Anti-fatigue Effects Research Articles

Microencapsulated hawthorn berry polyphenols alleviate exercise fatigue in mice by regulating AMPK signaling pathway and balancing intestinal microflora

• Hawthorn polyphenol microcapsule (HPM) extract improves thermal processing stability. • HPM reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in fatigued mice. • HPM improves substrate and energy metabolism in fatigued mice. • HPM alleviates fatigue in mice through AMPK pathway. • HPM improves diversity of intestinal flora in fatigued mice. This study prepared hawthorn polyphenol microcapsules (HPM) by microencapsulation and revealed that its potential mechanism of action in fatigued mice involves regulation of AMPK signaling pathway and balancing the intestinal microflora. Spray drying process improved thermal stability of hawthorn polyphenol. After HPM treatment, the weight-bearing swimming ability of fatigued mice was significantly improved (p < 0.05). HPM can effectively improve skeletal muscle substrate consumption and product metabolism and enhance antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Supplementation with HPM can provide energy through regulation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3Β pathway. HPM activated the AMPK pathway (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) to improve mitochondrial dysfunction and cell metabolism and inhibited the NF-κB inflammatory pathway (p < 0.05) in fatigued mice. In addition, HPM can exhibit an anti-fatigue effect by improving the diversity of gut microbial species. Therefore, HPM can be used as a potential anti-fatigue nutritional supplement in functional foods to alleviate exercise fatigue.

Synthesis and evaluation of 5-aminimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside derivatives as anti-fatigue agents

Fatigue has a negative influence on daily life and work, and serious or chronic fatigue can even cause health problems. Studies have shown that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) can exert anti-fatigue effects by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In this study, six AICAR derivatives with substitution at the hydroxyl sites of the ribose moiety were synthesized and evaluated as anti-fatigue agents. All of the derivatives were demonstrated to effectively resist fatigue in animal models. The mice treated with the optimal compound ZHM-01 showed an 8.6-fold greater exhaustion distance in the running wheel test and a 5.1-fold greater exhaustion time in the weight-loaded swimming test than those of the blank control group. ZHM-01 treatment also reduced lactic acid (LA) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) accumulation during exercise. In addition, ZHM-01 administration enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK but did not excite the central nervous system. Moreover, ZHM-01 showed good biological safety in a 21-day toxicity evaluation. This study provides a new reference for the development of treatments for fatigue-related health problems.

Effects of Apis Mellifera, Apis Cerana, and Trigona SP on 20 M Sprint Performance

This study aimed to determine the effect of three types of honey from three different honey bee species on increasing stamina and anti-fatigue effect by examining their effects on the biochemical process in the anaerobic pathway. Tests were carried out on humans who had met the specified criteria. The method used in this study was an experimental method involving 30 healthy students. The inclusion requirements consisted of males aged 18-20 years, weight 50-70 kilograms, height 160-170 cm, normal momentary blood sugar levels 140 mg/dL, VO2max 35-40 ml/kg/min, normal blood pressure, and not having severe diseases such as diabetes, asthma, kidney failure, hepatitis, as well as other serious diseases that hinder physical activity. Volunteers had also filled out informed consent stating their willingness to participate in the research to completion. The results of this study showed that there was a change between pre and post in each groups, indicating that each honey content had a significant impact on improving the participant performance. In addition, this study found changes in the three types of honey (Apis Mellifera, Apis Cerana, Trigona SP) in the participant running performance improvement. However, there was no significant difference between the three types of honey.

Euscaphic acid relieves fatigue by enhancing anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects

Background Oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in chronic fatigue. Euscaphic acid (EA) is an active compound of Eriobotrya japonica (Loquat) and has anti-oxidative effect. Methods The goal of present study is to prove whether EA could relieve fatigue through enhancing anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro/in vivo models. Results EA notably improved activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), while EA reduced levels of malondiadehyde (MDA) and inflammatory cytokines without cytotoxicity in H2O2-stimulated in myoblast cell line, C2C12 cells. EA significantly reduced levels of fatigue-causing factors such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatin kinase (CK), while EA significantly incresed levels of anti-fatigue-related factor, glycogen compared to the H2O2-stimulated C2C12 cells. In treadmill stress test (TST), EA significantly enhanced activities of SOD and CAT as well as exhaustive time and decreased levels of MDA and inflammatory cytokines. After TST, levels of free fatty acid, citrate synthase, and muscle glycogen were notably enhanced by oral administration of EA, but EA decreased levels of lactate, LDH, cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, CK, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen compared to the control group. Furthermore, in forced swimming test, EA significantly increased levels of anti-fatigue-related factors and decreased excessive accumulations of fatigue-causing factors. Conclusions Therefore, the results indicate that potent anti-fatigue effect of EA can be achieved via the improvement of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and this study will provide scientific data for EA to be developed as a novel and efficient component in anti-fatigue health functional food.

