Anterior Ratio Research Articles

A two-dimensional photographic and three-dimensional digital dental model comparative analysis in maxillary anterior teeth

Objective: To assess the accuracy of two-dimensional (2D) photographs in measuring esthetic parameters of the maxillary anterior teeth by comparing them with measurements obtained from three-dimensional (3D) dental models. Methods: A total of one hundred volunteers (49 males, 51 females, aged 18-23 years) were recruited from School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University from January to February 2024. 3D digital models of their dentitions were obtained using an intraoral scanner, and standardized frontal 2D intraoral photographs were captured with a digital camera. The lengths, widths and width/length ratio of the bilateral incisors, lateral incisors and canines were measured on both the 3D digital models and the 2D intraoral photographs. The width ratios of adjacent maxillary anterior were also calculated on the 2D intraoral photographs and the frontal view of 3D digital models. Results: The widths of lateral incisors [(5.85±0.60) mm] and canines [(4.73±0.71) mm] and the lengths of canines [(8.72±0.96) mm] in the 2D intraoral photographs were significantly lower than those in 3D digital models [(6.65±0.59), (7.76±0.60), (8.90±0.86) mm] (t=-18.24, P<0.001; t=-54.43, P<0.001; t=-4.40, P<0.001), while there were no significant differences in the lengths and widths of the other teeth (P>0.05). The width/length ratios measured from the 2D intraoral photographs for the lateral incisors and canines (0.74±0.08, 0.55±0.08) were significantly lower than those measured in the 3D digital models (0.84±0.09, 0.88±0.09) (t=-19.68, P<0.001; t=-50.21, P<0.001), and the width/length ratio of the central incisors showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The width ratios of canines/lateral incisors and lateral incisors/central incisors measured on the 2D intraoral photographs (0.72±0.06, 0.85±0.11) were significantly smaller than those measured in the frontal view of 3D digital models (0.75±0.06, 0.89±0.11) (t=-9.31, P<0.001; t=-6.58, P<0.001). Conclusions: There is a difference between 2D and 3D measurement results of teeth in the esthetic area and the magnitude of the difference varies with their position in the dental arch. When analyzing the measurement of the anterior teeth, it is necessary to choose the appropriate method according to the target tooth position.

A Comparative Study of Two Smartphone Applications and a Traditional Orthodontic Model Analysis Method

Introduction An orthodontic study used to determine whether teeth are positioned appropriately and whether there is an opportunity for orthodontic therapy or tooth extractions by model analysis. While certain manual model studies can be laborious and time-consuming, there are smartphone applications that can simplify the mathematical calculations necessary for orthodontic cast model analysis.  Objective The purpose of this research is to compare the outcomes and processing times of model analysis utilizing two smartphone apps, such as Model Analysis App and iModel Analysis, and the traditional technique.  Materials And Methods This is a comparative analytic study. The samples are made up of thirty dental casts that underwent several model studies, including as the Boltons, Ashley-Howe, Carey’s and Arch Perimeter assessments. A comparison in results and time was carried out for these model analyses using three methods - conventional method, iModel Analysis App and Model Analysis App.  Results The conventional technique gave results for a Bolton's overall ratio analysis of 3.3967±3.44579, iModel Analysis produced results of 3.4333±3.77709, while the Model Analysis app produced results of 4.6200±6.83744. The conventional technique yielded results for Bolton's anterior ratio analysis of 4.9133±5.81969; iModel Analysis produced results of 4.7700±5.57743; and the Model Analysis app produced results of 4.7500±5.59068. The results of arch perimeter discrepancy analysis for conventional method were 4.0000±3.15135, those for iModel Analysis was 4.0000±3.15135, and for Model Analysis app it was 4.0000±3.15135. The results of Carey’s discrepancy analysis for conventional method were 3.8667±2.59620, those for iModel Analysis was 3.8667±2.59620, and for Model Analysis app it was 3.8667±2.59620. The results of Ashley - Howe PMBAW% analysis for conventional method were 44.0200±3.71255, those for iModelAnalysis was 42.1367±5.74531, and for Model Analysis app it was 43.8133±3.71787. The results of Pont’s expansion analysis for conventional method, iModel Analysis and for Model Analysis app showed p value 0.114 (not significant = p&gt;0.05). The results of period required for the analysis by conventional method were 903.3000±30.19951, while those for iModelAnalysis was 399.2000±42.94375, and for Model Analysis app it was 392.0333±35.58233.  Conclusion There was no critical distinction within the results of the examinations done by the different methods. However, there was a noteworthy contrast within the time duration required to carry out the examination by conventional methods and that of iModelAnalysis and Model Analysis App.

