Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears Research Articles

Arthroscopic lasso-loop technique for subscapularis repair with anterolateral viewing portal yields better clinical outcomes for Lafosse grade 3 and 4 tears: a prospective study with minimum 2 years of follow-up

BackgroundContracted subscapularis tears, especially Lafosse grade 3 and 4, pose a significant challenge in surgical repair due to the need for extensive release of retracted tendon and the risk of cut-through due to poor tissue quality. The posterior viewing portal may hinder adequate visualization and extensive release of retracted tendons, particularly in addressing the bursal surface of the tears. Tension-free robust repair is critical to prevent retears and for achieving successful outcomes for these massive and complex retracted tears. This study investigates the clinical outcomes of the Lasso-Loop technique with an anterolateral viewing portal, aiming to enhance tendon release, improve footprint fixation, and optimize tissue grip, particularly in cases of chronic retracted Lafosse 3 and 4 tears. This innovation also eliminates the need for arthroscope switching and serves as a crucial measure for averting axillary nerve injuries during the procedure. MethodsThe study included 40 patients with isolated subscapularis or combined anterosuperior rotator cuff tears ( Lafosse grade 3 and 4) who underwent arthroscopic subscapularis repair using a Lasso-Loop technique through an anterolateral viewing portal. Evaluations were conducted both preoperatively and at predefined postoperative intervals: 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. The evaluations in this study encompassed a comprehensive range of clinical assessments, which included a complete range of movements, specialized tests for subscapularis muscle functionality (specifically the Lift off test and Belly press test), the utilization of the UCLA and Oxford Shoulder scoring systems, and a postoperative ultrasonography conducted at the 6-month mark to assess the presence of any retear. Clinical outcomes were compared with that of the opposite normal shoulder. ResultsThere was considerable improvement in the active painless range of motion postoperatively. During the 2-year follow-up, the positive belly press test decreased from 50% (n=20) to 2.5% (n=1), while the positive lift-off test decreased from 100% (n=40) to 5% (n=2). The mUCLA score increased significantly from 10.15 preoperatively to 30.17 at 2 years postoperatively (P Value = 0.001). Oxford’s shoulder score increased significantly from 15.6 preoperatively to 40.64 at 2 years postoperatively (P Value = 0.001). ConclusionThis technique has produced positive functional outcomes, in cases categorized as massive subscapularis tears and chronic tears indicating the superiority over other conventional techniques of subscapularis repair described in the literature.

Combined Anterior Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major Tendon Transfer (aLDTM) for Irreparable Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears.