Anti-Fatigue Effects of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide and Effervescent Tablets by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Energy Metabolism in Rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-fatigue effect of natural Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) during exercise, develop a functional anti-fatigue effervescent tablet by applying LBP to practical products, and help patients who have difficulty swallowing conventional tablets or capsules. LBP was extracted with water, and DEAE-52 cellulose was used for purification. The chemical structure and monosaccharide composition of LBP by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FI-IR) and ion chromatography (IC). Lycium barbarum polysaccharide effervescent tablets (LBPT) were prepared by mixing LBP and an excipient. Animal experiments showed that LBP and LBPT significantly increased the exhaustive swimming time in rats. LBP and LBPT improved biochemical markers in rat serum, such as lactic acid and creatine kinase, enhanced the antioxidant capacity of rat muscle, and reversed the decrease in serum glucose, ATP and glycogen content caused by exercise. Transmission electron microscopy showed that LBP and LBPT increased the density of mitochondria in rat liver. In addition, molecular experiments showed that LBP and LBPT could improve oxidative stress caused by exercise by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and regulating energy metabolism via the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway.

Antifatigue effect of naringin on improving antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function and preventing muscle damage.

The aim of this study was to explore effects of naringin (Nar) on antifatigue ability; the weight-loaded and non-loading swimming tests were performed. Compared with the control group, dietary supplementation of Nar significantly prolonged the weight-loaded swimming time to exhaustion of mice (P < 0.01). Nar significantly reduced the serum lactic acid (LD) level (P < 0.05) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (P < 0.001), while increased the serum non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA) level (P < 0.001). In addition, Nar significantly increased the liver glycogen and muscle glycogen contents (P < 0.05) and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) (P < 0.01) and glucokinase (GCK) mRNA levels (P < 0.001) in liver and gastrocnemius (GAS) muscle. Furthermore, Nar significantly improved the antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial function, and muscle mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (P < 0.05), and decreased inflammation and muscle damage-related gene expression (P < 0.05). These findings suggested that Nar can improve antifatigue effect by enhancing antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function and preventing muscle damage.

The benefits of Maca (Lepidium meyenii) extract administration for male rabbits affected by environmental heat stress.

Heat stress (HS) is the most substantial environmental issue in rabbit health status impairment, which can lower productivity. Maca is a common medicinal plant with important biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, and neuroprotective effects. The present research explored the alleged protective role of Maca extract in alleviating the adverse impact of HS on rabbits. Growing V-line 6-week-old buck rabbits (N = 48) were orally administered Maca extract at levels of 0 (MAC0), 200 (MAC2), 400 (MAC4), or 600 (MAC6) mg/head twice per week. Compared to the control groups, rabbits provided Maca had better growth performance, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Liver and tests weights were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in Maca treated groups compared to the control. hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood corpuscles, platelet count, hematocrit, and lymphocytes were significantly increased in the MAC4 group compared with the control group. MAC4 treatment significantly reduced aspartate aminotransferase and malondialdehyde levels compared with other groups. Moreover, the concentrations of total bilirubin, creatinine, glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were lower (p < 0.05) in the MAC4 group than in the controls. Oral administration of Maca improved cortisol and testosterone values, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase. The MAC4 group exhibited significant improvement (p < 0.05) in sperm motility, survival, membrane functionality, concentration, and libido, with a significant decrease in abnormal sperm compared with the control group. Also, aforementioned group showed sperm cells with a normal structure and intact plasma membranes, acrosomes, and well-organised axonemal components. Histopathological screening of liver sections showed moderate to severe degenerative and necrotic changes in rabbits exposed to HS, which were alleviated with Maca oral administration. In conclusion, oral administration of Maca extract at 400 or 600 mg/head-weekly enhanced growth performance, hemato-biochemical attributes, antioxidant status, and semen quality in rabbits during the hot season.