Evaluation of Bolton's Ratio in Normal Occlusion and Different Types of Malocclusion in Iranian Population

Background: The Bolton analysis is commonly used by orthodontists. The Bolton ratios of different populations are significantly different from the standard values of Bolton. This study sought to examine the Bolton's anterior and overall ratios in various malocclusion types in Mashhad, Iran, in contrast to the Bolton’s standards. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 240 study models of patients (121 males and 119 females) in four groups (n= 60 cases) of normal occlusion, Class I, Class II, and Class III. The mesiodistal dimensions of the teeth were measured twice using a digital caliper. The anterior and overall ratios of Bolton were calculated. Statistical analysis was conducted utilizing SPSS 18.0. Results: The mesiodistal width of the maxillary lateral incisors in normal occlusion cases was greater than that in Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions (P&lt;0.05). Conversely, the mesiodistal width of the maxillary first and second premolars was the greatest in Class II and the smallest in Class III malocclusion (P&lt;0.05). Correlation was not observed between dental ratios (anterior and overall) and gender or malocclusion groups (P&gt;0.05). Furthermore, the anterior ratio was significantly higher than the Bolton's standard in Class I and III malocclusion groups (P&lt;0.05). The normal occlusion group's overall ratio was significantly lower than the Bolton's original ratio (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Implementing the Bolton analysis in the population of Mashhad, Iran should be approached with caution.

A Study of Bolton’s Analysis on Permanent Dentition of Nepalese Citizen of Lumbini Province

Introduction: To achieve a good occlusion with satisfactory intercuspation of teeth and a correct overjet and overbite, the maxillary and mandibular teeth must be proportional in size. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the Bolton’s tooth size discrepancy in a sample of the Nepalese population of Lumbini Province. Materials and Method: One hundred twenty-fie study casts (50 males and 75 females) were made after making impression of individuals with normal occlusion. Impression was made using alginate impression material, studycasts were made using dental stone type III, and bases were made using dental plaster type II. Individual mesiodistal width of the teeth were measured using a digital vernier caliper to the nearest 0.01mm for the calculation of Bolton’s anterior and overall ratio. The ratios were then compared between male and female. Result: One hundred twenty-five study casts (50 males and 75 females) were made after making impression of individuals with normal occlusion. Impression was made using alginate impression material, study casts were made using dental stone type III, and bases were made using dental plaster type II. A statistically signifiant difference between the summed mesiodistal widths were found between males and females using Independent sample t-test. There was no sexual dimorphism concerning Bolton’s ratio in samples. The overall ratio and anterior ratio were 91.70 ± 1.28 and 77.09 ± 1.57 for males and 91.79 ± 1.34 and 77.29 ± 1.71 for females respectively. The combined overall ratio was 91.75 ± 1.32 and anterior ratio which was 77.21 ± 1.65. Individual mesiodistal width of the teeth were measured using a digital vernier caliper to the nearest 0.01mm for the calculation of Bolton’s anterior and overall ratio. The ratios were then compared between male and female. Conclusion: The sum of mesiodistal dimensions of teeth were greater in males, however, no sexual dimorphism was found in the Bolton ratio. Further, statistically signifiant difference was found in the overall ratio from Nepalese population when compared to the original ratio by Bolton.

Evaluation of the anterior and overall tooth ratios in the Saudi population versus Bolton's standards.

