Anti-aircraft Artillery Research Articles

Dynamic calculation of the fire zone for anti-aircraft artillery

Dynamic calculation of the fire zone for anti-aircraft artillery

ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF AIRCRAFT INSTALLATIONS AND THE PROSPECTS OF THEIR MODERNIZATION

On the battlefield, the Ukrainian military uses towed anti-aircraft guns such as the S-60, which are still effective when used against ground targets. 57-mm anti-aircraft artillery systems are currently ineffective against modern air targets such as combat aircraft, drones and attack helicopters. But taking into account the caliber of the anti-aircraft installation, it can be used not only for its intended purpose, but also for firing at manpower and lightly armored vehicles with direct fire, and not only that. S-60 ammunition is powerful due to its caliber and sufficient rate of fire. When installing these guns on the chassis of trucks, it turns them into mobile self-propelled artillery installations and quite versatile and easy-to-use weapons. Anti-aircraft guns began to enter the ranks of the Armed Forces of Ukraine from storage bases not only of their own stocks, but also from partner countries. Ukrainian soldiers continue to use such weapons on the battlefield, their use is effective and convenient. Keywords: towed anti-aircraft installation, automatic cannon, barrel, bolt, projectile.

Development of Air Defence in the United States between 1917 and 1945

The article presents the results of academic research focusing on the origins and development of anti-aircraft artillery in the United States which was to guarantee the safety of American soldiers fighting in the First and Second World Wars. The findings of this study confirm that, in the early days, knowledge of the phenomena occurring in the air dimension of armed struggle was primarily empirical. As early as 1916, Alexander Graham Bell warned of the possibility of air raids on the United States. Over the next 25 years, experts conducted research into air defence, which became crucial in its subsequent development. The basis for the development of air defence was the emergence of a new weapon at the end of the First World War, i.e., anti-aircraft artillery. Basing on the experience of the United States from the First World War in the interwar period, air defence began to be seen in terms of a system whose main task was to detect and destroy enemy aviation, attacking troops, civilians and facilities at the rear of the front.
 Considering the outlined problem scenario and the subject of the research, it was assumed that the aim of the article will be to discuss the stages of the development of air defence in the United States in the years 1917–1945 and the experience of US anti-aircraft artillery gained on the fronts of the First and Second World Wars.

Research on the damage effectiveness of AHEAD against the LSS UAV clusters

With the expansion of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) applications and increased power, the status of unmanned aerial vehicles in the military field has continued to improve. How to effectively defend against UAV attacks has become a key research issue in various countries. The damage assessment model of the AHEAD in the literature [17] does not consider the systematical error of anti-aircraft artillery, and ignores the dispersion error of the AHEAD explosion-points in the direction of the vertical interception plane, which leads to the inaccuracy of the calculated damage probability. In this paper, the model is modified, the systematical error and the dispersion error of the opening point in the direction of the vertical interception plane are added to the original model, and then the improved model is used to analyze the damage effectiveness of the AHEAD against two typical LSS UAVs. It shows that the AHEAD has good damage efficiency to LSS UAVs. To a certain extent, it has the ability to counter the LSS UAV clusters.

Development of a shooting strategy to neutralize UAV swarms based on multi-shot cooperation

Economical and efficient assault methods using drones and drone swarms severely assailed the defenders during the conflict in the Middle East. In view of the current situation, based on medium and large-caliber anti-aircraft artillery platforms, this article analyzes and calculates the advantages of using multiple anti-aircraft guns against drones, the threat of a drone colony, and the drone colony density. Additionally, this study determines the firing sequence of a drone swarm, and provides anti-aircraft gun firing position points to reduce the firing cost and increase the efficiency. This ensures the optimization of an air defense system within a short duration of time. Ammunition is an effective defense against drone swarms. The experimental results demonstrate that compared with that of the conventional methods of individually shooting the swarms, this strategy can simultaneously neutralize multiple targets, assign shooting tasks to multiple artillery guns, and can cause greater damage to a drone swarm.

