Antidiabetic Benefits Research Articles

Anti-diabetic Benefits from Morus alba Fruits

Anti-diabetic Benefits from Morus alba Fruits

Exploring the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory potential of probiotic-fermented milk: An in vitro and in silico comprehensive investigation into peptides from milk of different farm animals.

Bioactive peptides produced via enzymatic hydrolysis have been widely investigated for their dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory properties. However, deficit of studies on fermentation as a mean to produce DPP-IV inhibitory peptides prompted us to draw a comparative study on DPP-IV inhibitory peptides generated from cow, camel, goat, and sheep milk using probiotic fermentation. Further, peptide identification, in silico molecular interactions with DPP-IV, and ensemble docking were performed. Results obtained suggested that goat milk consistently exhibited higher hydrolysis than other milk types. Further, Pediococcus pentosaceus (PP-957) emerged as a potent probiotic, with significantly lower DPP-IV-IC50 values 0.17, 0.12, and 0.25 µg/mL protein equivalent in fermented cow, camel, and goat milk, respectively. Overall, peptides (RPPPPVAM, CHNLDELKDTR, and VLSLSQPK) exhibited strong binding affinity with binding energies of -9.31, -9.18 and -8.9 Kcal·mol-1, respectively, suggesting their potential role as DPP-IV inhibitors. Overall, this study, offers valuable information toward antidiabetic benefits of fermented milk products via inhibition of DPP-IV.

Exploring the Anti-diabetic Properties of Edible Mushrooms: A Comprehensive Review

Mushrooms, part of the “Fungi” family is well-known for their medical benefits and accessibility globally. Diabetes has become more commonplace worldwide in recent times, which has made the search for alternate treatment approaches necessary. Because of their possible anti-diabetic effects, edible mushrooms—a natural source of bioactive compounds—have drawn interest. This research assesses the possible anti-diabetic benefits of edible mushrooms, concentrating on their bioactive constituents and mechanisms that modulate insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, and emphasises their potential significance in diabetes prevention. The review concludes that EM can predict insulin resistance through active chemicals like polysaccharides and vitamin D, as well as preventative activities like β-glucosidase and β-amylase. The therapeutic benefits of many mushroom types have not been thoroughly researched, and the mechanism remains unclear. More study on edible medicinal mushrooms is needed to fully utilise their therapeutic promise in preventing noncommunicable diseases.

Evaluation of chapattis fortified-diet with raw and fermented carrot powder in persons with type 2 diabetes: A randomized control pilot study

BackgroundDiabetes is a metabolic disease that is common and growing rapidly. It is characterised by high blood sugar levels and related complications to vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, blood vessels, and eyes. The most common kind of diabetes affecting people globally is type 2 diabetes (T2D). An increasing number of people are looking at natural foods and dietary supplements to manage their T2D.ObjectiveThe aim of this pilot study was to assess the glycemic index, glycemic response, sensory qualities, nutritional composition, and possible antidiabetic benefits of chapattis fortified with raw and fermented carrot powder.MethodsSeven preparations of chapattis were prepared into three variants from whole wheat flour chapattis (WWFC) as control group, raw carrot-supplemented chapattis (RCSC) with subtypes T1, T2, and T3, and fermented carrot-supplemented chapattis (FCSC) with subtypes T4, T5, and T6. The variants were provided to 11 professionally trained sensory panelists for organoleptic evaluation. The chapattis subtype with the best organoleptic properties together with the WWFC were then given randomly to a group of 30 persons with T2D respectively to see how their blood sugar levels were affected over a period of 4 weeks.Results The panelist adjudged RCSC (T2) and FCSC (T5) as the best organoleptically. The randomised control investigation demonstrated that the fasting blood glucose levels for WWFC, RCSC, and FCSC decreased (P<0.05) significantly by 6.42%, 7.24%, and 12.75%, respectively. However, there was no significant different in the fasting blood sugar between the WWFC and RCSC. As for the glycemic load values of WWC, RCSC, and FCSC, which were 21, 14, and 13, respectively, there was no statistically significant difference between RCSC and FCSC, suggesting that both types of chapattis could help T2D patients regulate their blood sugar levels. The most significant changes were consistently shown by the FCSC: 17.50% reduction in random blood sugar (p = 0.03), 21.85% reduction in serum low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.051), 16.67% increase in serum HDL (p = 0.01), 11.09% decrease in serum cholesterol (p = 0.02), and 12.575% reduction in serum triglycerides (p = 0.048).ConclusionsA beneficial dietary intervention for people with T2D may involve mixing fermented carrot powder into regular chapattis. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence in favour of using natural food-based treatments for the management of diabetes.