Understanding tooth-size discrepancy is essential in the process of diagnosis of maxillary and mandibular relationship. Due to the high incidence of tooth-size disproportion, Practitioners should consider the high incidence of tooth-size disproportion when planning treatment for their patients, as in many cases, this can be a hindrance to obtaining an ideal result. This study aimed to determine the anterior and overall tooth ratios in the Saudi population and compare them with Bolton's standards. A total of 356 patients were recruited. For the anterior ratio, around 25% of the patients had a ratio equal to Bolton's standards (77.2%). Most subjects (53.7%) had a ratio above 77.2%, and the remaining (20%) had a ratio below 77.2%. The mean amount of anterior mandibular excess was 2.17 ± 2.12 mm, and the mean amount of anterior maxillary excess was 2.16 ± 2.08 mm. For the overall ratio, less than half of the participants (43%) had a ratio equal to Bolton's standards (91.3%). Almost 34% had a ratio above 91.3%, while 23% of the participants had a ratio below 91.3%. The mean amount of overall mandibular excess was 2.54 ± 2.37 mm, and the mean amount of overall maxillary excess was 3.31 ± 3.33 mm. The majority of the study sample had an overall and anterior Bolton ratio that is different from the norms of Bolton's standards, with a tendency for increased overall and anterior ratios. Having specific standards for the Saudi population is important for better clinical assessment and treatment outcomes.

Determination of Bolton’s Ratio in Different Malocclusions of the Western Region of Saudi Arabian Population: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Bolton’s ratio is a useful tool in orthodontic studies which helps determine the ratio of dental proportions. It is considered the 7th key to normal occlusion. Variations in different malocclusions can aid in diagnosis and planning the treatment. This study determines Bolton’s overall and anterior ratios for male individuals with different classes of malocclusion in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Ninety-six study model records were obtained from male patients attending the Orthodontic division of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. The participants’ average age was 19.6 years. The study models were divided into three categories: Angle’s Class 1 (n=40), Angle’s Class 2 (n=36), and Angle’s Class 3 (n=20). To prevent bias, one of the authors measured the study casts using the ORTHOASSISTANT software program at two different time intervals. Intergroup differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value of ≤ 0.05. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed in the overall ratio between the three types of malocclusions. However, class 2 and 3 malocclusions demonstrated significant differences in the anterior ratio. Both overall and anterior ratios in this population were higher than normal Bolton’s ratios. Conclusions: Bolton’s overall ratio did not differ significantly between various malocclusions, but Bolton’s anterior ratio did show significant differences between Class 2 and Class 3 malocclusion groups. This highlights the importance of orthodontists’ appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning in such cases.

Tooth size discrepancies in Kosovar adolescents with different malocclusion classes

The goal of this study was to evaluate tooth size discrepancies in Kosovar adolescents according to the Bolton’s analysis, and to determine the differences between gender and malocclusion classes. A sample of 400 Kosovar adolescents, aged 13–19 years with various malocclusion categories (class I, II, III) according to the Angle’s classification, was randomly selected. The anterior tooth size ratio, overall tooth size ratio, posterior tooth size ratio, as well as distribution of tooth size discrepancies were assessed. The normality of distribution was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the differences between genders by the Independent Sample T-test, the Mann-Whitney U-test, and differences among malocclusion groups by ANOVA, the Kruskal-Wallis, and the Dunn’s post-hoc tests. The tooth size ratios of men and women did not differ significantly. The results also demonstrated significant differences among the malocclusion classes only for the anterior tooth size ratio (p&lt;0.05). The overall and posterior ratios did not differ significantly within malocclusion classes. The percentages of Kosovar subjects with a deviation of more than 2SD from the Bolton average for the anterior and overall ratios were 41.37 and 23.79, respectively. The genders did not differ significantly regarding tooth size ratios. Among the malocclusion classes, the anterior ratio differed significantly. In Kosovar subjects, tooth size discrepancies tend to be higher compared to Bolton’s averages.

Artificial neural network model for predicting sex using dental and orthodontic measurements

