Anterior Urethral Strictures Research Articles

Outcomes of Double-Face Buccal Mucosal Urethroplasty for Treating Anterior Urethral Stricture in Adult Males.

To assess the results of double-face buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty (BMG) for treating anterior urethral stricture in adult males. An observational study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Urology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan, from 2021 to 2022. The inclusion criteria were adult males, aged 15 to 70 years, with a previous surgical procedure for hypospadias and the presence of long penile and bulbar strictures measuring over 2 cm, resulting from a straddle injury. Forty-three patients were selected who underwent urethroplasty in 2021 and completed a one-year follow-up in 2022. Uroflowmetry (UFM) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) assessment data were obtained from the patients' medical records. Success was defined as the patient attaining catheter freedom and achieving a maximum flow rate exceeding 15 ml/sec after one year. The mean UFM at one year was 20.89 ml/s. Four patients underwent endo-urological intervention (direct visual internal urethrotomy), and one patient needed a second double-face urethroplasty. After one year, the double-face BMG urethroplasty achieved an overall success rate of 88.4%. Double-face BMG urethroplasty is a reliable and effective surgical technique for the treatment of near obliterative or obliterative long anterior urethral strictures. Buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty, Direct visual internal urethrotomy, Anterior urethral stricture, Buccal mucosal graft, Urethral dilatation.

Outcomes of Double-Face Buccal Mucosal Urethroplasty for Treating Anterior Urethral Stricture in Adult Males.

To assess the results of double-face buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty (BMG) for treating anterior urethral stricture in adult males. An observational study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Urology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan, from 2021 to 2022. The inclusion criteria were adult males, aged 15 to 70 years, with a previous surgical procedure for hypospadias and the presence of long penile and bulbar strictures measuring over 2 cm, resulting from a straddle injury. Forty-three patients were selected who underwent urethroplasty in 2021 and completed a one-year follow-up in 2022. Uroflowmetry (UFM) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) assessment data were obtained from the patients' medical records. Success was defined as the patient attaining catheter freedom and achieving a maximum flow rate exceeding 15 ml/sec after one year. The mean UFM at one year was 20.89 ml/s. Four patients underwent endo-urological intervention (direct visual internal urethrotomy), and one patient needed a second double-face urethroplasty. After one year, the double-face BMG urethroplasty achieved an overall success rate of 88.4%. Double-face BMG urethroplasty is a reliable and effective surgical technique for the treatment of near obliterative or obliterative long anterior urethral strictures. Buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty, Direct visual internal urethrotomy, Anterior urethral stricture, Buccal mucosal graft, Urethral dilatation.

Urethroplasty with Pedicled Tunica Vaginalis for the Treatment of Long-segment Anterior Urethral Stricture Caused by Lichen Sclerosus of Glans Penis

Urethroplasty with Pedicled Tunica Vaginalis for the Treatment of Long-segment Anterior Urethral Stricture Caused by Lichen Sclerosus of Glans Penis

Validation Study of the LSE Classification and Scoring System in Comparison With U-Score

OBJECTIVETo validate the value of the LSE classification and scoring system in predicting surgical outcomes for male anterior urethral stricture cases. METHODSA retrospective review was conducted on 566 patients who underwent urethroplasty between August 2004 and March 2022. After excluding pelvic fracture urethral injury and non-stricture diseases and incomplete data, 358 patients were classified according to the LSE classification system, and both U score and LSE score were calculated. We investigated the relationship between LSE score and U score in predicting recurrence. Recurrence was defined as any instance requiring re-intervention. To identify factors contributing to recurrence, logistic regression analysis was performed on the LSE score and variables not included in the scoring system. RESULTSThe breakdown of S, and E components showed external trauma as the most common cause of strictures, with proximal bulbar urethra being the most common segment. Significant associations were observed between stricture etiology and segment, as well as between surgical technique and segment. A strong correlation (r = 0.73) was found between U score and LSE score, with no significant difference in predicting recurrence between the two scores. Surgical complexity differed significantly between LSE score groups, but surgical duration did not. Patients with LSE < 7 showed a better recurrence rate in Kaplan-Meier analysis. Multivariate logistic analysis identified LSE ≥ 7 as an independent risk factor for recurrence. CONCLUSIONThe LSE classification system and scoring system demonstrate validity in characterizing anterior urethral strictures and predicting surgical outcomes.