Significance of Triazole in Medicinal Chemistry: Advancement in Drug Design, Reward and Biological Activity.

One of the triazole tautomers, 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, has a wide range of biological activities that suggest its potential therapeutic utility in medicinal chemistry. These actions include anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-tuberculosis, and anti-diabetic effects. Using computational simulations and models, we investigate the structure-activity relationships of 1,2,4-triazoles, showing how various modifications to the triazole core yield a variety of clinical therapeutic benefits. The review highlights the anti-inflammatory effect of 1,2,4-triazoles in relation to their ability to disrupt significant inflammatory mediators and pathways. We present in-silico data that illuminate the triazoles' capacity to inhibit cell division, encourage apoptosis, and stop metastasis in a range of cancer models. This review looks at the bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, with a focus on their potential efficacy against multi-drug resistant bacterial infections and their usage in tuberculosis therapy. In order to better understand these substances' potential anti-diabetic benefits, this review also looks at how they affect glucose metabolism regulation and insulin responsiveness. Coordinated efforts are required to translate the efficacy of 1,2,4-triazole compounds in preclinical models into practical therapeutic benefits. Based on the information provided, it can be concluded that 1,2,4-triazole derivatives are a promising class of diverse therapeutic agents with potential utility in a range of disorders. Their development and improvement might herald a new era of medical care that will be immensely advantageous to both patients and the medical community as a whole. This comprehensive research, which is further reinforced by in-silico investigations, highlights the great medicinal potential of 1,2,4-triazoles. Additionally, this study encourages more research into these substances and their enhancement for use in pharmaceutical development.

Effectiveness of Jena DM® Herbal Formulation as Complementary Therapy to Conventional Oral Hypoglycemic Agents in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Quasi-experimental Study.

There is vast preclinical evidence that indicates that extracts from several Artemisia plant species have significant antidiabetic benefits. However, clinical evidence is limited to this effect. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness ofJena DM® (anArtemisia annua-based poly-herbal formulation) on glycemic control (Hb A1C) and insulin metabolism (HOMA), when administered as a complementary therapy in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was supported by a research grant (JRD005) from Jena Herbals (U) Ltd, which is a local herbal medicines manufacturing facility in Uganda. We conducted a 12-week quasi-experimental study, involving 118 patients under routine follow-up at a diabetes and endocrinology clinic. Random assignment to either conventional or experimental study groups was done using a random number generator (Microsoft Excel version 16.0). Participant sociodemographic and clinical data as well as whole blood samples (3-5 mL) were obtained at scheduled clinic visits. Medication adherence was assessed using the Hill-Bone Scale, and adverse drug events (ADEs) using the Naranjo causality and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS (DAIDS) scales. Group differences in glycemic control (HbA1C), fasting serum insulin (FSI) indices (% HOMA2-B, HOMA-IR), and other cardiometabolic parameters were assessed using independent samples t-test, and Pearson chi-square statistical tests were used. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ethical approvals were obtained before the study commencement. 12-week daily complementary therapy withJena DM® showed no significant effect on Hb A1C reduction (0.1 (95% CI: -0.56, 0.80) %;p=0.798); however, we observed a significant reduction in total body weight (2.0 (95% CI: 0.73, 3.28) kg;p=0.002). The overall frequency of self-reported ADEs including dizziness was significantly higher among patients that usedJena DM® (p=0.001).Epigastric pain was the most severe ADE necessitating clinical management. There was no significant difference in the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) between study groups. In contrast to a few studies that previously showed significanthypoglycemic effects ofArtemisia-basedextracts, this study did not show a statistically significant reduction on HbA1C during a 12-week complementary use ofJena DM® in patients withT2DM. Based on the findings of this study, future research should evaluate the long-term effects ofJena DM® on body weight, overall insulin metabolism, and the subsequent effect on glycemic control in T2DM.