Effects of Bushen Yiyuan recipe on testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of rats with exercise-induced low serum testosterone levels

Context Bushen Yiyuan recipe (BYR) is an effective Chinese prescription with antifatigue and antioxidation effects. Objective The effects of BYR on testosterone synthesis in rat Leydig cells with exercise-induced low serum testosterone levels (EILST) are assessed. Materials and methods Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically trained for 6 weeks to establish an EILST model. EILST rats were divided into model (physiological saline), EFE (700 mg/kg ethanol extract of Epimedii folium, the dried leaves of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim [Berberidaceae]), and BYR groups (350 and 700 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. Expression of HMG-CoA, LDL-R, SR-BI, STAR and CYP11A1 were quantified by RT qPCR and Western blots. Results Compared with the model group (115.52 ± 13.05 μg/dL; 67.83 ± 14.29; 0.32 ± 0.04; 0.33 ± 0.02; 0.38 ± 0.01), serum testosterone, testosterone/cortisol ratio, HMG-CoA, STAR and CYP11A1 relative protein expression significantly increased in low-dose BYR (210.60 ± 5.08 μg/dL; 119.38 ± 13.02; 0.47 ± 0.01; 0.46 ± 0.03; 0.46 ± 0.02), high-dose BYR (220.57 ± 14.71 μg/dL; 124.26 ± 14.79; 0.49 ± 0.02; 0.42 ± 0.03; 0.51 ± 0.02), and EFE groups (206.83 ± 5.54 μg/dL; 119.53 ± 25.04; 0.45 ± 0.02; 0.42 ± 0.02; 0.41 ± 0.02) (all p < 0.01, except for CYP11A1 in EFE group). HMG-CoA, STAR and CYP11A1 mRNA relative expression significantly increased in low-dose and high-dose BYR group compared to model group (all p < 0.01). Conclusions BYR affects endogenous cholesterol synthesis and testosterone synthesis to prevent and treat EILST levels in rats. It can improve the body’s sports ability.

KangPiLao decoction modulates cognitive and emotional disorders in rats with central fatigue through the GABA/Glu pathway.

Background: Central fatigue (CF) is a subjective sense of tiredness associated with cognitive and memory disorders, accompanied by reduced physical endurance and negative emotions, such as anxiety and depression. Disease progression and prognosis with regards to CF have been unfavorable and possibly contribute to dementia, schizophrenia, and other diseases. Additionally, effective treatments for CF are lacking. KangPiLao decoction (KPLD) has been widely applied in clinical treatment and is composed of six Chinese herbal medicines, some of which have confirmed anti-fatigue effects. While glutamic acid (Glu) is the main excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory transmitter. Both are involved in emotional, cognitive, and memory functions. This research was designed to explore how KPLD regulates cognitive and emotional disorders in rats with CF and to identify the relationship between the regulatory effect and the GABA/Glu pathway. Methods: The compounds comprising KPLD were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. The modified multiple platform method was used to induce CF. Cognitive, emotional, and fatigue states were evaluated by performing behavioral tests (Morris water maze [MWM], open-field test [OFT], and grip strength test). Histomorphology, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and RT-qPCR were performed to investigate protein and mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortexes involved in the GABA/Glu pathway. Results: Rats with CF exhibited impaired spatial cognition and increased negative emotions in the MWM and OFT. KPLD enabled the improvement of these symptoms, especially in the high-concentration group. Western blotting and RT-qPCR demonstrated that the expression of GABAARα1, GABAARγ2, GABABR1, and GAD67 in rats with CF was higher, whereas GAT-1 and NMDAR2B were lower in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. KPLD decreased the expression of GABAARα1, GABABR1, GABAARγ2, and GAD67 in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and enhanced the expression of NR2B in the prefrontal cortex. Conclusion: KPLD significantly improved cognitive and emotional disorders in rats with CF by regulating the GABA/Glu pathway. Overall, KPLD may be a promising candidate for developing a drug for treating CF.