Transfer of the anterior latissimus dorsi and teres major (LDTM) tendons has demonstrated favorable outcomes in patients with irreparable anterosuperior rotator cuff tears1. The objective of this procedure is to restore internal rotation strength, enhance active range of motion, and provide pain relief while preserving the glenohumeral joint. The incision extended from the coracoid to the inferior border of the pectoralis major tendon, following the deltopectoral interval located laterally to the coracoid. While preserving the pectoralis major tendon, the latissimus dorsi (LD) and teres major (TM) tendons are identified and detached from the humerus without separating the tendons. The LDTM tendons are grasped, and nonabsorbable sutures are placed in a continuous running-locking suture fashion. Traction is applied to the sutures while bluntly releasing the adhesions surrounding the LDTM muscles in order to enable further mobilization and excursion. With the patient's arm positioned in full internal rotation and at 45° of abduction for physiological tensioning, the LDTM tendons are attached 2 cm distal to the lateral edge of the greater tuberosity and lateral to the biceps groove with use of 1 medial anchor and 3 lateral anchors. Arthroscopic partial repair, superior capsular reconstruction, pectoralis major tendon transfer, and isolated LD tendon transfer are potential alternative treatments. In cases in which these options are not feasible or have been unsuccessful, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty can be considered as a treatment option. Arthroscopic partial repair can provide pain relief, but its effectiveness in improving range of motion and muscle strength is limited2,3. Additionally, there is a high risk of retear, with reported rates as high as 52%4. Superior capsular reconstruction is considered a viable treatment, but it is not recommended in cases involving irreparable subscapularis tears5-7. Pectoralis major transfer may lead to less favorable clinical outcomes in cases in which an irreparable subscapularis tear and an irreparable supraspinatus tear are simultaneously present8-10. In cases of irreparable anterosuperior rotator cuff tears, the transfer of the LD tendon alone may not fully restore the superior migration and anterior subluxation of the humeral head.11. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty may be another option in these cases, but it does not preserve the glenohumeral joint. The procedure involves stabilizing the superior translation of the humeral head by rebalancing the force couple, as the TM tendon exhibits scapulohumeral kinematics similar to the subscapularis tendon. Additionally, the procedure effectively reduces anterior glenohumeral subluxation through the combined effect of the posterior line of pull from the combined LDTM tendons and the scapulohumeral kinematics of the teres minor tendon. Also, by fixing the transferred LDTM tendons just distal to the greater tuberosity, the vector becomes less vertical, thereby preventing axillary nerve impingement and achieving appropriate tendon tensioning. The use of this procedure is supported by a study of 30 patients who were followed for a minimum of 2 years1. Significant improvements were observed in various scoring systems, including the pain VAS (visual analogue scale), Constant, ASES (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons), UCLA (University of California-Los Angeles), SANE (Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation), and ADLIR (Activities of Daily Living requiring active Internal Rotation) scores. Importantly, there was no significant progression of cuff tear arthropathy observed during the final follow-up. Additionally, preoperative anterior glenohumeral subluxation (15 of 30 patients) was restored in all patients after LDTM tendon transfer. Careful attention should be paid to the anterior humeral circumflex vessels to prevent bleeding.The radial nerve, passing through the anteroinferior surface of the LDTM tendons, should be carefully identified and protected to avoid iatrogenic injury.To maintain physiologic tension, the patient's arm should be positioned in full internal rotation and 45° of abduction.To avoid axillary nerve impingement, the LDTM tendons should be fixed just distal to the greater tuberosity and lateral to the biceps groove. SCR = superior capsular reconstructionLDTM = latissimus dorsi combined with teres majorASRCTs = anterosuperior rotator cuff tearsA/S = arthroscopicROM = range of motionTM = teres majorTm = teres minorLD = latissimus dorsiSSC = subscapularisSSP = supraspinatusPM = Pectoralis majorPm = Pectoralis minorRSA = reverse total shoulder arthroplastyASES = American Shoulder and Elbow SurgeonsUCLA = University of California-Los AngelesADLIR = Activities of Daily Living requiring active Internal RotationGT = greater tuberosityACR = anterior capsular reconstructionFF = forward flexionER = external rotationIR = internal rotationAHD = acromiohumeral distanceMRI = magnetic resonance imagingISP = infraspinatusPEEK = polyetheretherketonePOD = postoperative dayEMG = electromyographySD = standard deviationBMI = body mass indexDM = diabetes mellitusHTN = hypertensionVAS = visual analogue scaleSANE = Single Assessment Numeric EvaluationaROM =active range of motion.

Biomodulating healing after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: the protocol of a randomised proof of concept trial (BIOHACK)

Purpose/introductionOver the last decades, there has been increasing interest in biological stimulation or bioaugmentation after rotator cuff repair. So far, there is no consensus on the appropriate composition of biologicals...

Biomechanical comparison of combined latissimus dorsi and teres major tendon transfer vs. latissimus dorsi tendon transfer in shoulders with irreparable anterosuperior rotator cuff tears.

Irreparable anterosuperior rotator cuff tears (IASRCTs) can result in a gradual loss of active elevation and internal rotation, superior and anterior translation of the humeral head, and cuff tear arthropathy. Joint-preserving treatment options for IASRCTs in young and high-demand elderly patients remain a subject of ongoing debate. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biomechanical efficacy of the combined latissimus dorsi and teres major tendon (LDTM) transfer and compare it to an isolated latissimus dorsi (LD) transfer in a cadaveric IASRCT model. Eight cadaveric shoulders (mean age, 68.3±5.2 years; range 58-71) were tested with a custom shoulder testing system. All specimens were tested at 0°, 30°, and 60° of glenohumeral abduction in the scapular plane under 4 conditions: (1) intact, (2) IASRCT, (3) combined LDTM transfer, and (4) isolated LD transfer. The superior and anteroinferior translation and subacromial contact pressure were measured. The effects of 3 different LD and LDTM muscle loading conditions were investigated to determine the effectiveness of the muscle transfer conditions. A linear mixed effect model was used for statistical analysis, followed by a Tukey post hoc test. IASRCTs significantly increased superior translation, anteroinferior translation, and subacromial peak contact pressure. Combined LDTM transfer significantly decreased superior and anteroinferior translation compared with IASRCTs in all positions and muscle loadings. Isolated LD transfer did not significantly decrease superior (P>.115) and anteroinferior translation (P>.151) compared to IASRCT at any abduction and muscle loads except superior translation at 60° abduction and 90° of external rotation (ER) (P<.036). LDTM transfer also significantly decreased peak contact pressure from the IASRCT condition at every abduction angle (P<.046). However, isolated LD transfer significantly decreased subacromial peak contact pressure only at 30° abduction and 0° and 30° of ER with triple loading (P<.048), as well as at 60° abduction and 90° of ER (P<.003). Combined LDTM transfer decreased superior translation, anteroinferior translation, and subacromial contact pressure compared with the IASRCT condition. Isolated LD transfer did not improve glenohumeral translation and subacromial contact pressure. Combined LDTM transfer may be a more reliable treatment option than isolated LD transfer in patients with an IASRCT.