Current Potential Outcomes of Buccal Mucosal Graft Anterior Urethroplasty for Male Urethral Stricture: A Single-Centre Study in Nepal.

Objective This study evaluates the efficacy and potential complications of Buccal Mucosal Graft (BMG) urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture over a 48-month follow-up. Method A retrospective review was conducted on 130 patients who underwent various types of BMG urethroplasty between 2012 and 2019. Data on patient demographics, stricture etiology, and anatomic sitewere collected. Adverse outcomes such as complications likeerectile dysfunction (ED)persisting for over 12 months, and post-micturition dribbling (PMD) were analyzed to determine success rates, recurrent stricture risk factors, complications, and the definition of failure as stricture recurrence during the 48-month follow-up period. Results Of the 130 patients, there was a recurrence in 15.4 % (20 males), yielding a success rate of 84.6% (n=110). ED was reported in 11% (n=14) and PMD in 14% (n=18). All instances of ED were non-organic, and patients were administered oral phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. These complications were observed in 20 patients (15.4%); with urinary fistula (3.0%), graft contracture (2.3%), graft failure (3.8%), urinary tract infection (UTI) (3.0%), and wound infection (2.3%) being the most prevalent after penile urethroplasty. Univariate analysis indicated age (31-50 years, >50 = P<0.05) at surgery, etiology (Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO)= P<0.05), stricture length (4.1-8 cm, >8 cm = P<0.05), and location as significant predictors of stricture recurrence. However, multivariate analysis highlighted penile location (P<0.05) as the sole independent predictor for restricture during the follow-up period. Conclusion BMG urethroplasty demonstrates a substantial 84.6% success rate in treating anterior urethral stricture over a 48-month follow-up period. This outcome underscores the advancements in healthcare quality in resource-limited settings in countries like Nepal.

A single-institution experience with the Optilume Urethral Drug Coated Balloon for management of urethral stricture disease.

Urethral stricture disease is detrimental to quality of life. The Optilume Urethral Drug Coated Balloon (DCB) offers a solution utilizing a paclitaxel-coated balloon to expand strictures and prevent recurrence. Following the ROBUST trials, it has been proposed that DCB is more effective than conventional endoscopic management for recurrent, small anterior urethral strictures. Our study provides insights into practical applications and outcomes using DCB for urethral stricture disease. A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent DCB for urethral strictures at our institution from November 2022 to August 2023 with follow-up evaluated through January 2024. Demographics, stricture characteristics, operative details, and postoperative outcomes were collected. Primary endpoint was need for repeat intervention as determined by symptomatic burden and subsequently postoperative post-void residual if obtained. Secondary endpoint was complication rate. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA/BE17.0 software to create Kaplan-Meier curves for time to repeat intervention after treatment with DCB. Of 43 patients, 16 had no prior treatment. The other 27 had endoscopic treatment and of this group, 11 also had additional urethroplasty. Stricture etiologies included 20 iatrogenic, 14 idiopathic, 5 radiation-related, 2 inflammatory, and 2 traumatic. Stricture locations were 2 fossa navicularis, 7 pendulous, 17 bulbar, 7 membranous, 3 prostatic, and 7 bladder neck contractures. Mean balloon dilation lasted 8.4±2.7 minutes. All patients had a minimum follow-up of 150 days postoperatively and the mean duration of follow-up for the cohort was 290.3±87.0 days. The average postoperative post-void residual was 33.4±90.6 milliliters. Two patients had immediate complications: 1 with urinary retention after catheter removal requiring suprapubic tube placement and 1 with urinary tract infection requiring antibiotics. Four patients required repeat interventions: 1 endoscopic dilation, 1 graft urethroplasty, and 2 repeat DCB procedures. Mean time to repeat intervention was 203.5±82.6 days, and no patient required repeat intervention within 145 days of initial surgery. DCB offers a safe and less invasive treatment for both treatment-naïve and recurrent urethral strictures with paclitaxel coating to prevent recurrence. Repeat intervention was not required for 90.7% of our cohort within an average follow-up duration of 9 months postoperatively. As DCB grows in clinical use, investigation into its long-term efficacy is justified.