GRAMMATICAL AND SYNTACTIC PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH MILITARY AND POLITICAL TEXTS INTO UKRAINIAN

The article is focused on the study of grammatical and syntactic features of the translation of English-language military and political texts. Due to the specific communicative and functional orientation, the specialized language of the military sphere operates within three functional language styles (official, journalistic and scientific). The preference for one of these styles varies according to the topic of communication. The study of the translation of military texts is relevant, considering the Russian war with Ukraine and the tense political situation in Europe. More and more linguists are investigating this kind of discourse. The purpose of the article is to analyze the use of transformations in the translation of English military-political texts at the grammatical and syntactic levels. The object of the research is textual units of English and Ukrainian texts on military and political topics. Military and political articles, books served as the research material. In the course of the study, characteristic grammatical and syntactic features of military-political texts were analyzed. Having analyzed English texts on military and political topics, we conclude that the grammatical level is characterized by the use of transformations, for example, modulation (army artillery – польова артилерія), tracing (avenue of approach), explication or descriptive translation (Air Defense Artillery anti-aircraft artillery), transliteration (NATO), generalization and specification (attack by fire). Regarding the syntactic component, it should be noted that military-political texts are distinguished by the use of simple, impersonal sentences and the use of imperative voice. Keywords: grammatical features; syntactic features; specialized language of military sphere; translation transformations; translation methods; military and political texts.

Landmarks in Romanian History of Anti-Aircraft Artillery

The main purpose of this article is to present the decisive contribution that Brigadier General Ion Bungescu had to the development of anti-aircraft artillery in Romania. To achieve this objective we describe in the paper the evolution of the anti-aircraft gun director computer he invented, as well as its modus operandi. The adopted methods include quantitative and qualitative analyses of documents, manuals and albums published during the considered period, and some published by Brigadier General Ion Bungescu. The results of the article are presented in the context of the accelerated development of military aviation between the two world wars. This development put terrible pressure on the development of anti-aircraft artillery that started with land guns adapted for anti-aircraft firing in 1916 and reached anti-aircraft guns controlled by Gun Director Computer in 1945. We can compare the development of military aviation during that time with the development of information technology over the last 30 years, from connecting computers in the network to the use of artificial intelligence.

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An urgent issue today is the substantiation of the ability of air defense units to carry out their immediate tasks of covering ground forces from the air. The features of the use of ground forces in local conflicts, when the space in which it is necessary to carry out the assigned task, is stretched along the front and in depth are considered. The purpose of the article is to develop a methodology for calculating the effectiveness of covering ground forces from the air by air defense units in new positioning areas. The practical application of the developed methodology will allow the military commander to make the right decision to cover the actions of ground forces from the air. The article proposes a methodology that makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of covering ground forces of the company-battery type by air defense units. The methodology for calculating the effectiveness of covering the actions of ground forces by air defense units consists of an algorithm for assessing the effectiveness of an anti-aircraft missile system (anti-aircraft artillery complex), an algorithm for selecting the parameters of elements and structure of air defense units, an algorithm for proposing to the commander about the effectiveness of the selected structure for making a decision to conduct combat operations. The proposed technique allows the military commander to evaluate the options for the structure of the air defense, choose rational ones, with the best cover efficiency, and helps him make the right decision to repel air strikes. The proposed methodology makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of covering the weapons and infrastructure of ground forces and suggests whether the air defense units are capable of covering the actions of ground forces from the air.

Computational Reconstruction of an Anti-Aircraft Artillery Firing Scenario

The paper describes a computational reconstruction of an anti-aircraft artillery firing scenario and its use in analysing firing data. Computational reconstruction supported by 3D visualization can be a useful tool for evaluating soldiers’ training. A system for collecting, analysing and visualising the results of anti-aircraft artillery firing is described. The information collected can then be re-used to evaluate the effectiveness of soldiers’ training, and to make an optimal use of the available data. Particular attention is paid to the solution of the problem of restoring the trajectory of the target and the projectiles, and to their synchronisation in time.

Application of ground vibration testing in small manned or unmanned aircraft prototyping

The article describes the vibration measurement technology used in experimental investigation of light aircraft and some series of exemplary results obtained during the prototyping process. The aim of investigations presented herein was to determine the resonant frequencies and natural modes of an aircraft or its selected structural components. Ground vibration testing is an essential dynamic structural test necessary to carry out before the aircraft certification. This test should be performed on the aircraft example which is predicted to be tested in flight. The measuring system used for ground vibration testing in the Institute of Aviation Technology of the Military University of Technology consists of a multi-channel LMS SCADAS analyzer, a set of piezoelectric accelerometers, two vibration exciters equipped with impedance heads and a computer with the Test.Lab Software. The aim of the article was to present the methodology of performing ground vibration testing tests. Having applied the equipment to measure an airplane or its airframe component, key vibration characteristics corresponding to specific resonant points can be determined. Not only completed aircraft can be tested but also its isolated fragments (wings, stabilizers, tail units) or just empty airframe. Testing separately supported components allows examining their aeroelastic properties at early stage of prototyping. Ground vibration testing technology applied in various stages of the prototyping process was demonstrated in four peculiar research cases. The testing examples presented herein were the following: the isolated strut-braced wing of a light reconnaissance airplane, the light drone imitating an aerial target for some on-ground anti-aircraft artillery sets, the empty airframe of a very light jet and the miniature UAV. Some exemplary results obtained from testing these objects were presented. At the end, some observations and conclusions were noted in the context of usefulness of conducted researches.