“Functional outcomes and MRI-based tendon healing after (antero-) superior rotator cuff repair among patients under 50 years: retrospective analysis of traumatic versus non-traumatic rotator cuff tears”

BackgroundRotator cuff tears among patients under 50 years either result from an adequate trauma or are considered non-traumatic due to work-related or athletic overuse. The impact of these different mechanisms on postoperative functional outcomes and tendon healing has not yet been fully understood. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to investigate the influence of etiology of (antero-)superior rotator cuff tears on postoperative outcomes and the healing rates after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in a young patient population.MethodsPatients under 50 years who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between 2006–2017 for an anterosuperior rotator cuff tear with a minimum follow up of 24 months were included in this study. Revision surgeries or reconstructive concomitant procedures other than long head of the biceps tenodesis were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups according to the etiology of their rotator cuff tear (traumatic vs. non-traumatic). Demographic and outcome scores including the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, the Constant Score (CS), bilateral strength measurements and postoperative tendon integrity evaluated on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were assessed and compared between both groups.ResultsThe mean follow up for this study was 55.6 months (24 – 158). Twenty-one patients (50.0%) had a traumatic RCT and 21 patients (50.0%) had a non-traumatic tear. Outcome scores did not differ significantly between groups. Strength measurements of the supraspinatus revealed significantly decreased force of the affected side as opposed to the contralateral side (p = 0.001), regardless of etiology. Retear rates were similar in both groups (37.5% and 33.3%, p = n.s.). Cuff integrity at follow-up was not predictive of superior scores or strength.ConclusionSurgical treatment of traumatic and non-traumatic RCT yields good clinical results in patients under the age of 50. The etiology of the rotator cuff tear did not significantly affect postoperative outcomes or healing rates. About one third of the patients suffered from a retear postoperatively, however retears were not predictive of inferior outcomes at midterm follow-up.Study designLevel III.Trial registrationRetrospectively registered.

Latissimus dorsi and teres major tendon transfer for irreparable anterosuperior rotator cuff tear improves kinematics and internal rotation compared to latissimus dorsi tendon transfer.

Latissimus dorsi and teres major (LDTM) tendon transfer has demonstrated better clinical outcomes compared to Latissimus dorsi (LD) transfer for irreparable anterosuperior cuff (subscapularis/supraspinatus) tears; however, the biomechanical effects of these procedures are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare kinematics and internal rotation of LDTM transfer to LD transfer for anterosuperior cuff tear. Eight cadaveric shoulders were tested in four conditions; (1) intact, (2) anterosuperior rotator cuff tear, (3) LDTM transfer, and (4) LD transfer. Glenohumeral kinematics and internal rotation at 0°, 30°, and 60° of glenohumeral abduction in the scapular plane were measured. Muscle loading was applied based on physiological cross-sectional area ratios with three muscle loading conditions to simulate potentially increased tension due to the advanced insertion site of the transferred tendons. The anterosuperior rotator cuff tear leads to a significant superior shift of the humeral head compared to intact at 0° and 30° abduction (p < 0.039). Both the LDTM (p < 0.047) and LD transfers (p < 0.032)significantly shifted the humeral head inferiorly compared to the tear condition.; however, the LDTM transfer shifted the head in the anteroinferior direction compared to the LD transfer at 60° abduction and 30° ER (p < 0.045). Both LDTM and LD transfer significantly increased internal resting rotation (p < 0.008) and maximum internal rotation (p < 0.008) compared to anterosuperior rotator cuff tear and intact at 30° and 60° abduction. LDTM transfer resulted in a significant internal resting rotation compared with the LD transfer at 30° abduction with double muscle loading (p = 0.02). At 0° abduction, the LDTM transfer (p < 0.027) significantly increased maximum internal rotation compared to anterosuperior rotator cuff tear and intact. Although both LDTM and LD tendon transfer improved the abnormal humeral head apex position and internal rotation compared with the tear condition, the LDTM transfer was biomechanically superior to the LD transfer in a cadaveric model.

Outcomes of combined anterior latissimus dorsi and teres major tendon transfer for irreparable anterosuperior rotator cuff tears.