To investigate sex-specific correlations between the dimensions of permanent canines and the anterior Bolton ratio and to construct a statistical model capable of identifying the sex of an unknown subject. Odontometric data were collected from 121 plaster study models derived from Caucasian orthodontic patients aged 12-17 years at the pretreatment stage by measuring the dimensions of the permanent canines and Bolton's anterior ratio. Sixteen variables were collected for each subject: 12 dimensions of the permanent canines, sex, age, anterior Bolton ratio, and Angle's classification. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics, principal component analysis, and artificial neural network modeling. Sex-specific differences were identified in all odontometric variables, and an artificial neural network model was prepared that used odontometric variables for predicting the sex of the participants with an accuracy of > 80%. This model can be applied for forensic purposes, and its accuracy can be further improved by adding data collected from new subjects or adding new variables for existing subjects. The improvement in the accuracy of the model was demonstrated by an increase in the percentage of accurate predictions from 72.0-78.1% to 77.8-85.7% after the anterior Bolton ratio and age were added. The described artificial neural network model combines forensic dentistry and orthodontics to improve subject recognition by expanding the initial space of odontometric variables and adding orthodontic parameters.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BOLTON'S RATIO AND OVER JET DEVIATION IN CLASS II MALOCCLUSION AMONG SOUTH INDIAN POPULATION- A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Introduction: The aim of this study is to analyze the difference in the incidence of tooth size discrepancies using boltons ratio in class II malocclusion with varying overjet. The study groups consists of Group I: normal occlus Materials And Methods: ion with ideal overjet and overbite (control), Group II: Class II div.1 with less than 5mm overjet Group III: Class II div.1 with more than 5mm overjet. The anterior and overall tooth size ratio was calculated for each sample as described by Bolton and included in statistical analysis. The mean anterior and Results: overall Bolton ratio of the normal occlusion group (78.8 and 91.88) is slightly greater than the original value. Class II malocclusion with overjet greater than 5mm showing a lowest anterior ratio, the overall ratio for the class II malocclusion group is almost same. Inter proximal Conclusion: slicing may be recommended in the anterior segment to eliminate the interarch discrepancy especially in increased overjet

Place de la réalité virtuelle dans la rééducation de l’épaule: une étude préliminaire

Technologies of all kinds have appeared recently in the world of rehabilitation. Playful and interactive, virtual reality devices would allow the user to live experiences close to reality (performing tasks in real time, anticipating or reacting to objects or events) at a lower cost as well as in a much easier and safe way. The objective of this preliminary study is to present the short-term results of an immersive virtual reality rehabilitation protocol on pain and functional in patients with shoulder musculoskeletal disorders. Four patients took part in a 12-week virtual reality rehabilitation protocol, with 2 sessions per week. Positive effects on pain and functionality (decrease from 47 to 64% in the DASH questionnaire score) have been reported at the end of the treatment. Concerning muscle strength and activity, an improvement in the maximum isometric force developed as well as a decrease in the upper trapezius/lower trapezius and upper trapezius/serratus anterior ratios were observed. Future studies will confirm (or invalidate) the value of this type of rehabilitation compared to «classical» treatment methods.

Anterior Tooth Size Discrepancy in Class III Surgical Patients.

The purpose of the present study was to specify whether there are mesiodistal tooth size discrepancies in the anterior region in patients with dentoskeletal Class III malocclusion who underwent orthognathic surgery and orthodontic treatment and to assess the relationship between anterior Bolton ratio and dentoskeletal cephalometric measurements. The diagnostic dental casts and lateral cephalometric radiographs of 113 nongrowing patients (54 females and 59 males; mean age: 19.96 ± 4.42 years) with dentoskeletal Class III malocclusion who underwent orthognathic surgery and orthodontic treatment were included in the study. The mesiodistal widths of the 6 anterior teeth were measured from dental casts using a digital caliper accurate to 0.01 mm and anterior Bolton ratios were calculated. Lateral cephalograms were digitalized and used to measure 4 skeletal and 4 dental parameters. The mean anterior ratio of Class III surgical patients was 80.1% with a standard deviation of 2.8%. Clinically significant anterior tooth size discrepancies (greater than ±2 standard deviation) were found in 40.7% of the sample, 97.8% of those patients having anterior mandibular tooth excess. No significant correlation was found between the anterior Bolton ratio and cephalometric measurements. Clinicians should consider the probability of tooth size discrepancy in the diagnosis and treatment planning of Class III surgical patients and should perform interventions to eliminate these discrepancies during presurgical orthodontic treatment.

Influence of Bolton’s analysis and Peck &amp; Peck index on the pre and post-treatment overjet

Background: To evaluate the relationship between the overjet with pre and post orthodontic treatmentBolton’s analysis and with Peck &amp; Peck index. Materials and Methods: Pre and post-treatment orthodontic study models (n=30) of patients in the age range of 18 to 35 years, who underwent orthodontic treatment were evaluated for overjet, Bolton’s analysis (overall ratio &amp; anterior ratio) and Peck &amp; Peck index (in 31,32,41&amp;42). A digital Vernier caliper was used for all the measurements. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS software using appropriate statistical tests based on normality to compare the pre- and post-treatment mean values and Pearson’s correlation was done between the Bolton’s analysis and Peck &amp; Peck index with overjet. The p value &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The Pearson’s correlation revealed an inverse correlation between Bolton’s anterior ratio and overjet (pre:-0.226, post:-0.254). The pre-treatment overjet with Peck &amp; Peck index revealed an inverse correlation in PP 31 (-0.230) and positive correlation in other teeth. The correlation in the post-treatment overjet with Peck &amp; Peck index was an inverse correlation in all teeth (-0.347; -0.184; -0.184 &amp; -0.074 in PP31, PP32, PP41 &amp; PP42 respectively).