Outcome of Triamcinolone Injection following Optical Internal Urethrotomy in Short Segment Anterior Urethral Stricture

Outcome of Triamcinolone Injection following Optical Internal Urethrotomy in Short Segment Anterior Urethral Stricture

Perineal Urethrostomy for Complex Urethral Strictures: Long-Term Patient-Reported Outcomes From a Reconstructive Referral Center and a Scoping Literature Review.

There is a paucity of long-term objective and patient-reported outcomes after definitive perineal urethrostomy for complex urethral strictures. Our objective is to determine comprehensive long-term success of perineal urethrostomy with our 15-year experience at a reconstructive referral center. Patients who underwent perineal urethrostomy between 2009 and 2023 were identified. A comprehensive long-term follow-up was conducted, evaluating both objective outcomes (retreatment-free survival) and subjective outcomes through the use of validated questionnaires. Additionally, to provide further context for our findings, we conducted a scoping review of all studies reporting outcomes following perineal urethrostomy. Among 76 patients, 55% had iatrogenic strictures, with 82% previously undergoing urethral interventions. At a median follow-up of 55 months, retreatment-free survival was 84%, with 16% of patients experiencing perineal urethrostomy recurrent stenosis. Patient-reported outcomes revealed a generally satisfactory voiding function (Urethral Stricture Surgery Patient-Reported Outcome Measure Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms score) and continence (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form), with median scores of 4 (range 0-24) and 0 (range 0-21), but with bimodal distributions of sexual function scores (median International Index of Erectile Function-Erectile Function domain: 3.5; median Male Sexual Health Questionnaire-Ejaculation Scale: 21). Treatment satisfaction was very high with a median International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Satisfaction outcome score of 21 (range 0-24). The scoping review revealed varying success rates ranging from 51% to 95%, highlighting difficulties in comparison due to variable success definitions and patient case mix. Perineal urethrostomy provides effective treatment for complex anterior urethral strictures, with high patient satisfaction, preserved continence function, and favorable voiding outcomes. It presents a viable option for older and comorbid patients, especially after thorough counseling on expected outcomes and potential risks.

The Impact of Social Deprivation on Anterior Urethral Stricture Recurrence After Urethroplasty: A Trauma and Urologic Reconstructive Network of Surgeons Analysis.

Several factors influence recurrence after urethral stricture repair. The impact of socioeconomic factors on stricture recurrence after urethroplasty is poorly understood. This study aims to assess the impact that social deprivation, an area-level measure of disadvantage, has on urethral stricture recurrence after urethroplasty. We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing urethral reconstruction by surgeons participating in a collaborative research group. Home zip code was used to calculate Social Deprivation Indices (SDIs, 0-100), which quantify the level of disadvantage across several sociodemographic domains collected in the American Community Survey. Patients without zip code data were excluded from the analysis. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to study the association between SDI and the hazard of functional recurrence, adjusting for stricture characteristics as well as age and BMI. Median age was 46.0 years with a median follow-up of 367 days for the 1452 men included in the study. Patients in the fourth SDI quartile (worst social deprivation) were more likely to be active smokers with traumatic and infectious strictures compared to the first SDI quartile. Patients in the fourth SDI quartile had 1.64 times the unadjusted hazard of functional stricture recurrence vs patients in the first SDI quartile (95% CI 1.04-2.59). Compared to anastomotic ± excision, substitution-only repair had 1.90 times the unadjusted hazard of recurrence. The adjusted hazard of recurrence was 1.08 per 10-point increase in SDI (95% CI 1.01-1.15, P = .027). Patient social deprivation identifies those at higher risk for functional recurrence after anterior urethral stricture repair, offering an opportunity for preoperative counseling and postoperative surveillance. Addressing these social determinants of health can potentially improve outcomes in reconstructive surgery.

