Anthurium Andraeanum Research Articles

The Development of a Procedure for the Cryopreservation of the Callus of Anthurium andraeanum by Vitrification.

The cryopreservation of Anthurium andraeanum germplasm resources is extremely important for the production and selection of new varieties. At present, the cryopreservation procedure for the callus of A. andraeanum has not been established. In this study, the leaves of A. andraeanum were used as explants to culture the callus. The cryopreservation procedure of the callus by vitrification was initially established by using the orthogonal experimental method of four factors and three levels in the preculture, loading, and dehydration steps. Furthermore, the vitrification-based cryopreservation was optimized by changing the preculture temperature and loading solution and adding exogenous substances to the plant vitrification solution (PVS2). In this procedure, the callus was precultured at 25 °C for 2 d, and loaded in 50% PVS2 at 25 °C for 60 min. The callus was dehydrated with PVS2 containing 0.08 mM reduced glutathione (GSH) at 0 °C for 60 min. After rapid-cooling in liquid nitrogen for 1 h, it was rapid-warming in a water bath at 40 °C for 90 s and unloaded for 30 min. After 1 d of recovery, the cell relative survival rate of the cryopreserved callus was 64.60%. The results provide a valuable basic and effective method for the long-term conservation of A. andraeanum germplasm resources.

The impact of water relations on the vase life of contrasting Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.) cut flowers

ABSTRACT Genotypic differences in the moderation of water relations have been shown to play a key role in explaining differences in vase life in Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.). In this study, we compared the impact of a range of holding solutions on water relations in two cultivars with contrasting vase lives: ‘Spirit’ and ‘Honduras’ (designated as short vase life – ‘Spirit-S’ and long vase life – ‘Honduras-L’). The application of a biocide (8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate; 8-HQS), ‘stem’ re-cutting and a combination of both were tested for their potential to improve water uptake and vase life in the short-lived cultivar Spirit-S. The effects of osmotic conditions were compared for both cultivars, by placing cut flowers in a Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) solution. Re-cutting and biocide altered the pattern of water uptake, but neither treatment improved vase life, suggesting that occlusion of the peduncle/microbial obstruction were not important factors in determining vase life. PEG significantly reduced vase life in both cultivars. Honduras-L responded to PEG by significantly reducing its spathe osmotic potential, while no change was observed in Spirit-S. Thus, PEG-induced drought resulted in osmotic adjustment only in the long vase life cultivar, suggesting that a genotype’s capacity for osmotic adjustment influences vase life.

Comparative and Phylogenetic Analysis of Anthurium andraeanum Hybridization Based on Molecular and Morphological Traits

Hybridization is considered an important mode of species evolution, but the genetic evolutionary process of Anthurium andraeanum hybridization is still poorly characterized. In order to provide the molecular and morphological basis for phylogenetic analysis in A. andraeanum hybridization, we analyzed the morphological, nuclear genomic, and chloroplast genomic data of five A. andraeanum cultivars and explored the correlations between different traits and nuclear and chloroplast genome characteristics. A. andraeanum hybrid 1 is an A. andraeanum ‘Baron’ (♀) × A. andraeanum ‘Spice’ (♂) cross, and A. andraeanum hybrid 2 is an A. andraeanum ‘Cheers’ (♀) × A. andraeanum hybrid 1 (♂) cross. The A. andraeanum hybrids reflected their parents’ heterozygous features in their morphologies, nuclear genomes, and chloroplast genomes. The morphological traits in the F1 generation were widely separated, showing continuous variation. Based on cluster analysis, the five A. andraeanum cultivars could be divided into two groups. The ISSR analysis results were highly correlated with the spathe color. Among the five A. andraeanum cultivars, the composition and structure features of chloroplast genomes were completely the same or highly similar, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete chloroplast genome data showed that the genetic stability of the chloroplast is high in A. andraeanum, manifested as uniparental maternal inheritance, where the chloroplast genome composition and structural features of hybrids are highly similar to those of the maternal parent.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle using Anthurium andraeanum Leaves Extract for High School Practicum Module

Nanotechnology is a new subject in the Merdeka Curriculum that presents challenges in the chemistry learning process. Teachers need help delivering nanotechnology material due to a lack of understanding of the material and teaching materials. Therefore, a practicum module for synthesizing silver nanoparticles based on green chemistry was developed. The objectives of this study were (1) to know the quality of the practicum module in terms of feasibility and (2) to know the teacher's response to the developed module. The results of this study indicate that (1) Anthurium andraeanum leaves have the potential as a bioreductor for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles based on the color change of the silver nanoparticles solution and based on the absorption of UV-Vis spectrophotometer light at a wavelength of 438 nm which shows the characteristics of silver nanoparticles. (2) The developed practicum module has met the criteria of being highly valid, with a percentage of 93% in terms of media and 88% in terms of material. (3) The teacher's response to the developed product is very good, with a percentage of 98%. The developed practicum module is suitable for use in learning nanotechnology.