Digital Analysis of Tooth Sizes Among Individuals with Classes I and II Malocclusions in the Kosovo Population - A Pilot Study

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the tooth size discrepancy in patients with different types of malocclusions and compare it with that in patients with normal occlusion, using the three-dimensional (3D) measurement program Maestro Studio. Methods and Results: Patients of both sexes who were aged between 13 and 16 years and who had never received orthodontic treatment were randomly selected. The participants’ mean age was 14.3±1.1 years; 62.0% of patients were girls. Fifty patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 included 16 patients with malocclusion Class I (controls), Group 2 included 19 patients with malocclusion Class II division 1 (II/1), and Group 3 included 15 patients with malocclusion Class II division 2 (II/2). The tooth measurements were made according to the Bolton analysis. Anterior ratio (AR) and overall ratio (OR) were calculated. There was no significant difference in the AR between the groups. However, we found a significant difference in the OR between the groups (P=0.0129). Patients with Class II/2 malocclusion had a significantly lower OR than patients with Class II/1 malocclusion (P=0.0155). However, there was no significant difference in the OR between Class 1 and Class II/1 or Class II/2 malocclusions. Conclusion: Individuals with different malocclusions show different tooth sizes.

Bolton Analysis on Class I, II, and III Malocclusion Cases

Background: Tooth size discrepancy is defined as an imbalance in size between each tooth. To obtain good occlusion with overbite and overjet, the maxillary and mandibular teeth must be of the appropriate size. One of the causes of malocclusion is the mismatch of the mesiodistal size of the teeth to the arch of the jaw. The relation of teeth with a large maxillary mesiodistal size while the mandibular mesiodistal size is small, it is impossible to get an ideal occlusion. This condition is known as tooth size discrepancy and can be a problem when determining the orthodontic treatment plan and when achieving the final orthodontic treatment outcome. Purpose: this study aimed to describe Bolton's analysis in cases of Class I, II, and III malocclusions. Review(s): The literature sources used in preparing the review were through databases PubMed and Google Scholar with the keywords tooth size discrepancy, Bolton analysis, and Class I, II, and III malocclusions. From the results of the researchers' measurements on malocclusions in the Angle Classification Class I and II, The anterior ratio was different in several cases, while in Class III the results were greater than the Bolton ratio, where the size of the lower jaw teeth was larger than the maxillary teeth, especially in the anterior ratio. Conclusion: Bolton's analysis can be applied to all cases regardless of the type of malocclusion, gender, or race, and remains an important investigation before starting treatment for post-treatment arch stability.

Digital evaluation of Bolton's tooth size discrepancies among different malocclusions categories of Egyptian adolescent orthodontic population: A retrospective study

This retrospective investigation aimed to compare Bolton's ratios among different malocclusion groups of Egyptian adolescent orthodontic patients with original Bolton's standards. Pre-treatment dental casts of 588 Egyptian subjects, 290 males and 298 females with mean age 16.7±2.2 years, were randomly selected and classified into 220 class I (108 males and 112 females), 230 class II (112 males and 118 females), and 138 class III (68 males and 70 females) groups. Mesiodistal widths from first molar to first molar were measured on 3-dimensionally scanned models via software and ratios were calculated. Two-way analysis of variance compared ratios as a function of skeletal classification and gender. Additionally, percentages of significant discrepancy outside 2 standard deviations (SDs) were calculated. The anterior mean ratio for the total sample were higher (79.4±4.7) and overall mean ratio was lower (90.1±5) than Bolton's standards. The differences between the obtained and standard values were statistically significant (P<0.001). However, there were no significant differences in either anterior ratio (P=0.637) or overall ratio (P=295) regarding gender. Class I cases showed the highest mean anterior ratio of 80±5.7 whereas class II and class III cases had the lowest ratio of 78.5±4.6 and 78.7±3.5, respectively. Concerning overall ratio, class III subjects had the highest ratio of 91.8±2.6 with no substantial distinction from class II cases (90.2±4.7) but was significantly different from class I cases that demonstrated the lowest ratio (89.7±5, P=0.020). High percentages of patients displayed clinically significant tooth size discrepancies (TSD), exceeding either above or below 2SD of Bolton's values, which were more marked in the anterior ratio. These were 25.2% and 7.4% for anterior ratio and 3.4% and 15.4% for overall ratio. Tooth size ratios of Egyptian orthodontic patients are generally different than the original Bolton's standards. Patients with class I and class III malocclusions had greater anterior and overall ratios than those with class II malocclusions with no considerable gender differences in either ratio.