End-to-End Anastomotic Urethroplasty Outcome in Anterior and Posterior Traumatic Urethral Stricture: A Single-Center Experience

End-to-End Anastomotic Urethroplasty Outcome in Anterior and Posterior Traumatic Urethral Stricture: A Single-Center Experience

Preservation of the native urethral plate and corpus spongiosum combined with buccal mucosa graft plus Orandi's penile skin flap as an alternative to staged urethroplasty for narrow penile strictures.

In narrow anterior urethral strictures, the combined buccal mucosa graft (BMG) with pedicled penile skin flap (PSF) represents a well-known effective alternative to staged urethroplasty. We hypothesized that if the native urethral plate and adjacent corpus spongiosum were preserved, a narrower flap would be needed, and reinforced ventral stability could be achieved without compromising the surgical outcome. Twelve patients with narrow penile urethral strictures underwent single-stage augmentation urethroplasty using a combined technique. A BMG was quilted to the corpora cavernosa in a dorsal onlay approach, and a longitudinal ventral PSF was transposed ventrally and sutured to the scarred native urethral mucosa on one side and to the BMG on the other side to form a neourethra of triangular form. The preserved corpus spongiosum was wrapped and fixed around the flap ventrally. The median age was 47 years (IQR 35-59), and the median stricture length was 5 cm (IQR 3, 8-7). The median surgical time was 205 min (IQR 172-236). The overall success rate (SR) was 91.7% without sacculation or diverticula formation after a median follow-up period of 38 months (IQR 33-40). Three transient fistulas healed through prolonged urinary diversion. Five patients (41.7%) reported postvoid dribbling following urethroplasty. Preservation of the native urethral plate is a valuable adjunct to the combination of graft and flap for single-stage augmentation urethroplasty for narrow urethral strictures, with satisfactory mid-term success and an acceptable complication rate.

Optimizing anterior urethral stricture assessment: leveraging AI-assisted three-dimensional sonourethrography in clinical practice.

This investigation sought to validate the clinical precision and practical applicability of AI-enhanced three-dimensional sonographic imaging for the identification of anterior urethral stricture. The study enrolled 63 male patients with diagnosed anterior urethral strictures alongside 10 healthy volunteers to serve as controls. The imaging protocol utilized a high-frequency 3D ultrasound system combined with a linear stepper motor, which enabled precise and rapid image acquisition. For image analysis, an advanced AI-based segmentation process using a modified U-net algorithm was implemented to perform real-time, high-resolution segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction of the urethra. A comparative analysis was performed against the surgically measured stricture lengths. Spearman's correlation analysis was executed to assess the findings. The AI model completed the entire processing sequence, encompassing recognition, segmentation, and reconstruction, within approximately 5min. The mean intraoperative length of urethral stricture was determined to be 14.4 ± 8.4mm. Notably, the mean lengths of the urethral strictures reconstructed by manual and AI models were 13.1 ± 7.5mm and 13.4 ± 7.2mm, respectively. Interestingly, no statistically significant disparity in urethral stricture length between manually reconstructed and AI-reconstructed images was observed. Spearman's correlation analysis underscored a more robust association of AI-reconstructed images with intraoperative urethral stricture length than manually reconstructed 3D images (0.870 vs. 0.820). Furthermore, AI-reconstructed images provided detailed views of the corpus spongiosum fibrosis from multiple perspectives. The research heralds the inception of an innovative, efficient AI-driven sonographic approach for three-dimensional visualization of urethral strictures, substantiating its viability and superiority in clinical application.