Acupuncture ameliorates breast cancer-related fatigue by regulating the gut microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is the most common side effect of chemotherapy for breast cancer (BC). Acupuncture treatment has an anti-fatigue effect and can regulate gut microbiota disturbance in fatigue patients. Related studies have shown that the gut microbiota-gut-brain axis is closely related to the occurrence of CRF. In this study, we first investigated the alterations of acupuncture on fatigue-like behavior, gut microbiota, gut inflammation and neuroinflammation response, gut barriers, HPA axis, and serum metabolomics in CRF mice after BC chemotherapy. Then, the correlation analysis of gut microbiota and other indicators was discussed. Our results showed that acupuncture treatment could exert an anti-fatigue effect and ameliorate the gut barrier, gut inflammation, neuroinflammation, and dysfunction of the HPA axis in CRF mice after chemotherapy for BC. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that acupuncture treatment could enhance the abundance of Candidatus Arthromitus, Lactobacillus, and Clostridia_UCG-014_unclassified and decrease the abundances of Escherichia-Shigella, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, and Streptococcus. Serum metabolomics analysis showed that acupuncture treatment could regulate the differential metabolites N-methylnicotinamide, beta-glycerophosphoric acid, geranyl acetoacetate, serotonin and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, taurine and hypotaurine, and beta-alanine metabolic pathways. Correlation analysis indicated that there are certain correlations between gut microbiota and gut inflammation, neuroinflammation, gut barrier, HPA axis function and serum metabolites. In conclusion, our findings revealed that the anti-fatigue mechanism of acupuncture treatment may be closely related to the gut microbiota-gut-brain axis. This study also provided a new reference for basic and clinical research on CRF after breast cancer chemotherapy.

Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Tana Isolated from an International Weightlifter Enhances Exercise Performance and Promotes Antifatigue Effects in Mice.

Exercise causes changes in the gut microbiota, and in turn, the composition of the gut microbiota affects exercise performance. In addition, the supplementation of probiotics is one of the most direct ways to change the gut microbiota. In recent years, the development and application of human-origin probiotics has gradually attracted attention. Therefore, we obtained intestinal Lactiplantibacillus plantarum “Tana” from a gold-medal-winning weightlifter, who has taken part in various international competitions such as the World Championships and the Olympic Games, to investigate the benefits of Tana supplementation for improving exercise performance and promoting antifatigue effects in mice. A total of 40 male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided into four groups (10 mice/group): (1) vehicle (0 CFU/mice/day), (2) Tana-1× (6.15 × 107 CFU/mice/day), (3) Tana-2× (1.23 × 108 CFU /mice/day), and (4) Tana-5× (3.09 × 108 CFU/mice/day). After four weeks of Tana supplementation, we found that the grip strength, endurance exercise performance, and glycogen storage in the liver and muscle were significantly improved compared to those in the vehicle group (p < 0.05). In addition, supplementation with Tana had significant effects on fatigue-related biochemical markers; lactate, ammonia, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels and creatine kinase (CK) activity were significantly lowered (p < 0.05). We also found that the improved exercise performance and antifatigue benefits were significantly dose-dependent on increasing doses of Tana supplementation (p < 0.05), which increased the abundance and ratio of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Taken together, Tana supplementation for four weeks was effective in improving the gut microbiota, thereby enhancing exercise performance, and had antifatigue effects. Furthermore, supplementation did not cause any physiological or histopathological damage.

Mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion in treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome from perspective of intestinal flora

Intestinal flora dysbiosis may play an important role in the occurrence and development of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), which may induce the inflammatory response and metabolic disturbance of patients with CFS. Acupuncture and moxibustion may achieve anti-fatigue effect by affecting the diversity and quantity of intestinal flora, improving intestinal barrier function, and regulating brain-gut peptides.

The prebiotic and anti-fatigue effects of hyaluronan

Hyaluronan (HA) is a mucopolysaccharide that naturally exists in all living organisms as the main component of the extracellular matrix. Over the last 30 years, HA has been used as the main ingredient in cosmetic products, eye drops, and medicinal products. It is also taken orally as a health supplement. However, the physiological effect of the ingested HA is not clear. In the current study, the interaction between HA and gut microbiota, and the potential prebiotic effects were investigated. HA was used to treat the C57BL/6 mice for 15 consecutive days, then fecal genomic DNA was extracted from fecal samples for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The results showed that HA could significantly change the composition of gut microbiota (GM), e.g., increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria and xylan/cellulose-degrading bacteria, whereas decreased the relative abundance of potential pathogens including sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), inflammation and cancer-related bacteria. The rotarod test was used to evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of HA in C57BL/6 mice. The results showed that HA could lengthen the mice's retention time on the accelerating rotarod. HA increased the concentration of glycogen and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mice's muscle and liver, whereas decreased the serum concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, the metabolic products of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (MPDV), the model SRB bacteria, showed cytotoxic effects on H9c2 cardiomyocytes in a dosage-dependent manner. MPDV also caused mitochondrial damage by inducing mitochondrial fragmentation, depolarization, and powerless ATP production. Taken together, we show that HA possesses significant prebiotic and anti-fatigue effects in C57BL/6 mice.