Irreparable anterosuperior rotator cuff tears (IASRCTs) can result in loss of active elevation, loss of internal rotation, and pseudoparalysis. Joint-preserving treatment options for IASRCTs in young and high-demand elderly patients are limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiologic outcomes of combined anterior latissimus dorsi and teres major (aLDTM) tendon transfer in patients with IASRCTs without reconstruction of the superior rotator cuff and capsular portion. This retrospective study was conducted between 2015 and 2018. We included patients who underwent combined aLDTM tendon transfer for IASRCTs. Clinical outcomes included visual analog scale for pain, Constant score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, University of California Los Angeles shoulder scores, activities of daily living requiring active internal rotation score, active range of motion, subscapularis-specific physical examination, and rate of return to work. Radiographic analyses included the assessment of acromiohumeral distance, Hamada grade for cuff tear arthropathy, rate of anterior glenohumeral subluxation reduction, and transferred tendon integrity at 2years postoperatively. The mean follow-up period was 38.1±13.7 (range: 24-63) months. Of the patients, 30 (mean age: 64.1years) met the study criteria. Postoperatively, mean Constant, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, University of California Los Angeles, and activities of daily living requiring active internal rotation scores improved from 47.4 to 69.9 (P<.001), 44.9 to 79.2 (P<.001), 20.0 to 28.7 (P<.001), and 13.2 to 26.9 (P<.001), respectively. The mean active range of motion was significantly increased postoperatively for both forward elevation (P<.001) and internal rotation at the back (P<.001). Of the patients, 24 (83%) returned to their previous work. No significant progression of cuff tear arthropathy was observed at final follow-up (Hamada grade: preoperative 1.3 ± 0.5 to postoperative 1.5 ± 0.7; p=0.155). Fifteen of 30 patients (50%) restored the anterior glenohumeral subluxation that was apparent preoperatively. One patient presented with transient axillary nerve palsy after surgery. Two patients presented with partial nonretracted tears of the transferred tendon. This minimum 2-year follow-up study demonstrated that combined aLDTM tendon transfer without reconstruction of the superior rotator cuff and capsular portion was a viable treatment option with favorable clinical and radiologic outcomes for patients with IASRCTs.

Coracoid Impingement and Morphology Is Associated with Fatty Infiltration and Rotator Cuff Tears.

This study describes measurements between the coracoid, glenoid, and humerus; characterizes coracoid shape, rotator cuff fatty infiltration, and quantitatively evaluates coracoid impingement and its association with anterosuperior rotator cuff tears (ASCT). 193 shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans demonstrating: rotator cuff tear; isolated tear of the supraspinatus; tear of supraspinatus and subscapularis, were included. MRI measurements included coracohumeral interval (CHI), coracoid overlap (CO), coracoid recess (CR), coracoglenoid angle (CGA), and coracoglenoid interval (CGI) on axial slices; acromiohumeral interval (AHI) on coronal slices; and coracohumeral interval (CHI) and coracoacromial ligament (CAL) thickness on sagittal slices. The coracoid shape was classified as flat, curved, or hooked. An Independent T-test was used to compare the MRI measurements and the different rotator cuff tear groups. In 79% of the patients with ASCT tears, the coracoid was curved. Axial CHI, CGA, sagittal CHI, and AHI were decreased in ASCT when compared to no tears and isolated supraspinatus tears (p < 0.05). CO was increased in ASCT compared to no tears and isolated supraspinatus tears (p < 0.05). Patients with an ASCT had a significantly increased subscapularis and supraspinatus Goutallier fatty infiltration score when compared to no tear and isolated supraspinatus tears (p < 0.05). These quantitative measurements may be useful in identifying patients at risk for ASCT. Level of Evidence III.

A “Comma Sign”–Directed Subscapularis Repair in Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears Yields Biomechanical Advantages in a Cadaveric Model