Impact of Adding Urethral Sonography with Retrograde Urethrography in Preoperative Assessment of Anterior Urethral Stricture.

Even with underlying risk factors and limitations, retrograde urethrography (RGU) is the most popular imaging modality in the assessment of anterior urethral stricture. Urethral sonography (SUG) is an able imaging modality in use for the last few years which evaluates anterior urethral stricture without these risks, though it is still not much popular due to its complexity. This prospective study was designed to compare the assessment made on SUG with the results of RGU and to analyze its impact on surgical decision-making when the results of SUG were taken into consideration with RGU. Thirty patients with anterior urethral stricture were assessed for stricture location, length, and associated urethral pathologies with RGU and surgery planned accordingly. Later, all were reevaluated with SUG, results compared with that of RGU and surgery replanned, considering both RGU and SUG findings. All results were compared with operative findings. The mean stricture lengths on SUG, RGU, and surgery were 20.45 mm, 17.15 mm, and 20.38 mm, respectively. Overall sensitivity and specificity of SUG in actual stricture length prediction were 92.3% and 96.1%, whereas these were 78.9% and 85.1%, respectively, on RGU. Spongiofibrosis was assessed only with SUG, that too, with 85%-90% accuracy. Surgical plan was changed in 31% of cases when SUG findings were taken into account along with RGU findings. SUG was found more precise modality in the measurement of stricture length and more informative and elaborative in providing added knowledge of degree of spongiofibrosis and associated pathologies of diseased urethra and periurethral tissue. For better preoperative planning of anterior urethral strictures, SUG should be added to work-up along with RGU.

Staged urethroplasty with groin full-thickness skin graft for managing complex anterior urethral strictures: surgical outcomes and predictive factors.

To describe outcomes of staged-urethroplasty in complex anterior urethral strictures using full-thickness-skin-graft (FTSG) harvested from the hairless groin area, and to identify factors influencing successful outcomes. Through retrospective chart review, we identified a total of 67 men who underwent the first-stage operation (grafting) using groin-FTSG for staged-urethroplasty to treat complex anterior urethral strictures unsuitable for one-stage urethroplasty. Among these, 59 underwent the second-stage operation (tubularization) at a median duration of 5.1-months after grafting. Patients were assessed for outcomes as scheduled after tubularization outcomes were analyzed only for 48 patients for whom ≥ 1-year follow-up data after tubularization were available. Their mean follow-up duration was 27.1months. Success was defined as achieving physiologic voiding without requiring further procedures. Median stricture-length was 5.5cm in all 67 patients. After grafting, neourethral-opening-narrowing occurred in 18. Partial graft-loss occurred in 8, of whom only 3 underwent re-grafting. The percentage of patients who achieved successful outcomes was 81.3%. Improvements in maximum-urine-flow-rate and post-void-residual-urine-volume were maintained until the last follow-up visit. A urethrocutaneous-fistula occurred in one patient, while meatal-stenosis occurred in two. On multivariate-regression-analysis, the presence of neourethral-opening-narrowing was the only predictor of non-success after tubularization. Furthermore, the presence of hypertension, longer stricture-length, and a history of prior direct-vision-internal-urethrotomy were predictors of the occurrence of neourethral-opening-narrowing. Staged-urethroplasty using groin-FTSG is well worth considering as a useful therapeutic option for complex anterior urethral strictures, with an acceptable success rate and low morbidity. The absence of neourethral-opening-narrowing after the first-stage operation leads to success.