Study on the ability of indoor plants to absorb and purify benzene pollution

The ability of indoor plants to purify benzene pollution is the basic basis for the selection of plants for ecological remediation of indoor benzene pollution. In this study, the purification rate and the purification amount per unit leaf area of 13 test plants at three benzene concentrations were determined by indoor fumigation experiments, and the benzene absorption and purification abilityability of indoor plants were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that (1) there was a significant correlation between benzene concentration and purification rate and purification amount per unit leaf area. (2) At the three concentrations, Spathiphyllum floribundum showed the highest purification rate and Sansevieria trifasciata var. laurentii showed the highest purification per unit leaf area. (3) The combined results showed that Sansevieria trifasciata var. laurentii, Spathiphyllum floribundum and Aloe arborescens were the strongest absorbers and purifiers, while Podocarpus nagi and Anthurium andraeanum ‘Pink champin’ had the weakest absorption and purification capacity. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and reference for the selection of plants with strong capacities to adsorb and purify benzene pollution in indoor air.

Auxin and carbohydrate control flower bud development in Anthurium andraeanum during early stage of sexual reproduction

BackgroundFlower buds of Anthurium andraeanum frequently cease to grow and abort during the early flowering stage, resulting in prolonged planting times and increased commercialization costs. Nevertheless, limited knowledge exists of the mechanism of flower development after initiation in A. andraeanum.ResultsIn this study, the measurement of carbohydrate flow and intensity between leaves and flowers during different growth stages showed that tender leaves are strong sinks and their concomitant flowers are weak ones. This suggested that the tender leaves compete with their concomitant flower buds for carbohydrates during the early growth stages, potentially causing the abortion of the flower buds. The analysis of transcriptomic differentially expressed genes suggested that genes related to sucrose metabolism and auxin response play an important role during flower bud development. Particularly, co-expression network analysis found that AaSPL12 is a hub gene engaged in flower development by collaborating carbohydrate and auxin signals. Yeast Two Hybrid assays revealed that AaSPL12 can interact with AaARP, a protein that serves as an indicator of dormancy. Additionally, the application of exogenous IAA and sucrose can suppress the expression of AaARP, augment the transcriptional abundance of AaSPL12, and consequently expedite flower development in Anthurium andraeanum.ConclusionsCollectively, our findings indicated that the combination of auxin and sugar signals could potentially suppress the repression of AaARP protein to AaSPL12, thus advancing the development of flower buds in Anthurium andraeanum.

A Survey of Phytophthora spp. in Eastern Indian Nurseries and Their Sensitivity to Six Oomycete-Targeted Commercial Fungicides.

A survey of the flori-horticultural nurseries in eastern India found Phytophthora nicotianae to be the most widespread Phytophthora species associated with different foliar symptoms of nursery plants and identified the presence of P. palmivora in eastern Indian nurseries for the first time. The survey also led to the first worldwide finding of P. nicotianae on Dipteracanthus prostratus (Poir.) Nees; Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (syn. Ocimum sanctum L.); Philodendron xanadu Croat, Mayo & J. Boos; and Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl.) Miers and P. palmivora on Episcia cupreata (Hook.) Hanst., as well as the first report from India of P. nicotianae on Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel; Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex André; and Adenium obesum (Forsk.) Roem. & Schult. Sensitivity to commercial fungicides Glazer 35WS, Rallis India (metalaxyl, FRAC code 4); Ridomil Gold, Syngenta (mefenoxam + mancozeb); Revus, Syngenta (mandipropamid, FRAC code 40); Aliette Bayer (fosetyl-Al, FRAC code 33); Acrobat, BASF (dimethomorph, FRAC code 40); and Amistar, Syngenta (azoxystrobin, FRAC code 11) was analyzed, showing EC50 values ranging from 0.75 to 16.39 ppm, 0.74 to 1.45 ppm, 2.43 to 17.21 ppm, 63.81 to 327.31 ppm, 8.88 to 174.69 ppm, and 0.1 to 1.13 ppm, respectively, with no cross-resistance of the isolates to the fungicides. The baseline information produced about these Phytophthora spp. from ornamental and horticultural host associations could help prevent the pathogens from becoming primary drivers of new disease outbreaks and their large-scale distribution beyond their natural endemic ranges.

Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Bunga Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum sp) Di Kelurahan Kakaskasen Kota Tomohon

This research aims to determine and analyze the income of Anthurium andraeanum flower farming in Kakaskasen Village, North Tomohon District, Tomohon City. The research took place from May to August 2023. The data collected was primary data obtained directly from Anthurium andraeanum flower farmers and secondary data obtained from research results and journals. Sampling used a purposive sampling method, namely farmers who cultivated Anthurium andraeanum ornamental flower plants were selected. In this research, the population of farmers cultivating Anthurium andraeanum flower plants was 2 farmers. The results of the research show that Anthurium andraeanum flower farming in Kakaskasen Village, Tomohon City with an average land area of 450 m2 = 0.045 ha, this farming incurs total costs in one planting season of Rp851,500 with receipts of Rp1,800,000 per 2 weeks (15 days) and get a total income of Rp948,500 per farm for one harvest every 2 weeks. The average R/C ratio is 2.11, which is greater than 1, meaning that flower farming is profitable and worthy of cultivation and development.

Biological Control Activities of Rhizosphere Fungus Trichoderma virens T1-02 in Suppressing Flower Blight of Flamingo Flower (Anthurium andraeanum Lind.).

Flower blight caused by Neopestalotiopsis clavispora is an emerging disease of flamingo flower (Anthurium andraeanum Lind.) that negatively impacts flower production. The use of rhizosphere fungi as biocontrol agents is an alternative way to control this disease instead of using synthetic fungicides. This research aimed to screen the potential of rhizosphere fungi, Trichoderma spp., with diverse antifungal abilities to control N. clavispora and to reduce flower blight in flamingo flowers. A total of ten isolates were tested against N. clavispora by dual culture assay, and T1-02 was found to be the most effective isolate against N. clavispora, with inhibition of 78.21%. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of multiple DNA sequences of the genes, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α), and RNA polymerase 2 (rpb2) identified isolate T1-02 as Trichoderma virens. Sealed plate method revealed T. virens T1-02 produced volatile antifungal compounds (VOCs) against N. clavispora, with inhibition of 51.28%. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was applied to trap volatiles, and GC/MS profiling showed VOCs emitted from T. virens T1-02 contained a sesquiterpene antifungal compound-germacrene D. The pre-colonized plate method showed that T. virens T1-02 aggressively colonized in tested plates with inhibition of 100% against N. clavispora, and microscopy revealed direct parasitism onto fungal hyphae. Furthermore, the application of T. virens T1-02 spore suspension reduced the disease severity index (DSI) of flower blight in flamingo flowers. Based on the results from this study, T. virens T1-02 displays multiple antagonistic mechanisms and has the potential ability to control flower blight of flamingo flowers caused by N. clavispora.

Comparative Physiological and Transcriptome Analyses of Tolerant and Susceptible Cultivars Reveal the Molecular Mechanism of Cold Tolerance in Anthurium andraeanum.

Anthurium andraeanum is a tropical ornamental flower. The cost of Anthurium production is higher under low temperature (non-freezing) conditions; therefore, it is important to increase its cold tolerance. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of Anthurium to cold stress remain elusive. In this study, comparative physiological and transcriptome sequencing analyses of two cultivars with contrasting cold tolerances were conducted to evaluate the cold stress response at the flowering stage. The activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase and the contents of proline, soluble sugar, and malondialdehyde increased under cold stress in the leaves of the cold tolerant cultivar Elegang (E) and cold susceptible cultivar Menghuang (MH), while the soluble protein content decreased in MH and increased in E. Using RNA sequencing, 24,695 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from comparisons between cultivars under the same conditions or between the treatment and control groups of a single cultivar, 9132 of which were common cold-responsive DEGs. Heat-shock proteins and pectinesterases were upregulated in E and downregulated in MH, indicating that these proteins are essential for Anthurium cold tolerance. Furthermore, four modules related to cold treatment were obtained by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. The expression of the top 20 hub genes in these modules was induced by cold stress in E or MH, suggesting they might be crucial contributors to cold tolerance. DEGs were significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction pathways, trehalose metabolism, and ribosomal proteins, suggesting these processes play important roles in Anthurium's cold stress response. This study provides a basis for elucidating the mechanism of cold tolerance in A. andraeanum and potential targets for molecular breeding.

