Fractures Of Anterior Process Research Articles

Comparison between Malerba osteotomy and combined Evans/medial displacement calcaneal osteotomies for the management of flexible pes planus in young adults: a prospective randomised control trial, three years follow-up.

The aim of the current study is to evaluate the functional and radiological outcomes of Malerba osteotomy in comparison to the standardized combined Evans/Medial Displacement Calcaneal Osteotomy (MDCO) in the management of symptomatic flexible pes planus in young adults. Prospective randomized control trial included 34 feet (33 patients), 17 cases in each group. Functionally, patients were assessed by AOFAS and FADI scores. Radiographic evaluation included calcaneal pitch, lateral talo-1st metatarsal, AP talo-first metatarsal, AP talo-calcaneal angles, and the talar coverage percentage. Pre-operative and threeyears follow-up scores and angles were compared between both groups. No statistically significant difference could be detected between both groups (P value 0.87). However, the data showed statistically significant difference in each group when comparing (pre-operative and third year follow-up scores and angles) (P value < 0.001). The mean union rate was eightweeks in Malerba group and nineweeks in Evans/MDCO group. No incidence of nonunion. Complications like calcaneocuboid subluxation, calcaneal anterior process fracture, and lateral column pain were exclusively reported in Evans/MDCO group. Malerba osteotomy is a strong valid option for the operative management of flexible pes planus in young adults. Authors recommend Malerba osteotomy in all mild and moderate deformities due to lower complication rate while the combined Evans/MDCO is preferred in severe deformity due to relatively higher corrective power with consideration of possible complications.

Different types and epidemiological patterns of calcaneal fractures based on reviewing CT images of 957 fractures

IntroductionCalcaneal fractures may have lifelong debilitating sequences, if not treated properly. Identifying different types of calcaneal fractures based on the computed tomography (CT) scans can increase our conception about these fractures. MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, the available CT images of all consecutive patients with the diagnosis of calcaneal fracture, from January 2015 to December 2018, were reviewed to determine different patterns and types of these fractures. ResultsCT images of 886 patients (mean age, 41.29 ± 14.9; range, 3–89 years; male/female, 4.86; pediatric: 3.7%) with 957 calcaneal fractures were evaluated. The peak incidence of calcaneal fractures was seen in patients between 30 to 39 years of age (29%). The rate of open fractures and bilateral involvements were 2.4% and 8.0%, respectively. Among 680 (71.0%) intra-articular calcaneal fractures, subtalar calcaneal fractures were the most common type (94.3%). The majority of intra-articular subtalar calcaneal fractures were displaced (95.0%) with calcaneocuboid joint (CCJ) involvement (59.9%). Fracture lines were extended to the CCJ in about 86.9% of Sanders type IV, 66.3% of type III, and 60.2% of type II. Among 261 extra-articular fractures (27.3%), calcaneal body fracture (55.6%) was the most frequent type, followed by medial tubercle fracture (24.1%), calcaneal tuberosity fracture (10.4%), Degan type I anterior process fractures (5.4%), Degan type II anterior process fracture (3.4%), and isolated lateral tubercle fracture (1.1%). Most of bilateral calcaneal fractures were intra-articular subtalar fractures with involvement of CCJ. Although majority of intra-articular calcaneal fractures were displaced; less than half of the extra-articular fractures were displaced. ConclusionDisplaced intra-articular subtalar calcaneal fractures with CCJ involvement are the most frequent type of unilateral and bilateral calcaneal fractures. It appears that there is a correlation between Sanders type and the probability of CCJ involvement. Unlike intra-articular subtalar calcaneal fractures, the CCJ in the majority of extra-articular calcaneal body fractures was intact. Level of evidenceLevel IV.

The modified Broström-Gould procedure--early results using a newly described surgical technique.

Ankle lateral ligament injuries are one of the most common sporting injuries, with the majority being successfully treated conservatively. However, reconstruction is required if this fails. We present the clinical results of a newly described surgical technique of triple-breasting the lateral ligament complex using suture anchors. Sixteen patients (18 ankles) were treated with this new technique. The mean duration of symptoms was 77 months. The mean follow-up was 25 months. All patients underwent an arthroscopy followed by lateral ligament reconstruction by this new technique. Additional pathology included osteoarthritis (2), ankle impingement due to anterior cheilus (2), osteochondral defects (3) and non-union of fracture of anterior process of calcaneus. Additional procedures above diagnostic arthroscopy, soft tissue debridement and modified Broström-Gould repair included debridement and microfracture (3), open excision of anterior calcaneal process (1) and arthroscopic anterior ankle cheilectomy (2). At final follow-up, all ankles were subjectively and objectively stable. Mean AOFAS score improved from 53 to 88. This was statistically significant (p<0.05). Eight patients had resumed normal pre-injury level of activities (including sports), 8 had some reduction in normal level of activity. The early results of our modification show it to be safe, successful and comparable with previously published series with all patients having objectively and subjectively stable ankles at final follow-up.