Urethral-sparing laparoscopic simple prostatectomy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with asymptomatic urethral stricture after urethral stricture surgery

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of urethral-sparing laparoscopic simple prostatectomy (US-LSP) for the treatment of large-volume (>80 ml) benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with asymptomatic urethral stricture (urethral lumen > 16 Fr) after urethral stricture surgery.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 39 large-volume BPH patients with asymptomatic urethral stricture after urethral stricture surgery who underwent US-LSP from January 2016 to October 2021. Postoperative follow-ups were scheduled at 1, 3, and 6 months.ResultsAll patients affected by significant BPH-related lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) including 22 cases with asymptomatic anterior urethral stricture and 17 cases with asymptomatic posterior urethral stricture. Median operative time was 118 min (interquartile range [IQR]100–145). Median estimated blood loss was 224 ml (IQR: 190–255). 33 patients(84.6%) avoided continuous bladder irrigation. Postoperative complications occurred in 5 patients (12.8%), including 4 cases with Clavien-Dindo grade 1 and grade 2 and 1 case with grade 3a. During follow-up, US-LSP presented statistically significant improvements in LUTS compared to baseline (P < 0.05). A total of 25 patients had normal ejaculation preoperatively and 3 patients (12%) complained retrograde ejaculation postoperatively. Two patients (5.1%) reported stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and no patient reported aggravated urethral stricture during follow-up.ConclusionsUS-LSP was safe and effective in treating large-volume BPH with asymptomatic urethral stricture after urethral stricture surgery. Meanwhile, US-LSP could reduce the risk of SUI in patients with asymptomatic posterior urethral stricture and maintain ejaculatory function in a high percentage of patients.

Deep Phenotyping the Anterior Urethral Stricture: Characterizing the Relationship Between Inflammation, Fibrosis, Patient History, and Disease Pathophysiology.

Anterior urethral stricture disease (aUSD) is a complex, heterogeneous condition that is idiopathic in origin for most men. This gap in knowledge rarely affects the current management strategy for aUSD, as urethroplasty does not generally consider etiology. However, as we transition towards personalized, minimally invasive treatments for aUSD and begin to consider aUSD prevention strategies, disease pathophysiology will become increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to perform a deep phenotype of men undergoing anterior urethroplasty for aUSD. We hypothesized that unique biologic signatures and potential targets for intervention would emerge based on stricture presence/absence, stricture etiology, and the presence/absence of stricture inflammation. Men with aUSD undergoing urethroplasty were recruited from one of 5 participating centers. Enrollees provided urethral stricture tissue and blood/serum on the day of surgery and completed patient-reported outcome measure questionnaires both pre- and postoperatively. The initial study had 3 aims: (1) to determine pediatric and adult subacute and repeated perineal trauma (SRPT) exposures using a study-specific SRPT questionnaire, (2) to determine the degree of inflammation and fibrosis in aUSD and peri-aUSD (normal urethra) tissue, and (3) to determine levels of systemic inflammatory and fibrotic cytokines. Two controls groups provided serum (normal vasectomy patients) and urethral tissue (autopsy patients). Cohorts were based on the presence/absence of stricture, by presumed stricture etiology (idiopathic, traumatic/iatrogenic, lichen sclerosus [LS]), and by the presence/absence of stricture inflammation. Of 138 enrolled men (120 tissue/serum; 18 stricture tissue only), 78 had idiopathic strictures, 33 had trauma-related strictures, and 27 had LS-related strictures. BMI, stricture length, and stricture location significantly differed between cohorts (P < .001 for each). The highest BMIs and the longest strictures were observed in the LS cohort. SRPT exposures did not significantly differ between etiology cohorts, with > 60% of each reporting low/mild risk. Stricture inflammation significantly differed between cohorts, with mild to severe inflammation present in 27% of trauma-related strictures, 54% of idiopathic strictures, and 48% of LS strictures (P = .036). Stricture fibrosis did not significantly differ between cohorts (P = .7). Three serum cytokines were significantly higher in patients with strictures compared to stricture-free controls: interleukin-9 (IL-9; P = .001), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (P = .004), and CCL5 (P = .01). No differences were observed in the levels of these cytokines based on stricture etiology. However, IL-9 levels were significantly higher in patients with inflamed strictures than in patients with strictures lacking inflammation (P = .019). Degree of stricture inflammation positively correlated with serum levels of IL-9 (Spearman's rho 0.224, P = .014). The most common aUSD etiology is idiopathic. Though convention has implicated SRPT as causative for idiopathic strictures, here we found that patients with idiopathic strictures had low SRPT rates that were similar to rates in patients with a known stricture etiology. Stricture and stricture-adjacent inflammation in idiopathic stricture were similar to LS strictures, suggesting shared pathophysiologic mechanisms. IL-9, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and CCL5, which were elevated in patients with strictures, have been implicated in fibrotic conditions elsewhere in the body. Further work will be required to determine if this shared biologic signature represents a potential mechanism for an aUSD predisposition.

