Anthelmintic Resistance In Goats Research Articles

Detection of Anthelmintic Resistance in Goats of the North-Central Plateau and North-Eastern Coastal Plain of Odisha

Detection of Anthelmintic Resistance in Goats of the North-Central Plateau and North-Eastern Coastal Plain of Odisha

Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo review anthelmintic resistance globally in goats including the effect of location, mode of application and dosage on anthelmintic efficacy (assessed using Faecal Egg Count Reduction). Specifically, resistance of the three major classes of anthelmintics – Benzimidazole and Probenzimidazole (BP); Anti-cholinergics (AC); and Macrocyclic Lactone (ML) was investigated. Design/procedureA PRISMA Framework was followed in order to conduct a thorough assessment of the literature on anthelmintic resistance in goats. A single factor ANOVA test was conducted in Microsoft Excel (2009) to test for the significance of the effect of location, mode of application and dosage on resistance. Three meta-analyses were also conducted in Microsoft Excel (2009) to quantify global resistance levels of the three major anthelmintic classes. ResultsOf the 461 publications screened, 105 studies were included in the systematic review and 101 studies were included in the meta-analyses. Anthelmintic class as well as anthelmintic active principle selection in the BP and ML classes did have a significant effect on resistance (p < 0.05). Combination treatment groups had a lower amount of resistance than groups where anthelmintic classes were used alone. Mode of application of the treatment had a significant effect on resistance (p < 0.05), whilst the correlation of dosage with efficacy was low (r < 0.1). The effect of location (by continent) also had a significant influence on resistance for the AC anthelmintic class (p < 0.05). All GIN species assessed with the exception of Chabertia spp. exhibited anthelmintic resistance. ConclusionsAnthelmintic resistance is a substantial global issue in the goat industry. More research needs to be conducted into anthelmintic resistance in regard to effective ways to use anthelmintics and minimise resistance.

Cross Anthelmintic Resistance in Goats of Unorganized Sector in Haryana

Cross Anthelmintic Resistance in Goats of Unorganized Sector in Haryana

First report of multiple anthelmintic resistance in goat farm in Cuba

Summary This study determined the efficacies of four classes of anthelmintics (AH) in a goat flock where anthelmintic resistance (AR) to ivermectin was suspected. We selected and randomly distributed 105 animals with &gt;500 eggs per gram of feces into seven groups of 15 animals: an untreated control group and groups treated with ivermectin, eprinomectin, albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole, levamisole, and closantel. The goats were individually weighed and treated with the recommended dose. Fecal samples were collected 14 days post-treatment to determine the fecal egg counts and for a fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Coprocultures were also performed for identifying any resistant genera. A molecular assay (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) was used to confirm benzimidazole resistance. The FECRTs for the ivermectin, eprinomectin, albendazole sulfoxide, and albendazole treatments were &lt;90 %, indicating multiple anthelmintic resistance, all in Haemonchus spp. Levamisole had a FECRT confidence interval &lt;90 %, indicating a moderate level of AR. The PCR detected the ß-tubulin alleles responsible for benzimidazole resistance, confirming AR. This study is the first monospecific report of AR in goats in Cuba, with a total failure of macrocyclic lactones anthelmintic class.

Goat is not a scapegoat in escalating anthelmintic resistance in Small Ruminants

Sheep and goats share the same species of gastrointestinal nematode parasites. The browsing animals (goats) suffer from parasitic gastroenteritis with comparatively lesser burden of parasitic nematodes than in sheep. Traditionally the dose rates of anthelmintics used in goats to control gastrointestinal nematodes are same as in sheep. Pharmacokinetics of anthelmintics in general, benzimidazoles and closantel in particular, reveal that goats remove anthelmintics from their body faster than sheep resulting in the reduced bioavailability of anthelmintics. Administration of anthelmintics in goats at dose rate recommended for sheep results in lower efficacy that in turn, results in the heterozygote resistant parasites being selected. The dosing of goats with the sheep dose of anthelmintics is similar in consequence to under-dosing with the effect of allowing the heterozygote resistant worms to survive. Goats are thus singularly blamed with the claim that resistance develops first in goats and then spread into the sheep flock. The ways of tackling the problem of anthelmintic resistance in goats are discussed.