Enhancing PSMA-PET/CT with intravenous contrast: Improved tracer clearance in the prostate bed.

We observed hitherto unreported layering of radioactivity in the bladder on PET/CT in prostate cancer (PC) when combined with contrast-enhanced CT (CECT). This effect facilitates assessment of the prostate bed in PC. Among 128 patients imaged with [18F]PSMA-1007, we selected all 8 studies without and 28 studies with CECT. 20 patients also underwent PET/MR. As controls, we chose 20 and 16 males studied with [18F]FDG for extrapelvic disease with and without CECT. Posterior anterior (PA) ratio was calculated as SUVpost/SUVant * 100 % based on maximal standard uptake values (SUV) in 20 mm spheres in the anterior and posterior bladder. Four nuclear physicians scored assessibility of the bladder base on a 3-point Likert scale (3 = optimal, 1 = poor). We acquired serial PET/CT over 4 hours of a flask with layering of 100 ml intravenous contrast agent and 100 ml physiological saline with 40 MBq of [18F]PSMA-1007, while a control flask was shaken at the start of the experiment. Layering of tracer was observed in all PET/CT studies with CE-CT, but not in studies without contrast. Median PA ratios were 44 % (interquartile range 33-62) for [18F]PSMA-1007 and 73 % (52-67) for [18F]FDG, respectively. Intravenous contrast improved assessibility scores in PET of the bladder base, but the effect only reached significance in the PET/MR data. In the in vitro data, radioactivity was retained in the aqueous supernatant over the entire experiment whereas there was no separation of phases in the control flask over time. When performing PET combined with CECT, sedimentation of contrast agent in the bladder leads to upward displacement of radioactivity, enhancing clarity of PET images in the posterior bladder and the prostate bed on both PET/CT and PET/MR.

Sagittal Patellar Offset Ratio Can Be a Predictor of Anterior Knee Pain after Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty without Patella Resurfacing.

Anterior knee pain (AKP) is an issue that persists even after successful total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In some patients, reasons for AKP occurrence are known, but it is unexplained in some others despite the patellofemoral joint being thought to be the main focus of pain. We investigated the relationship between unexplained AKP and the patellofemoral joint in the sagittal plane after primary TKA. We evaluated 372 knees of 317 patients retrospectively, who had completed a minimum 24-month follow-up. We divided them into two groups according to the presence of AKP. Sagittal patellar offset ratio (SPOR), anterior femoral offset ratio (AFOR), and Insall-Salvati ratio (ISR) were measured on lateral X-rays. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Oxford knee score (OKS) and WOMAC pre-and postoperatively, and AKP was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS) postoperatively. Between non-AKP and AKP groups, SPOR (p<0.001) and AFOR (p=0.03) were significantly different but not ISR (p=0.89). SPOR and AFOR were found to be two independent risk factors that may predict the likelihood of AKP. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that AFOR is a poor value, whereas SPOR is a reasonable predictive value. No correlation between SPOR and postoperative OKS (p=0.92) and WOMAC (p=0.25) and no correlation between AFOR and postoperative OKS (p=0.44) and WOMAC (p=0.58) were found. We found that SPOR is a good predictive tool with a cutoff value of 46.4% and 91.5% sensitivity for AKP and its increased ratio increases the probability of AKP following TKA. Considering that the patellar offset will not change, especially in patients without patella resurfacing, care should be taken not to increase the anterior femoral offset.