Одноэтапная уретропластика при протяженных стриктурах передней уретры: лоскут или графт?

Introduction. Penile skin flap and oral mucosal graft are most often used for augmentation urethroplasty for extended anterior urethral strictures. It seems relevant to conduct a study comparing augmentation urethroplasty techniques using these donor materials. Materials and methods. The review is based on articles published throughout history in scientific peer-reviewed journals included in the databases PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), Embase (https://www.embase.com/landing), Cochrane Library (https://www.cochranelibrary.com/), Scientific Electronic Library eLibrary.ru (https://elibrary.ru/). The search was performed on the following keywords: «urethral stricture», «anterior urethra», «penile urethra», «bulbous urethra», «urethroplasty», «augmentation urethroplasty», «penile skin flap», «oral mucosa graft». At the first stage, 445 sources were found, of which 17 articles were included in the review. Results. A total of 17 original studies were identified with a comparative analysis between one-stage augmentation urethroplasty techniques using a penile skin flap and an oral mucosal graft for penile and/or bulbous urethral strictures. 7 (41,2%) studies were a randomized controlled trial, 10 (58,8%) studies were a retrospective cohort study. The total number of patients in whom a flap or graft was used across all studies was 1426. A penile skin flap was used in 638 (44,7%) patients, and an oral mucosal graft was used in 788 (55,3%) patients. The success of treatment using a penile skin flap averaged 77,8%, and an oral mucosal graft averaged 83,7%. Conclusions. Penile skin flap and oral mucosal graft, when used for augmentation urethroplasty, can achieve a similar treatment success rate. When assessing the outcome of urethroplasty in cohorts of patients with long-term postoperative follow-up and a relatively large sample size, the best results were characteristic of oral mucosal grafts.

Management of Anterior Urethral Stricture: A Survey of Contemporary Practice of Iranian Urologists.

To evaluate Iranian urologists' approach to urethral stricture and assess how often they select open urethroplasty over minimally invasive procedures. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted via www. porsline.ir among members of the Iranian urologists' community. The urologists were contacted via email and social media applications (e.g., WhatsApp, Telegram), and data, including their demographic information and years of practice, as well as questions related to their attitude towards the management of urethral stricture, were collected. A total number of 376 patients were included in the current survey. The specialty of reconstructive urology was selected by less than 2% (n=5) as their field of interest. Only 6.64% (n=25) of the urologists stated that they received adequate training for management of urethral stricture. Only about 5% (n=19), believed that according to scientific resources, chose open urethroplasty as the initial management. Almost 94% (n=353) did not perform any urethroplasties during the past year and about 0.2% (n=2) performed more than 20 open urethroplasties. For diagnosing urethral stricture, almost 99% of them chose RUG+VCUG, 72% chose urethrocystoscopy, and 69% chose uroflowmetry in the third place. For evaluation of urethroplasty postoperative outcomes, 76% (n=269) used RUG+VCUG, 15% (n=56) used Rigid Cystoscopy, and 8% (n=29) used Flexible Cystoscopy, Conclusion: Iranian urologists prefer minimally invasive procedures for treating urethral stricture, similar to other countries. This lack of urologists' interest in open urethroplasty is greatly due to poor training during the residency years and little experience with urethral strictures. Therefore, further considerations in order to improve urologists' knowledge and expertise for management of urethral stricture is recommended.

