptol, limonene, cymene, α-pinene, and camphor. The results reported in this study provide new information about the antifungal activity of these medicinal plants and suggests their uses in the extraction of active principle for the synthesis of new antifungal drugs.

Screening of Antifungal Activity of Bioactive Chemical Constituents in Some Brown Marine Macroalgae from the Red Sea, Egypt

Screening of Antifungal Activity of Bioactive Chemical Constituents in Some Brown Marine Macroalgae from the Red Sea, Egypt

Antifungal activity screening of fractions from Annona cherimola Mill. leaf extract against Fusarium oxysporum.

The antifungal effect of ethanolic extract fractions of Annona cherimola leaves against the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum was studied. The ethanolic crude extract was solvent partitioned and the ethyl acetate phase was fractionated by column or preparative thin-layer chromatography. All fractions were developed on TLC and analyzed for acetogenins (ACG) with Kedde reagent. The antifungal effect assays were carried out in vitro by the diffusion method on PDA plates. The ethanolic extract of A. cherimola leaves was highly active against F. oxysporum growth; subfractions obtained from the antifungal screening had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the F. oxysporum growth parameters. The screening showed that as the purification steps progressed, the inhibition of mycelial growth increased. Six bioactive ACG (Annomolon-B, 34-epi annomolon B, almunequin, cherimoline 1, cherimoline 2, and isocherimoline 1) were identified by LC-QTOF-MS/MS. These findings suggested that bioactive ACG from A. cherimola leaves could be an alternative resource of a promising botanical fungicide to control plant diseases caused by F. oxysporum.

Bioprospecting endophytic Diaporthe species associated with Pachystachys lutea (Acanthaceae) with antagonistic effect against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Endophytic microorganisms live inside the plant tissues symptomless. These microorganisma may present antagonistic activity against phytopathogens or produce metabolites with antifungal activity. We aimed to evaluate in vitro antagonism and competitive interactions between endophytic fungi of Diaporthe species and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We also carried out in vitro screening of antifungal activity of metabolic extracts of the two endophytes against the pathogen. The antagonism was performed by the paired-culture and two promising antagonists strains were selected for metabolic extraction from the fermented culture. Metabolic extracts were obtainment using two different organic solvents (Ethyl Acetate and Hexane) and their antifungal activity was carried out using the agar diffusion test. The in vitro antagonistic index ranged from 22.1 to 59.5%, with Diaporthe sp. PL03 (59.1%), D. schini PL40 (59.5%), D. infecunda PL63 (41.8%), D. anacardii PL64 (56.8%), with inhibition by mycelial contact. The endophytes PL01 (28.6%) and PL43 (28.5%), both D. anacardii, stood out blocking mycelial growth from a distance. In the antifungal assay, D. anacardii PL01 (31.7%) and D. schini PL40 (18.2%) acetate metabolite stood out. In summary, our results indicate a few Diaporthe endophytes able to antagonize a S. sclerotiorum pathogen under in vitro conditions.

Method for high-throughput antifungal activity screening of bacterial strain libraries

Our laboratory developed a high-throughput screen for antifungal phenotypes in which bacterial libraries in 96-well format are transferred to agar pour plates inoculated with spores of the target fungus. This method is an improvement over bacterial/fungal coculture plate methods that measure antifungal activity as inhibition of radial fungal growth.

Multiple Techno-Functional Characteristics of Leuconostoc and Their Potential in Sourdough Fermentations.

In this study, the potential of Leuconostoc as non-conventional sourdough starter cultures was investigated. A screening for antifungal activities of 99 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains revealed high suppression of bakery-relevant moulds in nine strains of Leuconostoc with activities against Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., and Cladosporium sp. Mannitol production was determined in 49 Leuconostoc strains with >30 g/L mannitol in fructose (50 g/L)-enriched MRS. Further, exopolysaccharides (EPS) production was qualitatively determined on sucrose (40 g/L)-enriched MRS agar and revealed 59 EPS positive Leuconostoc strains that harboured dextransucrase genes, as confirmed by PCR. Four multifunctional Lc. citreum strains (DCM49, DCM65, MA079, and MA113) were finally applied in lab-scale sourdough fermentations (30 °C, 24 h). Lc. citreum was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS up to 9 log CFU/g and pH dropped to 4.0 and TTA increased to 12.4. Antifungal compounds such as acetic acid, phenyllactic and hydroxyphenyllactic acids were determined up to 1.7 mg/g, 2.1 µg/g, and 1.3 µg/g, respectively, mannitol up to 8.6 mg/g, and EPS up to 0.62 g/100 g. Due to the observed multifunctionalities and the competitiveness in the natural flour microbiota present in sourdoughs, non-conventional LAB genera such as Leuconostoc seem promising for application in sourdough-based bakery products.

