Antidiabetic Potential Research Articles

In Vitro Evaluation, Chemical Profiling, and In Silico ADMET Prediction of the Pharmacological Activities of Artemisia absinthium Root Extract

Artemisia absinthium L., is a plant with established pharmacological properties, but the A. absinthium root extract (AARE) remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to examine the chemical composition of AARE and assess its biological activity, which included antidiabetic, antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. GC-MS was used to analyze the chemical components. The antioxidant activity of the total phenolic and flavonoid content was evaluated. Antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effects were identified. Enzyme inhibition experiments were performed to determine its antidiabetic potential. Molecular docking was utilized to evaluate the potential antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of the compounds from AARE using Maestro 11.5 from the Schrödinger suite. AARE exhibited moderate antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC50: 172.41 ± 3.15 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50: 378.94 ± 2.18 μg/mL) assays. Cytotoxicity tests on MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells demonstrated significant anticancer effects, with IC50 values of 150.12 ± 0.74 μg/mL and 137.11 ± 1.33 μg/mL, respectively. Apoptotic studies indicated an upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes (caspase-3, 8, 9, Bax) and a downregulation of anti-apoptotic markers (Bcl-2 and Bcl-Xl). AARE also inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase, suggesting potential antidiabetic effects, with IC50 values of 224.12 ± 1.17 μg/mL and 243.35 ± 1.51 μg/mL. Antibacterial assays revealed strong activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Molecular docking and pharmacokinetic analysis identified promising inhibitory effects of key AARE compounds on NADPH oxidase, E. coli Gyrase B, and Topoisomerase IIα, with favorable drug-like properties. These findings suggest AARE’s potential in treating cancer, diabetes, and bacterial infections, warranting further in vivo and clinical studies.

Antidiabetic Potential of Black Elderberry Cultivars Flower Extracts: Phytochemical Profile and Enzyme Inhibition

Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) flowers are rich in polyphenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid and quercetin derivatives, which are known for their health benefits, particularly their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions using the Box–Behnken model to maximize polyphenol yields from different elderberry flower cultivars and to evaluate their potential for antidiabetic action. The extracts were analyzed for their phytochemical content and assessed for enzyme inhibition, specifically targeting enzymes critical in carbohydrate digestion and glucose regulation. The anti-inflammatory activity was also assessed. Results indicated that the Black Beauty, Obelisk, and Haschberg cultivars demonstrated significant inhibition of α-glucosidase, with a high inhibitory potential against α-amylase enzymes for the Obelisk cultivar. Additionally, high chlorogenic acid content was strongly correlated with enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity, suggesting its substantial role in glucose regulation. This study underscores the potential of elderberry flower extracts, particularly those rich in chlorogenic acid, as natural agents for managing blood glucose levels, warranting further exploration of their use in antidiabetic applications.

Phenolic and volatile compounds, total protein content, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of leaves of Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae)

Background and Aims: Information on the chemical composition and biological activities of Palicourea padifolia is scarce. This study aimed to 1) measure the total content of nutrients, macroelements, proteins, and secondary metabolites, 2) conduct metabolomic analyses on phenolic and volatile compounds, and 3) assess the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities from the leaves of this species. Methods: The total content of nutrients and macroelements was determined by spectroscopic, spectrometric, and spectrophotometric approaches. The total content of alkaloids, terpenes, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and proteins was determined by spectrophotometric approaches. Volatile and phenolic compounds were identified by gas and liquid chromatography, respectively, coupled to mass spectrometers. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, and the antidiabetic potential was determined by the inhibition of α-glucosidase. Key results: The leaves of P. padifolia were rich in Ca, Na, and Mg and exhibited a low protein content. The leaf methanolic extract (LME) contained high levels of alkaloids, phenols, and terpenes, while flavonoids were present at low concentrations. The major phenolic compounds identified were chlorogenic acid, scopoletin, trans-cinnamic acid, and (-)-epicatechin. In addition, a leaf petroleum ether extract (LPE) contained mainly phytol, palmitic acid, (Z)-7-tetradecenal, octadecanoic acid and linoleic acid. The leaves exhibited a high antioxidant capacity, inhibiting DPPH and ABTS radicals, and the LME showed low inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme. Conclusions: Palicourea padifolia leaves had a rich composition of cations such as Ca, Na, and Mg. In addition, the LME contained alkaloids, terpenes, lipids, and phenolics, which support the potent antioxidant capacity. In contrast, the LME exhibited a low inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme.