Effects of Sports Drinks on Weight Loss Control and Lipid Metabolism in Overweight Students

In order to explore how sports drinks can achieve weight loss control and lipid metabolism in college students, the author proposes an experiment based on weight loss control and lipid metabolism in college students. This experiment recommends key technical problems and solutions based on information represented by college students’ weight loss control, a study exploring how sports drinks can achieve weight loss control in college students. Research has shown that Jupu sports drink is more suitable than 87% of sports drinks on the market for college students to lose weight. Sports drinks have a positive effect on maintaining a high blood sugar level during exercise and have a certain antifatigue effect in mass fitness. Jupu sports drink not only has the effect of other sports drinks but also has a certain effect on weight loss control.

Integrated network pharmacology and hepatic metabolomics to reveal the mechanism of Acanthopanax senticosus against major depressive disorder.

Objective: Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms (ASH) is a traditional herbal medicine widely known for its antifatigue and antistress effects, as well as tonifying qi, invigorating spleen and kidney, and tranquilizing the mind. Recent evidence suggests that ASH has a therapeutic effect on major depressive disorder (MDD), but its mechanism is still unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of ASH on MDD and potential therapeutic mechanisms. Materials and Methods: The chemical compound potential target network was predicted based on network pharmacology. Simultaneously, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model mice were orally administrated ASH with three dosages (400, 200, and 100 mg/kg) for 6 weeks, and hepatic metabolomics based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was carried out to identify differential metabolites and related metabolic pathways. Next, the integrated analysis of metabolomics and network pharmacology was applied to find the key target. Finally, molecular docking technology was employed to define the combination of the key target and the corresponding compounds. Results: A total of 13 metabolites and four related metabolic pathways were found in metabolomics analysis. From the combined analysis of network pharmacology and metabolomics, six targets (DAO, MAOA, MAOB, GAA, HK1, and PYGM) are the overlapping targets and two metabolic pathways (glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism) are the most related pathways. Finally, DAO, MAOA, MAOB, GAA, HK1, and PYGM were verified bounding well to their corresponding compounds including isofraxidin, eleutheroside B1, eleutheroside C, quercetin, kaempferol, and acacetin. Conclusion: Based on these results, it was implied that the potential mechanism of ASH on MDD was related to the regulation of metabolism of several excitatory amino acids and carbohydrates, as well as the expression of DAO, MAOA, MAOB, GAA, HK1, and PYGM.

Anti-fatigue potential of Pinus koraiensis leaf extract in an acute exercise-treated mouse model

Pinus koraiensis leaf (PKL) extract exerts antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects; however, its anti-fatigue properties have not been elucidated to date. In this study, the anti-fatigue properties of PKL were evaluated by assessing the endurance of mice by a weight-loaded forced swimming (WLFS) and rotarod (RR) tests. Subsequently, various behavioral, biochemical, and physiological parameters were measured. Treatment with PKL decreased hepatic and muscular glycogen levels in mice subjected to WLFS and RR test compared to those in acute exercise-treated (AET) mice. Additionally, plasma levels of stress-related biochemical factors (lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and blood urea nitrogen) decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase increased. Furthermore, PKL potentially improved mental fatigue by decreasing corticosterone and increasing serotonin levels. PKL increased the expression of phosphorylated cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate response element-binding protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus. Collectively, the anti-fatigue effects of PKL could be explained by its antioxidant activity, mediating effects on glycogen synthesis, and control over stress. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that PKL is a potential nutraceutical for improving exercise performance and alleviating fatigue.

Effects of salidroside on exercise tolerance of mice under high altitude hypoxia environment.

To investigate the effect of salidroside on the exercise tolerance of mice under high altitude hypoxia environment. C57BL/6J healthy male mice were randomly divided into normoxia control group, model control group, Rhodiola rosea capsule group and salidroside low-dose (5 mg/kg), medium-dose (10 mg/kg) and high-dose (20 mg/kg) groups, with 15 mice in each group. After 3 days, all groups (except the normoxia control group) entered a plateau with an altitude of 4010 m. After 1 day of hypoxia exposure, the exhausted swimming test was performed to determine the exhaustive time of mice; the pathological changes of liver and muscle tissue were observed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2), glutathione (GSH), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glycogen, lactate and ATPase were measured and compared among groups. Compared with the normoxia control group, the exhaustive swimming time of the model control group was shortened ( P<0.05), the liver tissue and muscle tissue were pathologically damaged, the level of oxidative stress was significantly increased, the levels of sodium potassium ATPase and calcium magnesium ATPase were significantly increased. Compared with the model control group, the exhaustive swimming time of the mice in the Rhodiola rosea capsule group and salidroside groups was significantly prolonged ( P<0.05). The oxidative stress injury was alleviated, the contents of MDA, H 2O 2 and lactic acid in liver and muscle tissues decreased, the contents of GSH, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen increased, and the activities of T-SOD and ATPase increased (all P<0.05). Salidroside has significant anti-fatigue activity, and its anti-fatigue effect is related to the reduction of oxidative stress damage, the reduction of the accumulation of undesirable metabolites and the increase in the reserve of energy substances.