Background: Additional stabilization of the “comma sign” in anterosuperior rotator cuff repair has been proposed to provide biomechanical benefits regarding stability of the repair. Purpose: This in vitro investigation aimed to investigate the influence of a comma sign–directed reconstruction technique for anterosuperior rotator cuff tears on the primary stability of the subscapularis tendon repair. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 18 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were used in this study. Anterosuperior rotator cuff tears (complete full-thickness tear of the supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons) were created, and supraspinatus repair was performed with a standard suture bridge technique. The subscapularis was repaired with either a (1) single-row or (2) comma sign technique. A high-resolution 3D camera system was used to analyze 3-mm and 5-mm gap formation at the subscapularis tendon-bone interface upon incremental cyclic loading. Moreover, the ultimate failure load of the repair was recorded. A Mann-Whitney test was used to assess significant differences between the 2 groups. Results: The comma sign repair withstood significantly more loading cycles than the single-row repair until 3-mm and 5-mm gap formation occurred (P≤ .047). The ultimate failure load did not reveal any significant differences when the 2 techniques were compared (P = .596). Conclusion: The results of this study show that additional stabilization of the comma sign enhanced the primary stability of subscapularis tendon repair in anterosuperior rotator cuff tears. Although this stabilization did not seem to influence the ultimate failure load, it effectively decreased the micromotion at the tendon-bone interface during cyclic loading. Clinical Relevance: The proposed technique for stabilization of the comma sign has shown superior biomechanical properties in comparison with a single-row repair and might thus improve tendon healing. Further clinical research will be necessary to determine its influence on the functional outcome.

Good outcome after repair of trauma-related anterosuperior rotator cuff tears—a prospective cohort study

Anterosuperior rotator cuff tears with a displaced long head of the biceps tendon are most often trauma-related, and patients with these conditions often present with severe pain and shoulder dysfunction. Repair of the subscapularis and supraspinatus and a biceps tenodesis or a tenotomy are the recommended treatments based on retrospective studies. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate clinical and structural treatment outcome in a cohort of trauma-related anterosuperior injuries in patients with previously healthy shoulders. Patients seeking care for a suspected rotator cuff injury after shoulder trauma were screened according to a protocol including clinical examination, baseline scoring with Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC) and numeric rating scale of pain, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Those with anterosuperior injuries were offered surgical treatment, structured postoperative physiotherapy, and inclusion in the present study with 1-year follow-up, including MRI, baseline scores, Constant-Murley score, and Patient Global Impression of Change. Thirty-three patients (78% men) with a mean age of 59 (40-76) years were included. All patients had a biceps pulley lesion, a displaced biceps tendon, and incomplete full-thickness subscapularis and supraspinatus tears. Six patients declined surgery. At follow-up, the operated patients reached a median WORC score of 86% and a median change from baseline to follow-up of 50% (P = .0001). Pain decreased (P = .0001) at rest, at night, and during activity. The median Constant-Murley score was 86% of the contralateral nonoperated shoulder, 58% of the contralateral abduction strength recovered after surgery, and 86% reported that they were recovered or much improved. All repairs and tenodeses healed except for 2 supraspinatus tendons. The 6 nonoperated patients reached a median WORC score of 90, a change in the median value from baseline to follow-up of 31, but reported more pain, and a smaller proportion considered themselves as recovered or much improved. In all patients, the 1-year MRIs had signal changes in the upper muscular portion of subscapularis, consistent with fatty infiltration, regardless of operative or nonoperative treatment. Anterosuperior rotator cuff injury with an associated pulley lesion and displaced long head of the biceps tendon may be treated successfully with surgery as the majority of patients in our cohort clinically recovered or were much improved without pain after a year. With a 1-year perspective, nonoperatively treated patients may also reach a reasonable clinical outcome. Independently of treatment or tendon healing, residual subscapularis muscle injury was seen, which may have long-term implications.

Anterior rotator cable disruption does not affect outcomes in rotator cuff tear with subscapularis involvement.

The purpose of this study was to compare clinical and radiological outcomes after arthroscopic repair of two different rotator cuff tear configurations: anterosuperior rotator cuff tear and rotator cuff tears with subscapularis involvement. It was hypothesized that, although both tear configurations would show significant improvement in clinical outcomes after arthroscopic repair, the rotator cuff tears with subscapularis involvement where the anterior rotator cable maintains its integrity would have better clinical outcomes and structural integrity. This study included 226 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of anterosuperior rotator cuff tears (n = 107, group A) and rotator cuff tears with subscapularis involvement (n = 119, group B). The visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, subjective shoulder value (SSV), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score, and active range of motion (ROM) were assessed. Modified belly press test was performed to assess the strength of the subscapularis muscle. Cuff integrity was evaluated using magnetic resonance arthrography or computed tomographic arthrography at 6months after operation. At 3-year follow-up, the VAS score, SSVs, ASES scores, UCLA shoulder scores, active ROM, and modified belly press test showed significant improvement in both groups (p < 0.001). However, these improvements showed no statistical significance between the two groups. On follow-up radiologic evaluations, no significant difference in re-tear rates between group A (25 of 107, 23.4%) and group B (23 of 119, 19.3%) was observed. The presence of anterior cable involvement of the anterosuperior rotator cuff tear did not affect postoperative clinical outcomes and re-tear rate compared to rotator cuff tears with subscapularis involvement where the anterior cable integrity was maintained, although the anterosuperior rotator cuff tear was associated with more significant preoperative supraspinatus fatty infiltration. Therefore, the present study determined that it would not be necessary to differentiate treatment protocols between these patterns. Level III.