Impact of 3D transesophageal echocardiography assessment of mitral valve on short-term outcome of Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty using additional quantitative parameters

The goals of this prospective observational study were to identify quantitative morphological factors that might aid in the prediction of PBMV outcome, as well as to define the function of 3D TEE in mitral valve evaluation. Material and Methods: The trial comprised seventy individuals who had isolated severe rheumatic Mitral Stenosis (MS) who were scheduled for PBMV between October 2017 and March 2021. Trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) was used for pre-procedural evaluation. Posterior to Anterior Leaflet Length Ratio (P/ALLR), Commissural Area Ratio (CAR), Doming Height (DH), and Calcification Score (Ca score) were also assessed using 2D and 3D-Trans-esophageal Echocardiography (TEE). Following that, all patients were monitored for three months. Results: We have had 50(71.5%) successful procedures and 20(28.5%) unsuccessful procedures. The additional parameters showed highly significant difference between successful and un-successful groups (P-value &lt;0.001). The cut-off points that predict successful procedures were; P/A LLR &gt;0.6 and &gt;0.55 by 2-D and 3-D TEE respectively, CAR ≤ 1.28 and ≤ 1.25 by 2-D and 3-D TEE respectively, DH &gt; 1.2 cm by 2-D TEE, and Ca Score ≤ 2. Conclusion: In our research, we discovered that these characteristics may predict the result of PBMV and contribute value to the semi-quantitative methodologies we adopted to use.

Comparison of monoplanar and polyaxial screw fixation systems in percutaneous intermediate fixation for thoracolumbar fractures

BackgroundThe newly developed monoplanar pedicle screws (MPPSs) can mobile in axial plane but fixed in the sagittal plane, which holds potential to combine ease of rod placement with sagittal plane strength theoretically. So far, few clinical studies focused on the outcomes of MPPSs for treatment of thoracolumbar fractures (TLFs). The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of MPPSs to polyaxial pedicle screws (PAPSs) in percutaneous intermediate fixation of TLFs.MethodsSeventy-eight patients who sustained TLFs without neurological deficits and underwent percutaneous intermediate fixation using MPPSs (40 patients) or PAPSs (38 patients) with a minimum 1-year follow-up were included in this study. The operation time, blood loss, local Cobb angle (LCA), vertebral wedge angle (VWA), anterior body height ratio (ABHR), visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were collected.ResultsNo significant differences were observed in baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, operation time or blood loss between the two groups (P > 0.05). The postoperative LCA, VWA and ABHR were significantly corrected compared to these parameters preoperatively in both groups (#P < 0.05). The postoperative LCA, VWA and ABHR in the MPPS group were significantly better corrected than those in the PAPS group (*P < 0.05). Furthermore, the correction loss of LCA, VWA and ABHR in the MPPS group was significantly lower than that in the PAPS group (*P < 0.05). However, no significant difference in VAS and ODI scores was observed between the two groups.ConclusionsMPPSs showed similar efficiency as PAPSs in percutaneous intermediate fixation surgical procedures. More importantly, MPPSs achieved better radiological performance than PAPSs in the correction of TLFs and the prevention of correction loss.

Variations of the Mesiodistal width of permanent teeth in a sample of patients attending Ajman University Dental College

The current study aims to measure the variations of the mesiodistal width of permanent teeth in a sample of patients attending Ajman University Dental Hospital. Materials and Method: A Descriptive cross-sectional study of 85 pretreatment study casts of patients (M:33, F:52) aged between 11-38 attending the Orthodontic unit at Ajman University Dental Hospital. The samples were selected randomly for measurements, which were performed using an electronic digital calibre. The width of an individual tooth is measured accurately from the mesial contact point to the distal contact point. The measurement was performed for all the 12 maxillary and mandibular teeth (from 16 to 26 and 36 to 46). The data put up in an excel sheet and sent to the statistician for analysis. Results: Class I and II showed a higher overall ratio and anterior ratio in males with no difference between the gender neither in the anterior or the overall ratio. At the same time, Class III malocclusion had a significant difference in both overall and anterior ratios. The maxillary 1st premolars and 2nd premolars teeth have insignificant mesiodistal differences between genders, while the maxillary canine and the 2nd premolar have a significant difference between right and left quadrants. The mandibular teeth showed no significant difference in mesiodistal width between right and left quadrants. Conclusion: The insignificant difference between the sample and Bolton in the anterior and posterior ratios in Class I &amp; II cases explain the similarity of the racial feature. There is a significant difference in Class III between our sample and the Bolton original work.