Rutaceae: conservation at Eka Karya Bali Botanic Garden and its in vitro antifungal activity screening

Several species of Rutaceae have been widely used and commercialized in all regions in Indonesia. Some species of Rutaceae are consumed as fresh fruit and traditional medicine for various kinds of diseases, as well as to add aroma to various Indonesian culinary. Since 1959, Eka Karya Bali Botanic Garden (Eka Karya BBG) has successfully collected dozens of Rutaceae species with unknown potential. In addition to reporting the conservation of Rutaceae in Eka Karya BBG, this study aimed to screen the antifungal activity of Rutaceae methanolic extract toward Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp., and Fusarium solani. Leaves of 13 species of Rutaceae (Boenninghausenia sp., Citrus aurantifolia, C. maxima, C. medica, Clausena sp., Melicope sp., Micromelum sp., Murraya paniculata, Toddalia sp., Zanthoxylum sp., Z. alatum, Z. limonella, and Z. ovalifolium) were collected, cleaned, air-dried, soaked in methanol for three days, then evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtain the plant crude extract. The in vitro inhibitory assay was conducted by the diffusion method. As a result, only C. medica, Clausena sp., and Z. limonella exhibited antifungal activity against those tested fungi. Their antifungal activity increased on day 2 post-treatment but slowly decreased on day 3. Thus, the result of this experiment can be used as preliminary data to researchRutaceae plant extracts as an alternative method to control pathogenic fungi. However, further research is needed to maintain and increase its inhibitory effect.

Antifungal activity screening for 32 essential oils against Rhizopus stolonifer

In order to screen out essential oils with better inhibitory effects on Rhizopus stolonifera and their appropriate concentrations, an in vitro antibacterial and drug susceptibility tests was conducted to determine the effects of 32 essential oils on the growth of grape R. stolonifera. The results showed that 1000 μl/L of clove, geranium, agilawood and lovage essential oils could completely inhibit the growth of R. stolonifera within 48 hours. Through follow-up verification, it was found that 1000 μl/L of clove, geranium and lovage essential oils had a continuous inhibitory effect on the growth of R. stolonifera, and the inhibition rate was continuing to 100% from 2 to 8 days. When the concentration was 250 μl/L, only lovage essential oil had high inhibition rate. Therefore, lovage essential oil can effectively inhibit the growth of R. Stolonifer on grape, and the appropriate concentration should not be less than 250 μL/L.

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro screening of antifungal activity of Jatropha multifida, Euphorbia hirta, Occimum gratissimum and Mitracarpus scaber leaves extract

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro screening of antifungal activity of Jatropha multifida, Euphorbia hirta, Occimum gratissimum and Mitracarpus scaber leaves extract

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro screening of antifungal activity of Jatropha multifida, Euphorbia hirta, Occimum gratissimum and Mitracarpus scaber leaves extract

The research study was to understudy the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical compounds and antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Jatropha multifida, Euphorbia hirta, Occimum gratissimum and Mitracarpus scaber leaves against 12 species of fungi. The 8 phytochemical compounds tested were saponin, phenol, tannin, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoid, alkaloid and glycoside. The antifungi sensitivity test was analysed by Kirby-bauer disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was analysed by broth tube dilution method followed by subculturing the relative samples. The plant extracts were prepared in the concentration range of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50,100 and 200 mg/ml. The antifungal sensitivity test showed that Jatropha multifida (200mg/ml) was weakly effective against Fusarium solani and resistant against others. Occimum gratissimum, Euphorbia hirta and Mitracarpus scaber at (200mg/ml) respectively was highly effective on most of the fungi species tested with zone of inhibition of 10-20mm. Jatropha multifida had MIC and MFC (&gt;200mg/ml), Occimum gratissimum had MIC and MFC (100 and &gt;100mg/ml), Euphorbia hirta (25-200 and 50 - &gt;200mg/ml) and Mitracarpus scaber had (25 - 100 and 50-200mg/ml) on most test isolates respectively. Investigations showed, Mitracarpus scaber were highly effective, followed by Euphorbia hirta, Occimum gratissimum and Jatropha multifida on the test organisms and could be attributed to the presence of phytochemical compounds and as such can be harnessed and used as a source of alternative medicine especially in the tropics like the South-eastern Nigeria.