Use of ammunition with programmable blasting time in air-defense complex

The rapid spread and wide availability of unmanned aerial vehicle technologies creates a new type of airborne threat - massive and cheap strike and reconnaissance drones. It creates the new challenges for the army and objects air defense - improving the accuracy of air targets hitting and reducing the cost of ammunition. In article analysis of increasing the possibilities of the small air targets defeating by the available air defense means was done. A significant increase in the efficiency of hitting targets supposed to get by existing anti-aircraft artillery with help by the use of ammunition with programmable blasting time. A number of measures have been proposed to improve existing air defense facilities to enable them to use such type of ammunition.

METHODICAL APPROACH TO TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF WAYS TO COMBAT AGAINST UAVs

Analysis of known approaches to solving the problem of combating unmanned aerial vehicles with modern anti-aircraft missiles, anti-aircraft artillery, anti-aircraft missile and artillery systems, electronic warfare systems shows that these tools do not a

Recursive Calculation Model for a Special Multivariate Normal Probability of First-Order Stationary Sequence

The consecutive hit probability of antiaircraft artillery corresponds to the multivariate normal probability distribution. The computational complexity depends on the length of the firing error sequence (i.e., the integral dimension may exceed 100). The traditional numerical integration and the Monte Carlo method are too slow for this calculation. This paper established the state equation of the firing error sequence, which was the bridge between the multivariate normal probability distribution and stochastic process theory. The recursive calculation model was given after the rigorous derivation process. The accuracy and computational complexity of the model were quantified by theoretical analysis and expressed intuitively by examples. The model shows the upper bound for the absolute error, and the computational efficiency is significantly improved.

Technology of Ground Vibration Testing and its application in light aircraft prototyping

The article describes the vibration measurement technology used for light aircraft and some results obtained during the prototyping process. The aim of researches was to determine the resonant frequencies and natural modes of an aircraft or its selected structural components. Ground Vibration Testing is an essential dynamic structural test necessary to carry out before the aircraft certification. This test should be performed on the aircraft example which is predicted to test in flight. The measuring system used in the Institute of Aviation Technology of the Military University of Technology consists of a multi-channel LMS SCADAS analyzer, a set of piezoelectric accelerometers, two vibration exciters equipped with impedance heads and a computer with the Test.Lab Software. The aim of the article is to present the methodology of performing GVT tests. Using the equipment applied to an aircraft or its airframe component, key vibration characteristics corresponding to resonant points can be determined. Not only completed aircraft can be tested, but also its isolated fragments (wings, stabilizers, tail units) or just empty airframe. Testing separately supported components allows to examine their aeroelastic properties at early stage of prototyping. As examples of the use of vibration measurements in various stages of the prototyping process, three examples are presented herein. The isolated strut-braced wing from of the light reconnaissance aircraft OSA, the airframe of a light jet FLARIS LAR, and the light drone ATD JET-2 intended to be an aerial target for some anti-aircraft artillery sets. Some exemplary results obtained from testing these objects were presented. At the end, some observations and conclusions were noted in the context of usefulness of conducted researches.

Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley OM. 22 November 1917—30 May 2012

Andrew Huxley was a physiologist, possessing a combination of practical skill, invention and mathematical ability that has few parallels, and is famous for his contributions to the understanding of how nerve and muscle work. He came from an illustrious family: his paternal grandfather was Thomas Henry Huxley, and Julian Huxley and Aldous Huxley were his half-brothers. After completing his undergraduate degree in Cambridge in 1939, he joined Alan Hodgkin in his research on the squid giant axon and they made the first intracellular recording of a nerve action potential. Together, they used the voltage clamp technique to elucidate the ionic mechanism of the action potential; for this they were awarded a share of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963. Turning to research on muscle, he elucidated the sliding filament mechanism of contraction (in parallel with Hugh Huxley), and went on to formulate a quantitative account of the steady state properties of muscle based on the interaction between myosin crossbridges and actin sites. Moving to University College London (UCL) in 1960 as Jodrell Professor of Physiology, he provided quantitative evidence for the sliding filament theory through a study of the length–tension relation. His final studies were on the transient mechanical properties of muscle, resulting in a theory of force-generation by crossbridges. During the war, Huxley was engaged in operational research on anti-aircraft artillery and naval gunnery. He was President of the Royal Society in 1980–85, and Master of Trinity College Cambridge in 1984–90.

ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ КЛАСТЕРОВ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ ВОЕННО-МОРСКОГО ФЛОТА ДЛЯ УНИФИКАЦИИ ПРОГРАММ ИХ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ ПОДГОТОВКИ

We analyze the content of components of The Navy of the Russian Federation as a type of the state armed forces. The methodological basis of this analysis was the interpretation of the concept of “content” in the context of the fact that it represents a set of elements that form the system of their interactions and the perspective changes caused by them. On the basis of the study of specialties of the Navy we produce a generalized integration of homogeneous types of professional activities of soldiers, based on the analysis of more than 300 heterogeneous names. It is specified that the Navy of the Russian Federation at the present stage of evolutionary development is a set of five relatively interrelated and mutually conditioned units: underwater forces and surface ships; flight-lifting structure of naval aviation; marines, combat swimmers, reconnaissance, sabotage and other special units; coastal anti-aircraft missile and artillery units; support services, radio engineering, communications, rear area, engineers and equipment, including naval aviation. The above-mentioned integration of the common structure of combat operations of specialists for the purpose is the basis for the development and availability of five appropriate utilized programs for physical training, since the physical readiness of military personnel is an integral part of the system of combat improvement of the fleet. Beyond the range of specialties we reveal the feasibility of separate sixth program of physical training for units of the Navy of the Russian Federation, involving, if necessary, to implement the peacekeeping functions in the areas of likely military action. The above approach of justification of the required optimal number of physical training programs on the management scale of fleet forces of the Russian Federation is for the first time applied in the theory and technique of physical training of the military personnel.

A Study on Prediction of Probability of Hit for an Anti-Aircraft Artillery

Background/Objectives: The objective of this paper is to predict probability of hit for an anti-aircraft artillery based on the errors of the muzzle velocity and the cant error related to the fire power. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The muzzle velocity is obtained by using Le Duc equation and the errors of the projectile and the propellant. The cant angle error is obtained by the rotation of coordinate system and the cant sensor error. Then the root of the sum of squares of errors gives us the total error and then by using the equation of probability of hit, we may obtain probability of hit for an antiaircraft artillery. Findings: The muzzle velocity error due to the projectile weight error, the propellant weight error and the chamber volume error are obtained. The cant angle error due to cant angle sensor error may be obtained. Assume that all the errors are given, then we obtain the total errors in the horizontal error and the vertical error. Then using the total errors and the equation of probability of hit, we obtain probability of hit for an anti-aircraft artillery. Improvements/Applications: When we design a combat vehicle, this approach will be good resources for performance analysis of fire power for an anti-aircraft artillery.

Polish Army in its organisation phase on the turn of 1944 and 1945 illustrated with an example of 4th Anti-aircraft Artillery Division and 8th Infantry Division

In 1944, in line with the prepared plans of the extension of the Polish Army, the following military units were formed already in the course of military actions of World War II in the Siedlce area: the 8th Infantry Division, the 4th Anti-aircraft Artillery Division and the 1st Independent Mortar Brigade. Totally, the headcount of the formed tactical detachment was supposed to reach 15 thousand soldiers. Numerous organisational and logistic glitches could be seen in the formation stage of the military units mentioned above. They affected the quality of military service, leading to relaxation in the ranks of the Polish Army. Hostility of many lower rank servicemen (but not only them) towards Soviet officers, who joined the newlyorganised Polish Army, was an additional factor which made this situation even worse. Raising this issue, the Author sets it in the context of political and social changes taking place in Poland after the Polish Committee for National Liberation was established. He also refers to military discipline, which remains one of the key threads of this paper, and which actually posed a serious problem to the General Command of the Polish Army.

Dynamic viewer system in gunner sight for self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery

Dynamic viewer system in gunner sight for self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery

English

The combat features of the Ground Based Air Defence Systems represent the potential of search, discovery, indicate, combat and destruction of the enemy's air assets and the ability to manoeuvre of forces and combat means, for the purpose of capturing the enemy's airspace and avoid actions and attack to defend objectives (of troops) assigned in the area of responsibility tacking into account the conditions established by the mission. The paper is focused on a comparative study on the possibilities of target destruction of the Air Air Defence Systems (antiaircraft artillery and Surface-To-Air Missiles). Two situations were chosen: for the first case, related to S1, S2 and S3, we've assumed the presence of a flying target describing a uniform rectilinear trajectory both in the presence and in the absence of the enemy's electronic jamming. For the second case concerning S4 we've assumed that the target changed its angle of flight.