Comparison of Functional and Radiological Outcomes of Tears Involving the Subscapularis: Isolated Subscapularis Versus Combined Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears.

Background:Few studies have compared the clinical and radiological characteristics and outcomes in isolated subscapularis (SSC) and combined anterosuperior (AS) rotator cuff tears (RCTs). Furthermore, risk factors for retear after SSC repair and the effect of preoperative fatty degeneration require further evaluation.Purpose:To compare the functional and radiological outcomes of isolated SSC with combined AS RCTs after arthroscopic repair and to determine the risk factors for SSC retear in these 2 groups.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Data from 30 patients in the isolated SSC group were compared with data from 110 patients in the combined AS group. All patients underwent primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between 2010 and 2016. Clinical outcomes were assessed through use of the visual analog scale for pain, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, and Simple Shoulder Test at a mean follow-up of 26.7 months (range, 24-96 months). SSC tendon integrity was examined via magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography arthrogram, or ultrasonography at least 1 year after surgery.Results:The isolated SSC group had a greater proportion of males and the patients were younger compared with the combined AS group (both P < .050). The incidence of trauma was high but not significantly different between groups (56.7% vs 40.9%; P = .180). Clinical outcome measures and radiological outcomes in terms of retear were not statistically different between both groups (16.7% vs 8/5%; P = .337). The optimal cutoff values for the risk of SSC tendon retear in both groups were 19-mm retraction and 16-mm superoinferior dimension (P = .048). Unfavorable preoperative fatty degeneration of the SSC muscle (grades 3 and 4) was a significant risk factor for retear (odds ratio, 9.8; P < .001).Conclusion:Isolated SSC and combined AS RCTs were comparable except for patient age and sex; both had a high incidence of traumatic history. The current data suggest that the risk factors for retear after SSC repair in RCTs involving the SSC were tear size greater than 19 mm of retraction and unfavorable fatty degeneration (grade 3 or higher) of the SSC muscle.

Retrospective review of open and arthroscopic repair of anterosuperior rotator cuff tears with subscapularis involvement: a single surgeon's experience

There have been conflicting results when comparing outcomes of open vs. arthroscopic anterosuperior rotator cuff repairs with subscapularis involvement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate midterm outcome differences and complications following open vs. arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears involving the subscapularis by a single surgeon. This was a retrospective review of 57 rotator cuff repairs involving the subscapularis performed by a single surgeon over a 10-year period. During this time, the surgeon transitioned from open to arthroscopic repair. Preoperative and postoperative range of motion, lift-off test, belly press test, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Standardized Shoulder Assessment form scores were measured. Eighteen patients had open procedures and 39 had arthroscopic repair. The mean preoperative ASES score for the open group was 39 and postoperatively was 79. The mean preoperative ASES score for the arthroscopic group was 44 and improved to 80 postoperatively. There was no significant difference in score or change in score between the 2 groups (P > .05). There was only 1 complication. It occurred in the open group and was a superficial wound dehiscence. This study demonstrated no outcomedifferences between open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair involving the subscapularis, even with large subscapularis tears. Both techniques significantly improved shoulder function. Arthroscopic and open rotator cuff repairs including the subscapularis are relatively safe procedures, and either technique is an acceptable option.

Mid-term Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Latissimus Dorsi Tendon Transfer in Massive Rotator Cuff Tears

BackgroundThis retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate mid-term clinical and radiological outcomes of lattisimus dorsi (LD) tendon transfer in patients with irreparable massive rotator cuff tears (MRCT). We hypothesize that LD tendon transfer would provide safe and satisfactory clinical outcomes at mid-term follow-up.MethodsFrom November 2008 to December 2016, 23 patients (57.5 ± 4.4 years; 20 male, 3 female) who underwent LD tendon transfer for massive tears, were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were irreparable MRCT. Exclusion criteria included full thickness subscapularis tear, rotator cuff arthropathy, anterosuperior rotator cuff tear, and osteoarthritis. Mean follow-up period was 4.7 ± 4.0 years (range, 2–12 years). Clinical assessment (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons [ASES], University of California, Los Angeles [UCLA], Simple Shoulder Test [SST]) and radiographic assessment (osteoarthritis [OA], acromiohumeral distance [AHI]) were evaluated.ResultsASES, UCLA and SST scores, and range of motion (ROM), except internal rotation, improved significantly at the last follow-up (p<0.05). Also, AHI was significantly improved at the last follow-up, from 6.6 mm to 8.2 mm (p=0.008). At the final follow-up, the radiologic stages of the glenohumeral osteoarthritis were determined as stage 1 in 9 patients, stage 2 in 10 patients, stage 3 in 2 patients, and stage 4 in 2 patients. Complications were observed in 21.7% cases: 3 re-tears and 2 infections were noted in our study.ConclusionsLD tendon transfer for irreparable MRCT provides satisfactory clinical outcomes at mid-term follow-up. Mild degenerative osteoarthritis (stage 1, 2) of the shoulder joint are common at the mid-term follow-up. Also, complications such as tear, infection should be considered.