A High-Resolution Linkage Map Construction and QTL Analysis for Morphological Traits in Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Linden).

Anthurium andraeanum Linden is a prominent ornamental plant belonging to the family Araceae and is cultivated worldwide. The morphology characteristics are crucial because they significantly impact ornamental values, commercial properties, and the efficiency of space utilization in production. However, only a few related investigations have been conducted in anthurium to date. In this study, an F1 genetic segregation population containing 160 progenies was generated through hybridization between potted and cut anthurium varieties. Fifteen morphological traits were assessed and revealed substantial levels of genetic variation and widespread positive correlation. Based on specific length amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing technology, 8171 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were developed, and the high-density linkage map of 2202.27 cM in length distributed on 15 linkage groups was constructed successfully, with an average distance of 0.30 cM. Using the inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) method, 59 QTLs related to 15 key morphological traits were successfully identified, which explained phenotypic variance (PVE) ranging from 6.21% to 17.74%. Thirty-three of those associated with 13 traits were designated as major QTLs with PVE > 10%. These findings offer valuable insights into the genetic basis of quantitative traits and are beneficial for molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) in anthurium breeding.

Domestic Effluent Treated for the Cultivation of Anthurium (Anthurium Andraeanum Lind.)

Purpose: The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth and production of anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Lind.) irrigated with dilutions of treated domestic effluent (EDT), aiming to reduce the use of water and recycle the nutrients present in the effluent. Theoretical framework: Faced with the scarcity and irregularity of rainfall in the Recôncavo da Bahia, it emphasizes the need and urgency in the search for alternative sources of water for irrigation, such as wastewater, with the potential to supply the water and nutritional demands of plants, especially those with less restriction, like ornamentals. Method/design/approach: The experimental design was completely randomized, using five dilutions of EDT (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in drinking water, with four replications. Plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of flowers and shoot dry mass were evaluated. Results and conclusion: Plants irrigated with EDT dilutions and fertilized with 50% of the recommended nitrogen and potassium showed growth and production similar to plants irrigated with water supply and fertilized with 100% of the recommended mineral fertilizer, which allows recommending the use of EDT for irrigation of anthurium with 50% reduction of mineral fertilization. Research implications: The results obtained reinforce the importance of taking advantage of the nutrient content present in the effluent, with the possibility of partially replacing mineral fertilizers, favoring savings in quality water and mineral fertilizers. Originality/value: Savings of good quality water and mineral fertilizers, in addition to providing a safe destination for the effluent.

Identification of key genes responsible for green and white colored spathes in Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.).

Modern anthuriums, Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.) are among the most popular flowering plants and widely used for interior decoration. Their popularity is largely attributed to the exotic spathes with different colors. Previous studies have reported color development in red spathe cultivars, but limited information is available on key genes regulating white and green colored spathes. This study analyzed anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents as well as transcript differences in spathes of eight cultivars that differed in spathe colors ranging from red to white and green. Results showed that increased expression of a transcription factor AaMYB2 was associated with elevated levels of anthocyanin in spathes, but decreased expression of AaMYB2 and increased expression of AaLAR (leucoanthocyanidin reductase) and AaANR (anthocyanidin reductase) were accompanied with the accumulation of colorless proanthocyanidin, thus the white spathe. As to the green colored spathe, chlorophyll content in the green spathe cultivar was substantially higher than the other cultivars. Correspondingly, transcripts of chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes AaHemB (porphobilinogen synthase) and AaPor (protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase) were highly upregulated but almost undetectable in white and red spathes. The increased expression of AaHemB and AaPor was correlated with the expression of transcription factor AaMYB124. Subsequently, qRT-PCR analysis confirmed their expression levels in nine additional cultivars with red, white, and green spathes. A working model for the formation of white and green spathes was proposed. White colored spathes are likely due to the decreased expression of AaMYB2 which results in increased expression of AaLAR and AaANR, and the green spathes are attributed to AaMYB124 enhanced expression of AaHemB and AaPor. Further research is warranted to test this working model.