Survey of gastrointestinal menatodes and anthelmintic resistance in sheep and goats in communal grazing pastoral area, Yabello District, southern Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2013 to April 2014 in pastoral area, Yabello districts, to estimate the prevalence and to identify risk factors associated with gastrointestinal strongyle infection in sheep and goats. Moreover, to assess the anthelmintic resistance in goats gastrointestinal nematodes a total of 1040 faecal samples were collected (sheep, n=; 400 goats, n=640) of which 656 animals (63.1 %) were positive for strongyle eggs. Three-hundred three (75.8%) of sheep and 353 (55.2%) goats were positive for strongyle eggs .. Animal species and body condition influenced the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite in sheep and goats in the study area. The mean EPG was significantly higher in female animals (x2 =4.02, P &lt; 0.05) and in local breed (x2 =3.89, P &lt; 0.05). The proportion of light level infection was higher followed by medium and heavy level of infection for species, sex, age, body condition and breeds of the study animals. The FEC reduction percentage for lvermectin, Albendazole and Tetramisole were 91.8%, 95.9% and 96.8%, respectively. Since the 95% confidence level lower limit for Albendazole and lvermectin were less than 90%, the gastrointestinal nematodes circulating in the area could be suspected to develop resistance for Albendazole and lvermectin. Hence, after further epidemiological study, strategic deworming and also animal health extension to create awareness of the sheep and goats owners regarding the impact of gastrointestinal parasites will play key role to reduce the higher prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of sheep and goats in the study area.Keywords: EPG, Gastrointestinal, Sheep, Goat, Yabello, Ethiopia

Status of anthelmintic resistance in goats maintained under field and farm conditions in chhattisgarh plain

In the present study, field goats in Chattisgarh Plain exhibited 100, 99 and 100% reduction in faecal egg counts with albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin, respectively and lower 95% confidence limit was 98% in all treatment groups. This indicates susceptibility of nematode parasites of field towards all three groups of anthelmintics. On the contrary, farm goats exhibited resistance against benzimidazoles (FECR-94% and lower 95% confidence limit-68%) while levamisole and ivermectin showed 100% efficacy with lower 95% confidence limit of 96 and 99%, respectively. The dominant nematode parasite exhibiting resistance was Haemonchus spp. On egg hatch assay, ED50 value of field goats was 0.0310μg TBZ ml−1 and that of farm was 0.1500μg TBZ ml−1 further confirms emergence of benzimidazole resistance in farm goats.

Managing anthelmintic resistance in goats—Can we learn lessons from sheep?

Disease caused by gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes is arguably one of the most important health constraints affecting productivity in small ruminants. This is of particular importance for many tropical and subtropical countries where goats play a vital role in the agricultural economies. Anthelmintic resistance is an important component of the losses attributable to parasitoses, unfortunately there is ample evidence that it is more common in goats than in other farmed ruminants. The increased prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in goats can largely be explained by unique aspects of their pharmacology, immunology and behaviour, all of which we need to understand and make allowance for if we are to effectively and sustainably manage anthelmintic resistance in goats.