EVALUATION OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ROTATOR CUFF ANTEROSUPERIOR TEARS ARTHROSCOPICALLY.

ABSTRACTObjective:To evaluate the functional result of arthroscopic treatment in anterosuperior rotator cuff tears.Methods:Fifty-six patients submitted to arthroscopic repair of anterosuperior rotator cuff tears were evaluated. The follow-up time was five year and five months. All the tears were diagnosed by detailed physical and imaging examination. Statistical analysis was used to compare the preoperative and postoperative results of range of motion and the UCLA score, with Wilcoxon signed-rank test, 5% significance level (p≤0.05), the relationship between the subscapularis tear and postoperative results using the Mann-Whitney test, and between the pain length and the UCLA scale using Spearman's correlation.Results:A statistically significant improvement (p<0.001) was found, comparing the range of motion and the UCLA preoperatively and postoperatively. 39% of the cases were classified as excellent, 33.9% as good, 23.7% as regular and 3.4% as bad results. A statistically significant relationship was found between the subscapularis tear type and the functional state, the pain length and the postoperative UCLA scale. Five complications, four reruptures and one adhesive capsulitis were found.Conclusions:The arthroscopic treatment for anterosuperior tears presented satisfactory results, with 8.5% of complications. Level of Evidence IV, Case series.

Value of anterosuperior rotator cuff and labral tears at MRI for predicting long head of biceps tearing at arthroscopy

To determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signs of subscapularis (SBT), supraspinatus (SST), or superior labral tearing predict long head of biceps (LHB) tendon tearing at arthroscopy. Subjects with MRI studies followed by arthroscopy were collected. Radiologists graded rotator cuff (RC) tendons and the superior labrum using three grade classifications and blinded to arthroscopy. Correlation between imaging variables and surgical outcome was expressed in terms of odds ratios and determined using a stepwise logistic regression model. Selection criteria identified 89 participants. Statistically significant increase in odds of finding a partial LHB tendon tear at arthroscopy were noted for both MRI readers with any SBT tear (OR=4.1-5.6, p<0.0001 to 0.002), full-thickness SST (OR=8-20.4, p=0.002 to 0.006), and combined SST-SBT tears (OR=5.1-7.6, p<0.0001 to 0.002) and relative to grade 0 MRI scores for those categories. Statistically significant increase in the odds of finding any LHB tendon tear at arthroscopy were noted for both MRI readers with any SBT tear (OR=9.6 to 14.6, p<0.0001), full-thickness SST (OR=9.0 to 52.0, p<0.0001 to 0.0004) and combined SST-SBT tears (OR=8.2 to 15.1, p<0.0001) at MRI and relative to grade 0 MRI scores for these categories. No significant predictive effect was found for the labral categories. LHB tendons should be closely scrutinised if anterosuperior rotator cuff tears, and SBT tears in particular, are found on MRI.

Comparison of epidemiology and outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for anterosuperior and posterosuperior rotator cuff tears

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, epidemiology, and outcomes of anterosuperior (A group) rotator cuff tears (RCTs) and posterosuperior (P group) RCTs treated by arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). MethodsA total of 67A group patients and 14P group patients were included in the study. ResultsThe prevalence of the A group (82.3%) was significantly higher than that of the P group (17.7%). ConclusionThe outcomes in both groups were good, even though the A group had a higher rate of injury to the LHB than the P group. Level of evidenceLevel III, case-control Study, treatment study.