First Report of Colleters in Araceae: A Case Study in Anthurium andraeanum Reveals Diverse Mucilage Glands Associated with the Developing Shoot.

Araceae comprises a diverse group of plants that grow in various habitats, ranging from submerged aquatics to lithophytes. Thus, aroids are likely to show diverse glands acting in several plant-environment interactions, including colleters that protect young shoots. Based on this premise and the lack of studies regarding secretory structures in Araceae, we employed standard light and electron microscopy methods to test the hypothesis that colleters are present in Anthurium. Our main goals were to identify mucilage glands in A. andraeanum by conducting a detailed anatomical study of their structure, ultrastructure, and secretory activity. We found finger-like colleters in the apex of young leaves, spathes, and unexpanded cataphylls as well as secreting zones at the apex of expanded cataphylls, at the margins of non-fused cataphylls, and throughout the keels in two-keeled cataphylls. The colleters develop precociously and senesce shortly afterwards. Ultrastructural data and histochemistry confirmed the production of a polysaccharide-rich secretion that fills the spaces within the developing shoot. As far we know, this is the first time that colleters have been reported for Araceae. The functional roles of the secretion and the position of finger-like colleters concerning the 'precursor tip' of monocotyledons are discussed. Future research correlating secretory activity in colleters of species from different habitats might reveal a great diversity of mucilage glands with ecological and evolutionary significance to the family.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Anthurium andraeanum Linden (Araceae; Pothoideae)

The chloroplast genome of Anthurium andraeanum Linden 1877 was assembled and analyzed in this study. The genome size is 162,560 bp, of which contains a large single-copy (LSC) region with 88,814 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region with 22,856 bp, and two inverted repeat regions (IRA and IRB) with 25,445 bp, respectively. The plastome contains 124 genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs, six rRNAs and one pseudogene. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that A. andraeanum is a member of Pothoideae and sister to A. huixtlense.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent nitric oxide generation is involved in putrescine-induced chilling tolerance of Anthurium andraeanum

Previous studies have demonstrated the positive effects of exogenous putrescine (Put) on the chilling tolerance of Anthurium andraeanum. In the present study, anthurium seedlings were pretreated with Put and Put in combination with NO scavenger cPTIO, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME, or nitrate reductase (NR) inhibitor Na2WO4 solutions for four weeks and then subjected to chilling stress (6 ºC) for three days, followed by recovery (25 ºC) for one day. NO fluorescence, endogenous NO content, and activities of NOS, NR, and copper amine oxidase (CuAO), as well as physiological indexes, were assessed during the experiment. The results were further confirmed at the transcriptional level via transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR. Results indicated that the application of Put prompted the accumulation of endogenous NO, and the NOS-dependent pathway probably played a vital role in the endogenous NO generation. The enhancement of chilling tolerance induced by exogenous Put could be notably reversed by the combined application of L-NAME. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing and gene expression analyses confirmed the contribution of the NOS-dependent pathway to the accumulation of endogenous NO and the effects of endogenous NO on the mediation of chilling tolerance. In summary, the NOS-dependent pathway was the primary source of endogenous NO in the Put-pretreated anthurium. Furthermore, endogenous NO was involved in the chilling response of anthurium, playing a synergistic role in the mediation of chilling tolerance with exogenous Put.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Copper and Sulfur Nanoparticles for Controlling Bacterial Blight Caused by Xanthomonas sp. in <em>Anthurium andraeanum</em> Lind

Bacterial blight in Anthurium andraeanum Lind. which is caused by Xanthomonas sp. is regarded as the most threatening disease in the anthurium industry worldwide. Therefore, the current study was carried out to determine whether the application of copper nano particles (CuNPs) and sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) is a possible solution to control the bacterial blight in anthurium. The bacterium Xanthomonas sp. was isolated using standard methods and a single bacterial colony was grown in nutrient agar (NA). The colonies produced in cultures were identified as Xanthomonas sp. as they were Gram-negative, motile rods with yellow colour due to production of xanthin. The symptoms appeared in the pathogenicity test which was carried out by injecting purified Xanthomonas sp. into disease free anthurium plants confirmed the identification of the bacterial strain. Concentrations of 5, 15 and 25mg/100ml CuNPs and 50, 75 and 1000 mg in 100ml SNPs were mixed separately with isolated Xanthomonas sp. to investigate the behavior of two types of nano particles in destroying the bacterium. All three concentrations (5, 15 and 25 mg/100ml) of copper nanoparticles used in suspensions of the bacterium Xanthomonas sp. did not support any bacterial growth. In contrast, all three concentrations of SNPs in Xanthomonas sp. showed bacterial growth though it was less in 1000 mg /in 100ml compared to the control treatment. Hence it can be concluded that 5 mg/100 ml CuNPs is capable of destroying in vitro growth of Xanthomonas sp. bacterium which causes bacterial blight in Anthurium andraeanum.