MINI REVIEW: BLACK RICE (Oryza sativa L. Indica) AS POTENTIAL FOOD FOR ANTIHYPERGLYCAEMIC

In Indonesia, rice (Oryza sativa L.) has different colors and shapes, visible from the plants and rice. There are several types of rice, one of which is black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica). Researchers are motivated to explore the benefits of black rice in Indonesia. This interest stems from the potential health benefits of black rice, such as its benefits in treating diabetes mellitus. The effectiveness of reducing blood sugar levels is crucial in the context of the increasing prevalence of diabetes in Indonesia, as projected by the International Diabetes Federation for 2045. The author made observations on the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of black rice, aiming to lay the foundation for further study and development. By searching online journals in the Scopus and PubMed databases using the keywords (“Black Rice”) AND (antidiabetic) OR (diabetes) OR (“glucose lowering”) for the last 10 years, the filtering process produced 3 articles on Scopus and 5 articles on PubMed, providing accurate data for review. Results show that black rice contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phytic acid, polyphenolic compounds, and oryzanol, which provide significant health benefits. Anthocyanins, the main compounds responsible for the color of rice, contribute to antihyperglycemic properties and have various pharmacological activities, one of which is anti-diabetic benefits. In addition, the high content of anthocyanins, fiber, and other nutrients in black rice makes it effective in managing the glycemic index, and blood glucose levels, and improving overall health ...

The Potential of the Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) and Its Bioactive Compounds in Managing Type 2 Diabetes and Glucose Metabolism: A Narrative Review.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common noncommunicable disease. In the United States alone, 37 million Americans had diabetes in 2017. The adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), a legume, has been reported to possess antidiabetic benefits. However, the extent and specific mechanisms through which adzuki bean consumption may contribute to T2D prevention and management remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to analyze current evidence supporting the utilization of adzuki beans in the diet as a strategy for preventing and managing T2D. Animal studies have demonstrated a positive impact of adzuki beans on managing T2D. However, supporting data from humans are limited. Conversely, the potential of adzuki bean consumption in preventing T2D via modulating two T2D risk factors (obesity and dyslipidemia) also lacks conclusive evidence. Animal studies have suggested an inconsistent and even contradictory relationship between adzuki bean consumption and the management of obesity and dyslipidemia, in which both positive and negative relationships are reported. In sum, based on the existing scientific literature, this review found that the effects of adzuki bean consumption on preventing and managing T2D in humans remain undetermined. Consequently, human randomized controlled trials are needed to elucidate the potential benefits of the adzuki bean and its bioactive components in the prevention and management of T2D.

Potential Anti-Diabetic Benefits of Momordica charantia Extracts on Experimental Diabetes and its Complications

Potential Anti-Diabetic Benefits of Momordica charantia Extracts on Experimental Diabetes and its Complications

Exploring the Effects of Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insights into Gut Microbiome Modulation and Potential Antidiabetic Benefits.

Berries and their functional components have been put forward as an alternative to pharmacological treatments of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and more attention has been paid to the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of T2DM. Thus, we tried to examine the metabolic impact of red bayberry-derived cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and investigate whether the antidiabetic effects of C3G were associated with the gut microbiome. As a result, C3G administration was found to reduce blood glucose levels of diabetic db/db mice, accompanied by increased levels of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and insulin. Moreover, 16S rRNA analysis showed that the dominant microbiota modulated by C3G were pivotal in the glucose metabolism. Furthermore, the modulation of C3G on metabolic activities of gut bacteria leads to an increase in intestinal levels of key metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids. This contribution helps in promoting the secretion of GLP-1, which in turn increases insulin release with the purpose of reducing blood glucose levels. Overall, these findings may offer new thoughts concerning C3G against metabolic disorders in T2DM.

A systemic review on Aloe vera derived natural biomaterials for wound healing applications

A handful of studies described the exploration of the preparation of diverse polymer-based materials made from natural resources for use in biomedical and industrial applications. Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and similarity to the extracellular matrix in the human body, biopolymers can be transformed into a variety of forms for use in biomedical applications. These polymer-based dressings protect the wound site and help with a faster recovery of dermal and epidermal tissues. Aloe vera is a plant with various medicinal uses and has been shown effective in treating burns and wounds. Additionally, it is blended with other biopolymers for potential biological uses. The polysaccharides discovered in the Aloe vera leaf gel are discovered to be important for many of the plant's health advantages. Among the gel's biological functions include wound healing, antibacterial properties, antidiabetic benefits, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-cancer properties, and immunomodulatory characteristics. This study provides an overview of the numerous natural biopolymer-based wound healing materials and their various biomedical uses.