Daniellia oliveri as a type 2 diabetes remedy: evidence from in-silico evaluation

ABSTRACT The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing, and well-known conventional medications are associated with harmful effects. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the compounds present in the young leaves of Daniellia oliveri and assess their antidiabetic potential using an in-silico model. The best column chromatographic fraction obtained from ethyl acetate fraction was analyzed using HRLC-MS to identify the prominent compounds. The identified compounds were subjected to ADMET prediction using online servers to confirm their draggability. In addition, the compounds were screened for activity against type 2 diabetes using molecular docking. Eight compounds with prominent peaks were identified, viz; gallic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, 2,5-dimethylphenol, 3-(−4-Hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, and 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Most of the identified compounds were phenolics and had little toxic effects. The molecular docking results revealed the potentials of the identified compounds in inhibiting the therapeutic targets viz; 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, human salivary alpha-amylase, glycogen phosphorylase, human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, human sirtuin 6, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV, responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes. This study has successfully revalidated and provided scientific insight into the usage of D. oliveri in managing type 2 diabetes by Nigerians. However, the limitation of this study remains the purification of the lead compounds that can serve as lead for type 2 diabetes treatment in conventional medicinal practices.

Composition, Anti-Diabetic, and Antioxidant Potential of Raphanus sativus Leaves

Limiting and/or slowing down the starch digestion process and consequently the release of glucose can be an important strategy for the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the current in vitro study was to assess the anti-diabetic and antioxidant potential of red radish leaves of the Carmen, Jutrzenka, Saxa, and Warta cultivars. In the context of anti-diabetic activity, the effect of leaves on potato starch digestion and free glucose binding, as well as inhibitory effects of leaf extracts against α-amylase and α-glucosidase and non-enzymatic glycation (AGEs) were determined. The basic chemical composition, quantitative composition of phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity of leaves were also estimated. This study showed that all radish leaves inhibited the breakdown of potato starch and showed their ability to bind glucose. This activity was correlated with the content of hydroxycinnamic acids, protein and dietary fiber while flavones was probably responsible for glucose binding. Leaf extracts inhibited α-glucosidase activity and formation of AGEs but were practically inactive towards α-amylase. Inhibition of α-glucosidase activity was related to the content of proanthocyanidins and inhibition of AGEs formation to flavonols. These results point to radish leaves, especially the Warta and Jutrzenka cultivars, as a potential natural remedy for treating T2D.

Rapid Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from some Egyptian seaweed: Characterization and Antidiabetic Potential

Rapid Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from some Egyptian seaweed: Characterization and Antidiabetic Potential

Insight into the Nutraceutical Potential of Garcinia Species

Background:: A wide variety of Garcinia species have been used over decades, as traditional home remedies starting from their use in flavored food to the treatment of various ailments. The presence of the essential primary and secondary metabolite with curative properties in Garcinia has enhanced its value in the therapeutic world. These have captivated the use of Garcinia in expanding nutritional values and adding extra health benefits. Hereby, observing the potential of different Garcinia species for their use as nutraceuticals. Objective:: The present-day lifestyle and current health trends are the reasons why the public has accumulated a lot of interest in the nutraceutical food market. Traditionally the various remedies used from plants, fruits, and fruit extracts used in the cure of multiple ailments since antiquity have now made their way into pharmaceutical nutraceuticals. The fruits of Garcinia species have many culinary, nutritional, and pharmaceutical uses. Therefore, the paper aims to focus on the different Garcinia species having nutritional potential along with various therapeutic properties. Methods:: Studies of different Garcinia species are reviewed, with a focus on their nutritional and medicinal actions on ailments that are the reason for today's lifestyles and current health trends. Results:: Different varieties of Garcinia species are found to have various potential primary and secondary metabolites which have curative properties like anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, and anti-bacterial potential. Conclusion:: The natural occurrences of the plant product with nutraceutical value have boosted the quality of life. The Garcinia species containing the essential primary and secondary constituents are accountable for numerous biological activities. Many of the Garcinia species are marketed these days for a better and healthy life. Thus, Garcinia could be used as a nutraceutical to alleviate several disease conditions.