Genotypic differences in vase life of Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.) cut-flowers are associated with differences in spathe chlorophyll content

Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.)) is an important crop in the worldwide cut-flower industry, valued in particular for its showy colors and long vase life, which varies from a few days to several weeks depending on the cultivar. Previous work suggested that long vase life is associated with the chlorophyll content of the spathe, especially when more light is available. Here we compare the vase life of ten anthurium cultivars covering a range of chlorophyll contents, using two light intensities: low light (40 µmol m−2 s−1) and high light (400 µmol m−2 s−1). The experiment was arranged in a factorial design with six replicate cut-flowers per cultivar per light intensity, and measurements were recorded weekly for cut-flower degradation, water uptake, spathe chlorophyll content and spathe hyperspectral reflectance. Cultivar differences in vase life were positively associated with differences in the initial spathe chlorophyll content (accounting for > 60 % of the variation). The use of high light also significantly increased vase life in three of the high chlorophyll cultivars. Chlorophyll content increased over time in some cultivars, and this increase was associated with extended vase life under high light (accounting for 69 % of the variation). In both cases chlorophyll content provided a better indicator of vase life than the red dip index (R800 nm – R685 nm) derived from hyperspectral reflectance. The results show that cultivars with a high initial chlorophyll content often have an ability to ‘re-green’ by increasing chlorophyll content while in the vase. Both high initial chlorophyll content and the ability to perform re-greening are associated with a longer vase life suggesting that chlorophyll activity in the spathe helps to maintain the cut-flowers.

Identification of microRNA158 from Anthurium andraeanum and Its Function in Cold Stress Tolerance

Anthurium andraeanum is a tropical flower with high ornamental and economic value. Cold stress is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting the quality and value of A. andraeanum; thus, improving the cold tolerance of this species is an important breeding objective. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a critical role in plant abiotic stress responses, but their specific molecular regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown, including those related to the cold stress response in A. andraeanum. Here, we identified and cloned the precursor of miR158 from A. andraeanum (Aa-miR158). Both Aa-miR158 and its target gene (c48247) had higher expression levels in strong leaves than in other tissues or organs. Further study revealed that the transcript level of Aa-miR158 was increased by cold stress. Heterologous overexpression of Aa-miR158 improved cold stress tolerance in Arabidopsis, which was associated with decreases in the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and relative electrical conductivity (REC) as well as increases in peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity. Moreover, overexpressing Aa-miR158 significantly increased the expression of endogenous genes related to cold stress tolerance and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in transgenic Arabidopsis under cold stress. Overall, our results demonstrate that Aa-miR158 is significantly involved in the cold stress response and provide a new strategy for cold tolerance breeding of A. andraeanum.

Effect of Different Concentrations and Combinations of BAP and NAA on Micropropagation of Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Linn.) Red

Anthurium anderanum from Araneae family, is a plant with high commercial value. Tissue culture technique appears as an alternative way propagation to increase Anthurium production. The recent research intended to establish an efficient regeneration method for Anthurium andraeanum tissue culture. Young Anthurium plantlets including young shoots, petioles and leaves were applied for regeneration through in vitro indirect organogenesis method from the undefined plant tissues. Callus proliferation was induced by the use of Morishige and Skoog media along with 0.6 mg/l 2,4- Dichlorophenes acetic acid. Shoot regeneration medium consisted of MS salts with supplemented different combinations of BAP and NAA. The number of shoots per explants was significantly increased in 7 months of culture periods in all different combinations but there were found that 14 shoots/explant and 13.9 shoots/explant in NA+ BAP (0+3mg/l) and (0.2+0mg/l) respectively. The longest shoot length (17.3 cm) was found in NAA+BAP (0+0.5mg/l). Rooting was found automatically in shoot proliferation medium. Regenerated plantlets were potted in mixture of broken brick, coco husk and charcoal and successfully acclimatized.