Efek konsumsi kurma ajwa (phoenix dactylifera L) terhadap kadar glukosa darah

ABSTRACTBackground: Ajwa dates (Phoenix Dactylifer L.) have many therapeutic potentials, including cell strengthening, anti-mutagenic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, neuroprotective, and gastroprotective properties. Ajwa dates as an antidiabetic agent, has phytochemical content such as phenolic acids possessed by Ajwa dates can inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase so as to reduce blood sugar levels in the body. flavonoids act as antidiabetic agents through their effects as antioxidants by reducing oxidative stress and maintaining liver and kidney function.Objective : To determine the effect of consumption of Ajwa dates (PhoenixDactylifera L.) on blood sugar levels during pregnancy in pregnant women at risk of preeclampsia. Methods : This study uses search databases used in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The keywords used in the initial search for articles were ajwa dates, Phoenix Dactylifera L, Antidiabetic, Blood glucose obtained as many as 3,820 articles. In the end, only 6 articles were used in accordance with the analysis of objectives, topic suitability, inclusion and exclusion criteria, research methods, samples, research ethics, and limitations.Results: The results showed that from all the literature used, the majority showed a decrease when giving ajwa dates to reduce blood glucose levels. Giving ajwa dates can reduce blood glucose levels because the phytochemical content in ajwa dates is very effective in raising blood glucose levels.Conclusion : There is an effect of giving ajwa dates on lowering blood glucose levels. Ajwa dates contain complex carbohydrates, beneficial phytochemicals, sterols, healthy fatty acids, carotene, and flavonoids which have many medicinal activities, one of which is antihyperglycemic or antidiabetic benefits that can reduce blood glucose levels.Keywords: Ajwa Date, Phoenix Dactylifera L, Blood Glucose.

Mitigation of diabetes type II-induced nephropathy by ellagic acid nanoformulations: Amended glycemic control, oxidative stress, inflammation, and induced apoptosis

Diabetic nephropathy is a significant medical condition that arises from elevated blood sugar levels associated with both type I and type II diabetes. Recent research has indicated that ellagic acid (EA), either alone or in combination with other medications, can provide anti-diabetic benefits. This study aimed to explore the effects of EA and EA nanoformulations (EN) on nephropathy induced by type II diabetes in rats, while also investigating the underlying mechanisms at play. To induce type II diabetes, rats were fed a high-fat diet for four weeks, followed by a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg), and continued on the high-fat diet for an additional four weeks. Diabetic rats were then treated with Metformin (M), EA, EN, EA + M, or EN + M for four weeks. The findings revealed that treatment with EN and the combination of M led to significant reductions in serum urea and creatinine levels, indicating an improvement in renal function. Additionally, EN and/or M effectively mitigated lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in the affected kidneys, reduced fasting serum glucose, and lowered C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Moreover, EN and/or M demonstrated the ability to prevent diabetes-induced histological alterations in the kidney glomeruli and tubules, as well as reduce collagen mesangial matrix formation. The presence of caspase 3, an apoptotic mediator, was significantly reduced in the kidneys of diabetic rats treated with EN and/or M. In conclusion, EN and/or M have the potential to prevent nephropathy induced by type II diabetes by enhancing glycemic control, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and scavenging free radicals, all of which contribute to apoptotic changes in kidney tissue.

Anti-Diabetic Activity of Herbal Remedies

Herbal remedies, often known as herbal medicine or botanical medicine, are natural treatments that make use of the therapeutic capabilities of plants and plant-based extracts. Due to their apparent efficacy and lack of negative side effects, these treatments have been practiced for centuries in numerous civilizations all over the world. The usage of plant parts such as leaves, stems, flowers, roots, and seeds, as well as extracts made from plants, are just a few examples of the diverse practices that fall under the umbrella of herbal medicines. Numerous consequences are linked to diabetes, a long-term metabolic illness characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Many cultures have a long history of using herbal treatments to control diabetes, and this use is predicated on the idea that specific plants and plant extracts contain antidiabetic qualities. Garlic, neem, coriander, ivy gourd, papaya, jamun, tulsi, aloe vera, and many other plants are used in herbal therapies for diabetes. Since free radical damage is believed to have a part in the etiology of diabetes and its associated issues, an anti-diabetic drug having antioxidant qualities would be more successful. In conclusion, herbal remedies have shown promising anti-diabetic benefits and might be thought of as alternatives to or complements to current diabetes management strategies. To assess their efficacy, safety, and the best approach to use them in the management of diabetes, more research is needed. Before beginning therapy, it is crucial to consider the use of herbal products as diabetic therapies with a qualified medical expert due to the risk of interactions with other medications and the fact that every person’s health is different. To ensure its trustworthiness in terms of both efficacy and safety, herbal products must be subjected to standardization and quality control.