Evaluation of selected herbs for biocontrol of Rice Blast Disease

Rice blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae is the most destructive disease of rice worldwide. It kills seedlings or plants up to the tillering stage. The most common practice controlling method is using chemical fungicide, however there are several negative impact of using synthetic chemicals to the human consumption as well as to the environment. In order to solve this problem, this study was conducted to find other alternative methods to control blast disease by using plant extracts from family Zingiberaceae which are Alpinia galangal, Curcuma longa and Zingiber officinale. Screening for antifungal activities of these plant extracts were done in vitro on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). After 7 days of treatment, result showed that crude extracts of Alpinia galangal hexane crude extract exhibited strong inhibitory against Pyricularia oryzae with the highest percentage of inhibition 52.9%, followed by Curcuma longa hexane crude extract with 49.1% and Zingiber officinale methanol crude extract with 43.5% inhibition. The antifungal activities may be due to the presence of some chemical compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, gylcosides, flavonoids and terpenes that been proved thru phytochemical test. However, further trial such as field trial is necessary to be done to evaluate the effectiveness of these extracts to control rice blast disease under field condition.

In vitro antifungal activity screening of beach-cast seaweeds collected in Yucatan, Mexico

The use of natural products in fungal disease control is an approach to reduce the negative impact of synthetic fungicides in agriculture and the environment. Although there are many alternatives, beach-cast seaweeds are a natural source of novel compounds that can be useful against fungal phytopathogens. In this study, aqueous extracts (AEs) of five species of beach-cast seaweeds, Agardhiella subulata, Bryothamnion triquetrum, Codium isthmocladum, Dictyota dichotoma, and Halymenia floresii, collected in Yucatan, Mexico, were tested against Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Pseudocercospora fijiensis by dilution assays. From these, only H. floresii AE showed antifungal activity against P. fijiensis (13.7 mg mL−1). Furthermore, the protein fraction isolated from this AE was also active against P. fijiensis at 0.625 μg mL−1. The chromatographic profile of H. floresii AE with antifungal activity showed three major peaks at retention times (tR) 1.6, 23.0, and 23.9 min, respectively. Analysis of solids in H. floresii AE after lyophilization revealed a possibly sulfated polysaccharide (carrageenan) derivative. The toxicity analysis on Artemia salina showed that this aqueous extract is safe.

Antifungal activity screening for mint and thyme essential oils against Rhizopus stolonifer and their application in postharvest preservation of strawberry and peach fruits.

With a goal to identify specific essential oils that can control postharvest Rhizopus rot on strawberry and peach fruits, we performed screening for 26 essential oils based on their antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer in vitro and investigated the underlying mechanism. Mentha spicata (Ms), Mentha piperita (Mp), Thymus vulgaris CT carvacrol (Tc) and Thymus vulgaris CT thymol (Tt) exhibited strong inhibition on R. stolonifer growth in the screening. These essential oils increased plasma membrane permeability of R. stolonifer and resulted in the outflow of intercellular electrolyte, nucleic acid, protein and soluble sugar. Morphology of R. stolonifer mycelia was greatly altered by these essential oils. Hyphae treated by these essential oils exhibited high accumulation of superoxide anion and malonaldehyde. Combination of these essential oils in commercial package reduced Rhizopus rot on strawberry and peach fruits, with Mp showing the strongest efficiency. Ms, Mp, Tc and Tt essential oils inhibited R. stolonifer growth by targeting its plasma membrane and reduced Rhizopus rot on strawberry and peach fruits. This study provides potential applications of natural plant extract, as alternatives to tradition fungicides, to control postharvest decay on fruits and vegetables.

Fungus- (Alternaria sp.) Mediated Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis, Characterization, and Screening of Antifungal Activity against Some Phytopathogens

The scientific consensus is now on developing a biocontrol agent that can cause cellular metabolic reprogramming against agricultural pathogens. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was performed by using phytopathogenic fungi (Alternaria sp.) isolated from banana cultivated soil. Alternaria sp. can grow very fast and produce high enough bioactive compounds. This study aims to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using fungal Alternaria sp.’s metabolites as a safe antifungal agent against plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium spp. and Alternaria sp.). To visualize the formation of AgNPs, analytical instruments were used, such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and elemental mapping. The UV-visible spectra showed a peak at 435 nm. Analysis of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) micrographs evidenced that the size of synthesized silver nanoparticles ranged between 3 and 10 nm. The resulting AgNPs showed distinct antifungal activity against selected plant pathogenic fungi. Synthesized AgNPs have demonstrated remarkable potential for the use of antifungal compounds to combat plant diseases.