In Vitro and in-silico Anti-diabetic Evaluation of the Combination of Annona squamosa Linn., Leaf Extract and Oleanolic Acid

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder caused by insufficient insulin production from pancreatic β-cells or insulin resistance; its prevalence rapidly increases worldwide. Increasing reports indicate that most plant bioactive agents exhibited alternative and safe effects in managing DM. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic efficacy of the combination of Annona squamosa Linn. (AS) leaf extract and Oleanolic acid (OA) using in vitro and in-silico approaches. Methods: The leaf of AS was extracted by soxhlet extraction using n-hexane and methanol. The methanol extract of AS (MEAS) was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Quantification of total phenolic and flavonoid content and OA were carried out by HPLC and HPTLC analysis, respectively. In vitro antioxidant (DPPH, NO, and H2O2) and anti-diabetic (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) potentials of MEAS, OA, and a combination of MEAS and OA (MEAS + OA) were studied at different concentrations using ascorbic acid and acarbose as standard, respectively. An in-silico study determined their binding interactions with α-amylase (PDB ID-1B2Y) and α-glucosidase (PDB ID-3W37). Conclusion: We found that the combination of MEAS + OA exhibited the highest in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities compared to MEAS and OA. It concluded that OA has a significant role in potentiating the anti-diabetic effect of A. squamosa. Results: GC-MS analysis of MEAS revealed three major bioactives like bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4- ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-,[1R-(1R*,4Z,9S*)]-, germacrene D and undecane. The highest amount of phenolic (tannic acid and gallic acid) (150 μg/ml) and flavonoid (rutin and quercetin) (40 μg/ml) compounds were found in MEAS. OA was quantified as 356.74 ng/ml in MEAS by HPTLC. The significant inhibitory effects of MEAS, OA, and (MEAS + OA) on free radicals and α-amylase and α-glucosidase were observed concentration-dependent. However, MEAS + OA exhibited a greater percentage of inhibition than MEAS and OA alone. The in-silico analysis revealed highest docking-score of OA (-9.8 & -8.8), Germacrene D (-7.5 & -6.5) and Bicyclo[ 7.2.0]undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-,[1R-(1R*,4Z,9S*)]-, (-7.0 & -6.4) against IB2Y and 3W37 proteins, respectively.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of Gliptin-based Hybrid Scaffolds.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors are promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of a catastrophic disease, especially diabetes mellitus (DM), which contributed to a massive rate of mortality. This research work succinctly covers the significance and vital role of gliptins in diabetes management and in the potential areas of further antidiabetic research, making it a strong drug candidate for antidiabetic drug development. We illustrated herein molecular docking, synthesis, and biological evaluation of selected potent synthesized molecules. Additionally, all the potent compounds were characterized by means of MASS and NMR spectral analysis, whereas the purity of these molecules were assessed by HPLC method. In order to determine the efficacy and cytotoxicity of synthesized gliptin-based scaffolds, in-vitro anti-oxidant and MTT assays with the implantation of DPPH and THP-1 cell lines, respectively, were performed. The results data disclose the anti-oxidant and biosafety potential of the newly schemed compounds. Based on in-vitro screening outcomes, only a derivative that exhibited potent efficacy was selected and subjected to an in-vivo study. Among them, compounds 6 and 12 are the most potent ones, which exhibited % radical scavenge of 89.38 % and 91.58 % related to standard ascorbic acid (91.58 %). Surprisingly, these compounds also exhibited excellent anti-diabetic efficacy at a dose of 4 mg/kg in an in-vivo animal model. In conclusion, all studies suggested that the titled molecules could be promising lead compounds for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

A Mechanism-based Perspective on the Use of Flavonoids in the Treatment of Diabetes and its Complications.

Diabetes is a chronic, irreversible, non-infectious metabolic syndrome associated with low insulin production by the pancreas or due to insulin resistance. The management landscape for diabetes is swiftly evolving due to ongoing advancements. Conventional treatment approaches have struggled to fully address the root causes of the disease while also carrying significant risks of adverse effects. Flavonoids are an extensive class of phytonutrients present in grains, vegetables, fruits, cocoa, tea, wine, and nuts. Many studies have reported that flavonoids have shown diversified pharmacological activity in recent years. Thus, this review will give you an overview of the significant anti-diabetic potential of promising flavonoids. Various search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and WoS have been explored by using the keywords "apigenin," "luteolin," "naringenin," "hesperidin," "kaempferol," "quercetin," "myricetin" and "taxifolin" with "anti-diabetic." The anti-diabetic activity of flavonoids is attributed to various mechanisms, including α glucosidase, α-amylase inhibitory effects, GLUT4 expression, antioxidant, and apoptosis. However, their inadequate biopharmaceutical qualities make their effectiveness in clinical translation constrained. This review aims to highlight plant-derived flavonoids through in-vitro, in- -vivo, and clinical insights. Additionally, the review highlights the recent advancement in the drug delivery system in diabetes to overcome the limitation of flavonoids.