Comparative Study of the Outcome of Buccal Mucosa Graft Urethroplasty and Preputial Flap Urethroplasty for Anterior Urethral Stricture: A Prospective Randomized Study.

Urethroplasty using a buccal mucosa graft (BMG) and a preputial skin flap (PSF) are two common techniques used for the treatment of anterior urethral stricture. The present study compared the efficacy of these two techniques on the basis of success rate, preservation of sexual function, and complications. This prospective, randomized, interventional study was conducted on adult male patients diagnosed with non-obliterative anterior urethral strictures of length >2 cm from August 2021 to December 2022. Pre-operative and post-operative work-up done included assessment of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Quality of Life (QOL), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) Score, Male Sexual Health Questionnaire for Ejaculatory Dysfunction (MSHQ-EJD), Bother score, Urethral Stricture Surgery-Patient-Related Outcome Measure (USS-PROM), and peak urinary flow rate (Qmax) for each patient. Post-operative values for each score were compared with pre-operative values. Out of 31 patients, 16 underwent BMG urethroplasty, and 15 underwent PSF urethroplasty. The most common cause of stricture in both groups was idiopathic (35.5% and 53.3%). A statistically significant increase in IIEF score was observed in the BMG group in comparison to the PSF group (P<0.0001). The mean IPPS score in USS-PROM has shown a significant drop in BMG (19.6 vs. 17.3; P = 0.020). Hemoglobin drop was significantly higher in PSF than in BMG (2.6 vs. 1.9; P = 0.011). A higher incidence of surgical site infection was reported in the PSF group than in the BMG group (46.7% vs. 12.5%). The average operative time for surgery was higher in PSF than in BMG (154.8 min vs. 145.0 min), respectively. Each group had one patient with a recurrence. Both techniques are equally good for urethral reconstruction (UR); however, improvement of sexual function is more in favor of the BMG urethroplasty group.

Simultaneous treatment of anterior urethral stricture and benign prostatic hyperplasia: primary experience overview

Introduction. Research on the treatment of patients with a combination of anterior urethral stricture and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is basically absent in the worldwide literature.Objective. To analyse the primary experience results with simultaneous treatment of anterior urethral stricture and BPH.Materials &amp; methods. The study included four patients with anterior urethral stricture and BPH, who underwent simultaneous surgical treatment including perineal / penile urethrostomy and thulium laser enucleation of the prostate. The success criterion for treatment was considered to be the absence of obstructive lower urinary tract symptoms requiring the use of endoscopic or open surgery, regardless of whether urethrostomy was considered as the first step or the final option for urinary diversion.Results. The age of the patients ranged from 54 to 69 years (mean 63.0 ± 6.5 years). In one (25%) patient the stricture was localised in the penile urethra and in three (75%) patients it was localised in the bulbous urethra. The stricture length ranged from 1.0 to 3.0 cm (mean 2.1 ± 0.9 cm). The prostate volume varied from 45 to 77 cc (mean 63.8 ± 13.5 cc). One patient had cystostomy drainage. The post-void residual volume among 3 patients with preserved urination ranged from 90 to 130 ml (mean 113.3 ± 20.8 ml). Postoperative follow-up periods ranged from 3 to 18 months (mean 11.3 ± 7.4 months). At these follow-up periods, treatment was successful in all four (100%) patients. No intra- or postoperative complications were observed.Conclusions. The proposed method can be successfully applied in patients with a combination of anterior urethral stricture and BPH. However, the final guidelines for the management of such patients can be developed after further research.