Ten-year clinical and anatomic follow-up after repair of anterosuperior rotator cuff tears: influence of the subscapularis

Anterosuperior rotator cuff tears are more frequent than expected. We report the results of a 10-year follow-up study after repair. Our hypothesis was that the extent of the subscapularis tear influenced the prognosis. The study population consisted of all 138 patients who underwent surgery in 14 participating centers in 2003 for full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff with lesions in the subscapularis and supraspinatus tendons. The patients were divided into 2 groups, depending on whether the subscapularis lesion affected only the superior half of the tendon (group A) or extended into the lower half (group B). Ninety-two patients (56 ± 7 years; 71 in group A and 21 in group B) were available for follow-up after 10 years (127 ± 16 months) with magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate tendon healing and muscle condition. The mean Constant scores were 59 ± 16 before surgery and 77 ± 14 at follow-up (P = 1.7 × 10-12). The retear rates were 25% for the supraspinatus and 13.5% for the subscapularis tendon. The clinical results for group A patients were better than those for group B. Severe fatty infiltration was observed more frequently in the subscapularis than in the supraspinatus muscle (27% vs. 12% of cases). Supraspinatus healing influenced subscapularis healing and fatty infiltration. Repair of anterosuperior rotator cuff tears is satisfactory at 10 years, particularly if the subscapularis tear is not extensive. An extensive subscapularis tear is a negative prognosis factor. Postoperatively, fatty infiltration of the subscapularis muscle was frequently observed despite tendon healing.

Arthroscopic Repair of Subscapularis Tendon Tears.

The subscapularis is the largest and strongest muscle of the rotator cuff, and it plays an essential role in global shoulder function. Beyond its primary function as an internal rotator, the subscapularis also acts to pull the humeral head posteriorly on the glenoid and is an important dynamic and static anterior stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint. In comparison with tears of the tendons of the rest of the rotator cuff, isolated tears of the subscapularis have a tendency for both early retraction and fatty infiltration. Consequently, full-thickness tears of the subscapularis tendon generally require surgical management. Arthroscopic suture-anchor repair allows anatomic reconstruction of the anterior aspect of the rotator cuff, with all of the benefits of arthroscopic surgery. The principal steps of this procedure include (1) verifying the subscapularis tear and identifying any concomitant lesions during diagnostic arthroscopy, (2) exposing the subscapularis tendon, (3) releasing tendon adhesions and so enabling anatomic reduction, (4) placing suture anchors at the anatomic subscapularis footprint on the lesser tuberosity and anatomically repairing the subscapularis tendon to its anatomic insertion, and (5) performing biceps tenodesis or tenotomy, if indicated. Postoperatively, patients with an isolated subscapularis tear are managed with immobilization in a sling for 6 weeks, while those with combined anterosuperior rotator cuff tears are managed with an abduction pillow. Arthroscopic subscapularis reconstruction provides a good structural repair, substantially restores shoulder mobility and strength, reduces pain, and results in high levels of patient satisfaction and return of shoulder function as measured by functional outcome scores.

Long-Term Outcome After Pectoralis Major Transfer for Irreparable Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears.

Promising short-term outcomes after pectoralis major tendon transfer for the treatment of an irreparable anterosuperior rotator cuff tear have been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome. Twenty-seven consecutive patients with irreparable anterosuperior rotator cuff tears without advanced cuff arthropathy or advanced humeral head migration were treated with a partial subcoracoid pectoralis major tendon transfer between 2004 and 2005. At an average of 10 years (range, 9 to 11 years) postoperatively, 22 patients (82%) with an average age of 62 years (range, 42 to 74 years) at the time of surgery had a long-term follow-up examination that included the pain score, strength and range-of-motion assessment, Constant score, Simple Shoulder Test (SST), as well as radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging. The long-term results were compared with the preoperative findings as well as the short-term results that were collected from a previous evaluation. The adjusted Constant score increased from 54% to 87% at the short-term follow-up (p < 0.001) and remained improved at the long-term follow-up, with a mean score of 83% (p = 0.001). While the significant improvement of the pain level at the short-term follow-up was maintained at the time of final follow-up (p = 0.001), the increase in strength returned to the preoperative level (p = 0.178), and the improvement in range of motion diminished again over time despite remaining significantly improved (p = 0.029), especially with regard to internal rotation (p < 0.001). At the long-term follow-up, 77% of the patients were very satisfied with the procedure. A third of the patients had no progression of cuff arthropathy, a third had progression by 1 grade, and a third had progression by ≥2 grades. At the time of final follow-up, 1 patient (5%) had undergone revision surgery to reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Pectoralis major tendon transfer for the treatment of irreparable anterosuperior rotator cuff tears results in a significant clinical improvement even 10 years after surgery, especially with respect to pain and internal rotation. Despite long-term radiographic progression of cuff arthropathy, patient satisfaction remains high over time, with a low rate of salvage with reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.