Effects of the repeated distribution of sainfoin hay on the resistance and the resilience of goats naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes

Due to the high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in goats, the need to explore novel approaches to control nematodes and to reduce the exclusive reliance on chemotherapy is strongly demanded in this host species. In sheep, several studies have shown that the consumption of tannin-rich legume forages was associated with positive effects on host resilience and resistance to parasite infection. In goats, studies on such interactions between tanniferous plants and nematode infections remain few. The objectives of the current study were to examine under natural conditions the effects of consumption of sainfoin hay by goats on the parasite populations and on host resilience. Eighteen adult cull goats naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis were used in the study. At the start of the assay, the goats were allocated into two groups, balanced according to weight and the levels of egg excretion. The two groups grazed separate pastures for 3 months with similar stocking rates. Goats from group S received each month indoors, for 7 days, sainfoin hay and control goats (group C) received hay of ryegrass. The diets in both groups were made isoenergetic and isoproteic and the refusals measured. Individual parasitological and pathophysiological measurements were performed fortnightly in order to compare host resistance and resilience. At the end of the study, five goats per group were necropsied. The distribution of sainfoin was associated with: (1) a higher consumption of hay; (2) significant, lower levels of nematode egg excretion which was associated with a decrease in worm fertility but no change in worm population; however, the number of intestinal worms was reduced by 50% in group S; (3) a better host resilience. In particular, after 2 months of grazing, two control goats died and half of the remaining animals needed to be treated whereas this was not the case in group S. These differences were related to significant changes in pepsinogen and phosphate values (PCV) but not in pepsinogen and phosphate concentrations. These results demonstrate that a repeated distribution of sainfoin hay to grazing goats might be beneficial in regard of pasture contamination and host resilience. They suggest that administration of sainfoin hay might represent a valuable alternative and adjunct to reduce nematode infections in dairy goat flock.

Anthelmintic resistance in goats in peninsular Malaysia.

Ninety-six randomly selected farms, located throughout peninsular Malaysia, were surveyed for goat nematodes resistant to benzimidazoles (BZ). On 33 farms BZ resistance was demonstrated by means of an egg hatch assay. Haemonchus contortus was found to be the main species involved in anthelmintic resistance. There was a positive association between the frequency of anthelmintic treatments on a farm and the presence of benzimidazole resistance. To assess the value of the egg hatch assay, faecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests were also performed on 20 farms. On six farms the LD50 of thiabendazole (TBZ) was less than 0.10 micrograms ml-1 and the FECR higher than 95% and on ten farms with an LD50 TBZ of over 0.10 micrograms ml-1 a FECR of less than 95% was measured. On four farms the FECR was less than 95%, although the egg hatch assay showed LD50 TBZ values of less than 0.10 micrograms ml-1 and on two of these three farms a controlled efficacy test confirmed the presence of BZ resistant H. contortus. From these results it can be concluded that the egg hatch assay underestimated the true incidence of benzimidazole resistance. Levamisole resistance was detected with a FECR test on two of ten farms investigated.

Simultaneous resistance to two or more broad-spectrum anthelmintics by gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep and goats

The detection, by means of faecal egg count reduction tests and larval cultures, of two cases of multiple anthelmintic resistance in goats and two in sheep, is reported. The former cases appeared to involve resistance to all three broad-spectrum drench groups (benzimidazole, levamisole, ivermectin) by mainly Ostertagia spp., the latter resistance to two of them (benzimidazole, levamisole) by Trichostrongylus spp.

Anthelmintic resistance in Australia.

Australia bas by far the highest prevalente of anthelmintic reslstance in the world’,2. Within Australia, the problem is greatest for the sheep industry because of its importante to the national economy; however. there is also serious concern in the horse and goat industries. The high prevalente of anthelmintic resistance in goats also affects the sheep industry because of the expansion of the goat-fibre industry into traditional sheep raising areas. Economie surveys carried out between 1980 and 1982, when resistance was generally considered to be localized and easily managed, estimated that the costs of internal parasites exceeded $A3 10 millior? (= US$430 million). Resistance surveys in the major sheep regions showed a high prevalente of resistance to thiabendazole and levamisole, yet these represent the only two broad spectrum anthelmintlcs marketed in this country (Table 1). The emergence and spread of resistante involving all the major genera of nematode parasites in sheep, and the almost exclusive reliance by farmers on anthelmintics for parasite control, mean that anthelmintic resistance is the single most important problem confronting future control of helminths. In this respect, P.J. Waller