Pineapple fruit extract (Ananas comosus L. Merr) as an antioxidant and anti-acne agent made with the nano-emulsion gel delivery system

Background: Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) contains a lot of fibre, minerals, and vitamins. Consequently, it has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic benefits. Objective: The purpose of this research was to produce pineapple extracts in the form of nano-emulsion gel for more effective use as an antioxidant and anti-acne. Method: The extraction was done by maceration. The resulting extracts were formulated with tween 20 and propylene glycol, while kollisolv PYR served as the oil phase. A nano-emulsion was then formed and formulated into a gel. Result: In this study, the nano-emulsion gel produced was transparent yellowish-white, slightly viscous, with a characteristic odour, a particle size of 10.8 nm ± 0.5, a polydispersity index of 0.239 Ð ± 0.1 and a zeta potential of -33.6 mV ± 1.3. The ability of this nano-emulsion gel to spread was good, 10.28 cm - 14.48 cm, with 1.31 seconds of adhesion and the result of the viscosity test of 3667.4 ± 106.03 cP. In the antioxidant test, the %RSA was produced in the range of 17.70 - 70.32% and the IC50 value was 0.1 µg/mL so it was included in the category of very strong antioxidant. While the anti-acne test has an average bacterial inhibition zone of 10.5 mm ± 0.1 which is in the category of strong anti-acne. Conclusion: It was concluded that pineapple fruit extract with a nano-emulsion gel base can produce good nanoparticle preparations, which have very strong antioxidant and anti-acne activities.

Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Algae.

Currently, algae arouse a growing interest in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic area due to the fact that they have a great diversity of bioactive compounds with the potential for pharmacological and nutraceutical applications. Due to lifestyle modifications brought on by rapid urbanization, diabetes mellitus, a metabolic illness, is the third largest cause of death globally. The hunt for an efficient natural-based antidiabetic therapy is crucial to battling diabetes and the associated consequences due to the unfavorable side effects of currently available antidiabetic medications. Finding the possible advantages of algae for the control of diabetes is crucial for the creation of natural drugs. Many of algae's metabolic processes produce bioactive secondary metabolites, which give algae their diverse chemical and biological features. Numerous studies have demonstrated the antioxidant and antidiabetic benefits of algae, mostly by blocking carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme activity, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Additionally, bioactive components from algae can lessen diabetic symptoms in vivo. Therefore, the current review concentrates on the role of various secondary bioactive substances found naturally in algae and their potential as antioxidants and antidiabetic materials, as well as the urgent need to apply these substances in the pharmaceutical industry.

Carbohydrate digestive enzyme inhibition, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and antidiabetic benefits of Persea americana

The medicinal use of Persea americana in the treatment of some diseases like hypertension, diabetes, is often with dearth of supporting scientific proof. Thus, we evaluated its ethnomedicinal benefits for possible scientific justification. Thirty healthy Wistar rats were randomly grouped in fives. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in the rats in groups II to VI. The diabetic rats in group II were treated with glibenclamide, while those in group III were not treated. Also, the diabetic rats in groups IV to VI were treated with the ethanol extracts of the stem bark, leaf, and root of P. americana respectively. The parts of P. americana comparatively possess highest amounts of phenols (250.50 ± 0.68—bark), saponin (436.80 ± 3.76—leaf), flavonoid (382.80 ± 0.67—leaf) and tannins (58.34 ± 0.09—root). The extracts exhibited high reducing property (FRAP and total reducing), as well as high ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging ability. The enzyme (alpha-glycosidase and alpha-amylase) inhibitory activity of P. americana increases with increasing concentration of the extracts. Administration of methanol extracts of P. americana bark, leaf and root to alloxan-induced diabetic rats resulted in significant (P < 0.05) decreases in AST, ALP, ALT, Total bilirubin, LPO, plasma glucose and significant (P < 0.05) increases in GSH, CAT and SOD. These effects were like that of glibenclamide. The enzyme inhibitory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of P. americana are some of the benefits derived from its consumption and ethnomedicinal use.