Operative treatment of calcaneal fractures

Objective To investigate the injury mechanism, clinical classification, treatment methods and clinical results of calcaneal fractures. Methods From June 2005 to May 2009, 83 feet in 70 patients with calcaneal fractures were treated. According to Sanders and Essex-Lopresti classifications, 63 feet had intra-articular fractures (30 feet of type Ⅱ, 21 type Ⅲ, and 12 type Ⅳ ) and 20 feet had extra-articular fractures (3 feet of lateral condylar fracture, 5 anterior process fracture, 9 calcaneal body fracture and 3 nodules fracture) . Reduction with a conventional lateral L-incision, mini-incision, or leverage was conducted depending on the clinical classification of the fracture involved. Fixation with a conventional plate or locking plate, simple screws and Kirschner wire was applied in all patients. Bone grafting was performed in the 20 cases whose defects were larger than 2 cm3. Functions and complications of the feet were observed at the follow-up. Results The 70 patients were followed up from 12 to 30 months (average, 18 months). The total average American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society(AOFAS) score was (90.3 ± 11.0) points (48 to 100 points). The average AOFAS score for the 20 feet of extra-articular calcaneal fracture was (98.1±2.6)points (90 to 100 points), with no complications; the average AOFAS score for the other 63 feet of intra-articular calcaneal fracture was (87.8 ± 11.4) points (48 to 100 points) with such complications as necrosis at the skin edge of incision in 2 feet, sural nerve injury in 4 and traumatic subtalar arthritis in 10.Conclusions Treatment of extra-articular calcaneal fractures may have better clinical results than treatment of intra-articular calcaneal fractures. The preoperative evaluation of the fracture type and severity of soft tissue injury is especially essential to the treatment. Key words: Calcaneus; Fractures; Fracture fixation, internal; Postoperative complications

Anterior process calcaneal fractures: a systematic evaluation of associated conditions

The objective was to evaluate the association, by MRI, of anterior calcaneal process fractures with tarsal coalitions, ankle sprains, and bifurcate ligament abnormalities. A retrospective review of 1,479 foot and ankle MR images was performed, over a period of 5 years, for isolated anterior process fractures of the calcaneus. Fifteen 1.5-T MR examinations were systematically evaluated by two radiologists in consensus. Marrow edema patterns, presence of a calcaneonavicular coalition, as well as bifurcate and anterior talofibular ligaments, were evaluated. There were 15 fractures of the anterior calcaneal process with an incidence of 1%. The average patient age was 51 years (range 25-82). Twelve patients were women and 3 were men. The majority of the fractures (14 out of 15) presented as an edema pattern on T2-weighted images, either diffuse (9 out of 15), or vertical (5 out of 15). One case did not show marrow edema, but rather a hypointense line. Nine patients (60%) demonstrated calcaneonavicular coalition and anterior calcaneal process fracture. In 6 patients (50%) the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) was thickened. Three patients did not have axial images, and were classified as non-conclusive for the ATFL evaluation. The bifurcate ligament was thickened with hyperintense signal demonstrating a sprain in 9 out of 13 (69%). Only 2 patients (16.5%) had an anterior calcaneal process fracture without any associated abnormality. We believe that there is a probable association of anterior process fractures and calcaneonavicular coalitions. We also feel, based on our results and the prior literature that there is likely also an association with both ATFL injuries and bifurcate ligament injuries.

Incidence and MR imaging features of fractures of the anterior process of calcaneus in a consecutive patient population with ankle and foot symptoms

To determine the incidence, appearances and associated injuries of fractures affecting the anterior process of calcaneus from a general population with foot and ankle symptoms. A retrospective review of foot and ankle MR imaging procedures was performed for detection of cases with a fracture affecting the anterior process of calcaneus over a four year period. Radiographs, MR imaging studies, radiology reports, medical records, and operative notes were reviewed. Imaging analysis included fracture pattern, displacement, associated fractures, and presence of tendon and ligamentous injuries. The incidence of anterior process of calcaneus fracture on MR imaging was 0.5% (14/2577). Fractures were more common in female subjects (71%, 10/14). Fracture orientation was predominantly vertical (93%, 13/14). No comminuted fractures were seen and only three fractures were displaced. Three of the eight MR imaging evident fractures of anterior process of calcaneus were seen on radiographs. Associated fractures of the talus (n=5), navicular bone (n=3), cuboid (n=2), and calcaneal body (n=1) were noted. Associated injuries to the anterior talofibular ligament (n=3) and tears of the peroneus brevis (n=3) and peroneus longus (n=1) tendons were present. All fractures were treated non-operatively. Two patients had subtalar joint steroid injection for symptomatic relief. Fractures of the anterior process of the calcaneus are uncommon in MR examinations of a general population of patients with foot and ankle symptoms. Although anterior process of calcaneus fractures are rare, there was a moderately high incidence of associated bone and soft-tissue injuries.

Anterior process fracture or calcaneus secundarius: a case report

Avulsion of the anterior process of the calcaneus accounts for nearly 15% of calcaneal fractures according to some sources. Yet, this fracture rarely has been reported in the radiology literature. Lateral plain radiography of the foot may demonstrate an ossific structure, distinct from the distal end of the calcaneus, overlying the head of the talus. However, the fracture may be particularly subtle and go undetected on plain radiography. Furthermore, it may be mistaken for the calcaneus secundarius (CS), an accessory ossicle of the anterior facet of the calcaneus identified in up to 5% of the population during cadaveric studies. This article describes the physical and radiological findings in a patient with an anterior process fracture and how this fracture can be distinguished from the CS.