Molecular modeling and synthesis of novel benzimidazole-derived thiazolidinone bearing chalcone derivatives: a promising approach to develop potential anti-diabetic agents.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder which is raised at the alarming level and it is characterized by the hyperglycemia results from the impaired action of insulin, production of insulin or both of these simultaneously. Consequently, it causes problems or failure of different body organs such as kidneys, heart, eyes, nerve system. Since this disease cannot be completely cured until now, we aimed to design series of enzymes inhibitors and tested them for DM treatment. In this series, benzimidazole-based thiazolidinone bearing chalcone derivatives completed in a four step reaction and their structures were confirmed through various spectroscopic techniques. A significant efficacy on antidiabetic enzymes was observed, with IC50 values ranging from 25.05±0.04 to 56.08±0.07 μM for α-amylase and 22.07±0.02 to 53.06±0.07 μM for α-glucosidase. The obtained results were compared to those of the standard glimepiride drug (IC50=18.05±0.07 µM for α-amylase and IC50=15.02±0 .03 µM for α-glucosidase). The synthesized compounds showed promising antidiabetic potency. Moreover, a molecular docking study was conducted on the most active analogs of the compounds to better understand their interactions with the active sites of the targeted enzymes.

Technological processing of Phaseolus vulgaris and Morus alba leaves to create a new nutritional food product for individuals with diabetes

Nutritionists found beans still rarely consumed in Western diet, despite its high nutritional value was proven and recommended by authorities. The study aimed to propose a simple and effective way of manufacturing a new common bean-based product targeted to diabetics. The key components, including important protein (common beans) and antidiabetic (white mulberry) sources, were carefully selected due to their proven properties. The formulated product underwent extensive analysis: composition, sensory and structure attributes, antioxidant and anti-enzymatic activity showing its antidiabetic potential. Additionally, the proposed label information was presented. The results demonstrate that the proposed blend of ingredients yields a product of exceptional nutritional value, with significant levels of both soluble and insoluble dietary fibers (36.66–48.49%) and proteins (21.22–18.25%). Furthermore, the product exhibits notable antiradical and anti-enzymatic properties. Through precise control of ingredient proportions, conventional raw materials can be fortified with a diverse array of plant-based sources renowned for their health benefits, while maintaining a palatable taste for consumers. The designed product, a savory snack with added bioactive compounds, represents an interesting option for consumers, holding promise as a potential dietary option with low glycemic index (40) for diabetics (anti-glucosidase activity ranged 66.72–70.66%). This study emphasizes the potential of plant-protein-rich foods in offering health-promoting benefits and further supports the use of common beans and natural antidiabetic agents in developing innovative food products.

Antidiabetic potential of four species of Termitomyces mushrooms from Nepal

People use mushrooms to treat diabetes mellitus. We studied the antidiabetic potential of four Termitomyces mushrooms using porcine pancreatic α-amylase inhibitory activity and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Methanolic extracts of all Termitomyces mushrooms were effective in inhibiting α-amylase activity. T. striatus forma ochraceus showed the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity of 61.4% (200 g/ml). When we administered intraperitoneal doses of Termitomyces extracts (250 and 500 mg/kg) to alloxan-induced diabetes mice (30–35 g), we observed a weight loss in diabetic control mice compared to diabetic mice. At the end of the 15 days, diabetic control mice lost more weight with the administration dose of 500 mg/kg than that of 250 mg/kg Termitomyces extracts. Monitoring blood glucose levels for 15 days revealed that 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels compared to 250 mg/kg. In conclusion, Termitomyces species were effective in decreasing α-amylase activity and reducing blood sugar levels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.

Valorization of Bioactive Compounds from Lingonberry Pomace and Grape Pomace with Antidiabetic Potential.