Role of natural products and intestinal flora on type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complicated, globally expanding disease that is influenced by hereditary and environmental variables. Changes in modern society's food choices, physical inactivity, and obesity are significant factors in the development of type 2 DM (T2DM). The association between changes in intestinal flora and numerous disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, has been studied in recent years. The purpose of this review is to analyze the mechanisms underlying the alteration of the diabetic patients' intestinal flora, as well as their therapeutic choices. Also included is a summary of the anti-diabetic benefits of natural compounds demonstrated by studies. The short-chain fatty acids theory, the bile acid theory, and the endotoxin theory are all potential methods by which intestinal flora contributes to the establishment and progression of T2DM. Due to an intestinal flora imbalance, abnormalities in short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids have been found in diabetic patients. Additionally, metabolic endotoxemia with altering flora induces a systemic inflammatory response by stimulating the immune system via bacterial translocation. The agenda for diabetes treatment includes the use of short-chain fatty acids, probiotics, prebiotics in the diet, fecal bacteria transplantation, and antibiotics. Animal studies have proven the antidiabetic benefits of numerous bioactive substances, including Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponin, and Allicin. However, further research is required to contribute to the treatment of diabetes.

EVALUATION OF IPIL-IPIL (Leucaena leucocephala) SEED GUM AS CO-ENCAPSULATING AGENT FOR TARGETED AND CONTROLLED DELIVERY OF POWDERED INSULIN PLANT (Chamaecostus cuspidatus)

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is the most common non-communicable disease in the Philippines, characterized by increased blood glucose levels brought by low insulin production or insulin resistance. Chamaecostus cuspidatus is a medicinal plant known for its glucose-lowering property. The controlled release of the C. cuspidatus leaves must be achieved to maximize its antidiabetic property. Leucaena leucocephala is an endemic tree in the Philippines, having its seed as a source of possible co-encapsulating material for drug delivery. Galactomannan, as the main component of the isolated seed gum, can be used as a substitute for an effective moderate drug release to its intended site. Thus, this study evaluates the drug release property and stability of seed gum as a co-encapsulating agent for targeted and controlled delivery of the C. cuspidatus leaves. The encapsulation process of the C. cuspidatus leaves was done through the extrusion method. The stability of the encapsulation was evaluated through in vitro gastrointestinal simulation analysis and was examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) to verify its surface morphology. The capsules were observed to fully disintegrate at the fed state (pH 5.4) of the simulated gastrointestinal conditions, which is the target site. The fingerprint on the FTIR spectra of the encapsulated drug presented indicates the successful incorporation of the powdered leaves inside the encapsulating material. Morphological micrographs have shown that the resulting capsules were fairly in spherical, having a size of approximately 3.8 mm. Ridges and pores are also present on the surface of the capsules for their immediate disintegration and hydration. Therefore, the L. leucocephala seed gum can be a potential candidate as a co-encapsulating material suitable for effective, targeted, and controlled delivery of C. cuspidatus leaves for maximum antidiabetic benefits.

Antioxidant-polyphenols of saw palmetto seeds: statistical optimized production and improved functional properties under solid-state fermentation by Trichoderma reesei

Saw palmetto seeds (SPS) contain essential phenolic compounds that provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic benefits when added to food. Maximized/improved production of these valuable phenolic compounds is the main purpose of this study. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a promising processing technique that positively alters the levels of health-promoting compounds in plants and plant residues. Here, a central composite design matrix (16 runs) and response surface methodology were experimentally applied to investigate the best SSF conditions and their interactions for maximum production of phenolic compounds from SPS. A good correlation between actual and expected results was observed with higher multiple coefficients (R2 ~ 0.93–0.97) and strongly significant P values (< 0.0001) proving the accuracy of the statistical model/design. Under optimized SSF conditions, temperature 30 °C, moisture 10%, pH 7.0, and fermentation time 6 days, the total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity of SPS were maximized by 11-fold and 46–49 folds, respectively. According to HPLC analysis, the contents of all identifying polyphenols were 3.3–30.0 times greater in fermented SPS extract (FSPS) than in the unfermented SPS extract (UFSPS). The FSPS extract also contained four new/additional polyphenols (vanillic, p-coumaric, cinnamic, and quercetin). FSPS extract demonstrated much greater antibacterial and antifungal activities than UFSPS extract against various human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Consequently, the FSPS-phenolic compounds can be exploited as a food supplement and an antimicrobial remedy.