Acidic polysaccharides of Mountain Cultivated Ginseng: The potential source of anti-fatigue nutrients

• MCGAPs is a potential anti-fatigue nutrient. • MCGAPs can eliminate the excessive accumulation of metabolites. • MCGAPs can relieve oxidative stress damage. • MCGAPs can modify the kinetics of energy substrates mobilization. • MCGAPs relieved fatigue by regulating AMPK axis signaling pathway. Ginseng is usually considered as a functional food and herbal medicine, and it has anti-fatigue activity, which is of great attention and expectation. Based on the comparison of Mountain Cultivated Ginseng (MCG) with Cultivated Ginseng (CG), this study aimed to explore the material basis and mechanism of Ginseng in anti-fatigue effects. The results showed that the Mountain Cultivated Ginseng acidic polysaccharides (MCGAPs) had obvious advantages, which significantly prolonged the fatigue tolerance time, alleviated the accumulation of BLA, LDH, BUN and MDA, increased the activities of SOD, CAT and CK, regulated glycolysis and alleviated muscle fiber contraction. It also significantly upregulated the expression of AMPK axis related proteins in mice muscle. Preliminary results exhibited the anti-fatigue effect of MCG was significantly better than CG, which was mainly due to the difference of acidic polysaccharide. The findings supported the potential of MCGAPs to be used as a functional ingredient for anti-fatigue.

Spore Powder of Paecilomyces hepiali Shapes Gut Microbiota to Relieve Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice.

Paecilomyces hepiali, a fungal strain isolated from natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis, contains similar pharmacologically active components, has been used widely as a substitute of O. sinensis in functional food and medicine. However, the components and anti-fatigue effects of P.hepiali spores and their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Here, we compared the chemical composition in P.hepiali spore (HPS) and mycelium (HPM) by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. We found 85 metabolites with significant differences, and HPS contains more L-Malic acid, Oxalacetic acid, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and L-Arginine than HPM. Then we evaluated their anti-fatigue effects and regulatory effects on the gut microbiota in mice. The forced swimming time (SW) was only significantly increased in HPS groups: the high and low dose of the HPS group was 101% and 72% longer than the control group, respectively. Both HPS and HPM treatment decreased lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatine kinase while increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the blood. Moreover, mice treated with HPS and HPM showed less skeletal muscle fiber spacing and breakage. The relative abundance of Alistips, Eubacterium, Bacterium, Parasutterella, and Olsenella in the gut microbiota of the HPS group was higher than that in the HPM group through 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. These changes may be related to the regulation of nucleotide, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Correlation analysis between the gut microbiota and fatigue-related indicators suggested that Alistips, Clostridium, Akkermansia, Olsenella, and Lactobacillus were positively correlated with the SW and LDH content. Our findings demonstrated that HPS has beneficial anti-fatigue effects by regulating gut microbiota.

Anti-oxidant and anti-fatigue properties of polysaccharides from black soybean hull

ABSTRACT Black soybean hull, as main by-production in black bean processing, has significant biological activity. In this study, the polysaccharide from black soybean hull (BSPS-H) was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis, the yield was 5.3%, and its chemical composition and structural composition were further studied. The results shown that BSPS-H was mainly composed of Mannose, Galactose, and Glucose (molar ratio = 48.1: 29.7: 15.8), and might be existed in the form of pyran ring in α/β-linkage type. The anti-oxidant activity shown that BSPS-H had a certain capacity of anti-oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. Among them, it has the best scavenging effect on DPPH free radicals. When the polysaccharide concentration was 10 mg/ml, the scavenging rate reached 94.37%. The results of anti-fatigue effect indicated that BSPS-H could prolong the duration of exhaustive swimming in mice, increased the contents of liver glycogen, reduced the content of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), enhanced the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reduced the accumulation of lactic acid (LA). This study provides a fundamental basis for the development and use of BSPS-H in medicine and functional foods.