In recent years, increased attention has been paid to the recovery of bioactive compounds from waste and by-products resulting from the agro-industrial sector and their valorization into new products, which can be used in the health, food, or agricultural industry, as innovative and sustainable approaches to waste management. In this work, two of these by-products resulting from the fruit-processing industry were used for the recovery of bioactive compounds (polyphenols), namely lingonberry pomace (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) and grape pomace (Vitis vinifera). Two green extraction techniques were employed to obtain hydroalcoholic extracts (solvent: 50% EtOH, 10% mass): ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The extracts were subjected to micro- and ultrafiltration processes, and further analyzed to determine the bioactive compound content through spectrophotometric (UV-Vis) and chromatographic (HPLC-PDA) methods. Additionally, the extracts exhibited significant enzyme inhibition, particularly against α-amylase and β-glucosidase, suggesting potential anti-diabetic properties. The extracts characteristics, polyphenolic content, antioxidant capacity and enzyme inhibitory ability, were statistically compared, and significant differences were found between the two extraction methods. The grape pomace concentrated extracts showed a pronounced inhibitory activity on both analyzed enzymes compared to the lingonberry pomace concentrated extracts, closer to the standard used; e.g., IC50 α-amylase = 0.30 ± 0.01 µg/mL (IC50 acarbose = 0.3 ± 0.01 µg/mL), IC50 α-glucosidase = 0.60 ± 0.01 µg/mL (IC50 acarbose = 0.57 ± 0.02 µg/mL). These findings highlight the potential of agro-industrial residues as bioactive compound resources, with their valorization through application in food, nutraceutical, or pharmaceutical industries therefore contributing to the sustainable development and promotion of circular economy principles with the recovery of valuable inputs from plant by-products.

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory and glucoregulatory potential of soy protein fermented with a bacterium (Bacillus subtilis PM_NEIST_3) isolated from Hawaijar

Soybean-derived proteins are known to exert hypoglycemic effects; however, some soy proteins may cause anti-nutritional effects. Fermentation of soybean promotes hydrolysis of major anti-nutrient proteins and generation of bioactive peptides with antidiabetic potency. The present study aims to screen antidiabetic potential of protein isolates from ethnic fermented soybean (FS) of North-East (NE) India and to develop fermented soy protein isolate (FSPI) under controlled conditions by using the proficient bacteria isolated from the most effective FS with sound antidiabetic activity. Results showed that Hawaijar, a FS of Manipur, NE India, exhibited significant α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory potential among the well-known FS of NE India under investigation. Thereafter, in the laboratory, the fermented soy protein isolate (FSPI-BS) was prepared by fermenting the SPI using a bacterial strain (Bacillus subtilis PM_NEIST_3) isolated from Hawaijar. The FSPI-BS generated by 72h fermentation exhibited significant α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Further in vitro studies revealed that FSPI-BS promoted muscle glucose uptake and metabolism against high-glucose exposure via stimulating the PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 signaling cascade. In vivo studies using sucrose-induced Wistar rats demonstrated the inhibitory effect of FSPI-BS on postprandial blood glucose elevation. Moreover, studies with high-fat diet-fed model of type 2 diabetes revealed the benefits of FSPI-BS supplementation in improving glycemic parameters, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism. SDS-PAGE and western-blotting data unraveled a modification in protein profile with reduction in allergens and other baneful proteins in FSPI-BS. Therefore, FSPI-BS can be effectively used in managing hyperglycemia with no side effects.

Exploring antidiabetic & antibacterial potential of Ag/MgO-NCs mediated via Ficus auriculata: Experimental and computational analysis

This study investigates the antidiabetic and antibacterial potential of Ag/MgO-nanocomposites (NCs) through a combined experimental and computational approach. The Ag/MgO-NCs were synthesized using the methanolic extract of Ficus.auriculata. Experimental characterization techniques including UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and TEM revealed an average particle size of 21.29 nm. GC–MS analysis identified Oleic acid as the major component (85.71 %). Additionally, the antibacterial efficacy of Ag/MgO-NCs was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus typhii showing inhibition zones of up to 16 mm at 800 µg/mL. In vitro antidiabetic studies further demonstrated strong α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 values of 230.4 µg/mL and 230.16 µg/mL respectively. Computational molecular docking studies revealed a high binding affinity having a docking score −6.353 kcal/mol against maltase-glucoamylase. Moreover, in silico ADMET analysis confirmed the drug-like properties of the NCs. This integrative experimental and computational study highlights the therapeutic potential of Ag/MgO-NCs for diabetes management and bacterial infection control.

Phytochemical Profiling by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and InVitro Investigation of the Antidiabetic Activity of Cassia bakeriana Bark Extract and Fractions.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a global health problem, placing patients at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and cancer. This study investigates the antidiabetic potential of Cassia bakeriana bark extracts and fractions. We evaluate their ability to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The antioxidant potential was also examined. Extracts were prepared through maceration with hexane (HE) and ethanol (EE), and the fractions were obtained via liquid-liquid extraction from EE. Anti-enzymatic, anti-glycation, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assays were conducted in 96-well plates using different concentrations of samples to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Active samples were further analyzed using HPLC-(-)-ESI-MS/MS. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) demonstrated a high percentage of α-amylase inhibition (94.0%) with a promising IC50 value of 1.05 μg mL-1. Additionally, EAF displayed 61.5% inhibition of α-glucosidase, with an IC50 value of 537 μg mL-1. The EE, EAF, and n-butanol fraction (BF) exhibited strong anti-glycation capacities. Furthermore, the EE, EAF, BF, and dichloromethane fractions showed promising antioxidant activity using the DPPH and ORAC methodologies. Cytotoxic activity was also evaluated with Vero cells, revealing no adverse effects on cell viability (CC50 > 512.0 μg mL-1). Active samples predominantly comprised proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, and anthraquinone, representing the main constituents of C. bakeriana bark. This study provides the first assessment of the antidiabetic potential of C. bakeriana bark and a comprehensive analysis of the chemical composition of its active extracts and fractions, offering hope for future treatments.

Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide NPs (IONPs) by Using Aqueous Extract of Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus for the In-vitro Antidiabetic and Anti-inflammatory Activities

The Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus is one of the anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic ethnomedicine. Therefore the formulation of this plant as nanoparticles will be fruitful anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic as compared to conventional extract. In the current study, the aqueous kernel extract from Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus was subjected to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and explored their anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic potentials. The results indicate that the aqueous kernel extract effectively produced IONPs, which were verified using standard analytical methods. UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis was used to check the formation of IONPs. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to check numerous functional groups from the valuable phytochemicals present in the extract. These functional groups play crucial roles as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents during the synthesis of IONPs. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to investigate the surface characteristics of the nanoparticles. Notably, the IONPs fabricated from the extract demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting Human RBC by 79% and Heat Induced Hemolysis by 72%, as well as showing anti-diabetic potential with 60% inhibition of yeast glucose uptake and 72% inhibition of α-amylase activity, all at a concentration of 100 μg mL-1. These effects were partly comparable to standard drugs with anti-inflammatory activity of 85% inhibition of Human RBC and 78% inhibition of Heat Induced Hemolysis, and anti-diabetic activity of 67% inhibition of yeast glucose uptake and 78% inhibition of alpha amylase.

Antidiabetic Potential of Hylocereus Polyrhizus and Hylocereus Megalanthus Fruit Peel: An In vitro Study

ABSTRACT Background: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition affecting mainly carbohydrate metabolism. Dragon fruit is a commonly consumed fruit in Asia-pacific countries, with reported anti-diabetic potential. Objectives: The presents study explores the use of dragon fruit peel as an anti-diabetic supplement. Materials And Method: Fruit peels from two varieties (Red and Yellow) were evaluated for their ability to absorb glucose, inhibit glucose diffusion, and inhibit starch digestion using in vitro models. Result: Both red and yellow dragon fruit peel powder samples decreased starch digestion significantly compared to wheat bran and inhibited glucose diffusion, as indicated by the glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI) values. Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that both red and yellow dragon fruit peel possesses significant antidiabetic potential.

Effect of Protein, Carbohydrate, and Oil on Phytochemical Bioaccessibility and Bioactivities of the Ginkgo biloba L. Leaf Formulations After In Vitro Digestion.

The present work evaluates the effect of casein, glucose, and olive oil on phytochemical bioaccessibility, antioxidant potential (DPPH and FRAP), antidiabetic potential (inhibition of amylase, α-glucosidase, and BSA glycation), and antihyperlipidemic potential (inhibition of lipase) of gingko standardized leaf extract in the form of tablets after in vitro digestion. Gingko extract formulations with protein, carbohydrates, and oil had high (>70%) in vitro bioaccessibility of quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin after each phases of digestion in comparison to moderate (35-70%) in vitro bioaccessibility from gingko water extract. Formulation with the highest in vitro bioaccessibility of the majority of the tested polyphenolic groups and terpene lactones after oral and intestinal phases was ginkgo with olive oil. High (>70%) antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP), antidiabetic (α-glucosidase and BSA glycation), and antihyperlipidemic potential were detected in almost all ginkgo formulations. Based on the results, we conclude that the in vitro bioaccessibility of individual compounds or groups of compounds depends on whether the tablets are taken with water or with foods (protein, carbohydrates, and oil).