Phased Antenna Research Articles

Design, developments, and applications of 5G antennas: a review

AbstractAs the demand for high data rates is increasing day by day, fifth-generation (5G) becomes the leading-edge technology in wireless communications. The main objectives of the 5G communication system are to enhance the data rates (up to 20 Gbps) and capacity, ultra-low latency (1 ms), high reliability, great flexibility, and enhance device to device communication. The mentioned objectives lead to the hunting of the millimeter-wave frequency range which lies from 30 to 300 GHz for 5G wireless communications. To design such high capacity, low latency, and flexible systems, antenna design is one of the crucial parts. In this paper, a survey is presented on various antenna designs with their fabrication on different types of substrates such as Rogers RT/duroid 5880, Rogers RO4003C, Taconic TLY-5, etc., at different 5G frequency bands. The different configurations of antennas that covered antenna arrays, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, phased antennas, and beamforming antennas are discussed in detail with their applications. The design of MIMO antennas in the 5G frequency band occupied less space so mutual coupling reduction techniques are required for maintaining the required gain, efficiency, and isolation. This paper is also focused on the mutual coupling reduction techniques and diversity in MIMO antennas.

Downlink multi-user algorithms for millimeter-wave wideband linear arrays on PD-NOMA-based squint steering beams

This article investigates using a phased linear antenna array instead of the planar array to circumvent the problem that two frequency squint steering main beams cannot cover any two beam directions simultaneously. First, we approximate the donut-shaped main beam of the linear array by means of multiple pencil-shaped main beams of a virtual planar array for matching the steering main beam of the linear array with the multi-path sparse scattering channel model mathematically and give a method for calculating the number of antenna elements of the virtual array. Second, we cope with possible inter-user interference on a single squint main beam of the linear array in some scenarios by means of the power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA) technique, making it possible to support communication with two users on a single squint main beam at the base station (BS) side. The feasible domain of PD-NOMA is given when a single antenna is used for both the BS and the user end, assuming a two-user successive interference cancellation (SIC) decoding power ratio limit. Third, three algorithms are given for serving multi-user at the BS via squint beams of the linear array. Finally, numerical results show that the second proposed algorithm supporting PD-NOMA pairing within a single donut-shaped squint main beam significantly increases the number of simultaneous users served within a single cellular system.

Principles of creating a phased active antenna array for mobile satellite terminals based on a multilayer printed circuit board

The paper describes concept of the phased array antenna made on a multilayered printed circuit board for the subscriber terminal of a modern Ka-band mobile communication system. Two options of the array are considered: Rx- and Tx- arrays. The architecture of the PAA is described, and main problems arising when creating such antennas are discussed. The ways of their solution are offered. The multilayer printed radiator is described in details. The proposed concept will be useful for design of the phased array antenna experimental model.

Influence of the radio signals frequency band on their spatial selection in communication channels

This article deals with the dependence of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) on the frequency band of a radio channel when transmitting three different radio signals over it based on a mathematical model. Signals are transmitted on a single carrier frequency, in one direction and occupy the entire channel frequency band, which varied from 0 to 30 GHz. A threeelement sparse antenna array (SAA) is used for signal transmission. Each signal is emitted by all three SAA elements with certain phase shifts. In the reception area, such a structure of the total field is formed, at which the maxima of all transmitted signals are spatially spaced. This allows each signal to be received on a separate antenna. Studies have shown that the S/N ratio for different signals depends differently on the channel bandwidth. For a signal emitted by all SAA antennas in phase, the S/N ratio is practically independent of the bandwidth and is about 70 dB. For the two remaining phased signals the S/N ratio varies equally over the entire range of the channel frequency band values and is characterized by a sharp drop from 62 to 8 dB.

Optimal design of silicon-based optical phased array sector antenna

Optimal design of silicon-based optical phased array sector antenna

Risk Factors for Construction and Exploitation of the Industrial Facilities on the Arctic Shelves: Actual Challenges and Perspective Approaches for Adequate Decisions

The bottom sedimental cover on Arctic shelves includes a layer of subaqual permafrost. There are two types of soil grounds within this layer: the conventional 4-phase frozen soils MWIG (“mineral matrix – water – ice – gas”), and the binary type SSGH (“Frozen Soil Saturated by Methane Gas-Hydrates”), which present in fact a mix of MWIG and significant portion of the alternative clathrate subsystem, presented by hydrocarbon gases in icy nano-scaled cells. The SSGH type locates within the gas-hydrate stability zone (HSZ), its upper limit is not constant in a time and may change a depth from 0 meters at the cold glacial epochs up to some hundred meters deeper a surface of sea bottom during the warm interglacial periods. Into the Holocene warm stadia the HSZ depth on the Arctic shelves vary of 50 to 200 meters, but some relics of SSGH soils occur in metastable conditions over the upper limit. Moreover, the lenses of SSGH may to appear near surface in a result of transformation MWIG soil in a stress field under huge gravitational platforms installed on shallow shelf. Geomechanical features of SSGH drastically differ of MWIG, and so for industrial safety it is necessary to provide an advanced and permanent geophysical control of the SSGH abundance and stability under a basement of engineering facilities. The most attractive and reliable approach to those goals is installation around the large industrial objects a fiber optic sensing network, consisting of seismoacoustic and electromagnetic recorders integrated in the single “phase antenna” with digital “big data” processing.

A Low Cross-Polarization Configuration Method for Phased Array Radar Antenna

The cross-polarization isolation (CPI) is a key parameter to assess the dual-polarization antenna because the cross-polarization closely affects the antenna application. A polarization state configuration (PSC) approach is proposed to configure the polarization state of the polarimetric phased array radar antenna. Unlike the traditional fixed polarization states such as the linear polarization (LP) and the circular polarization (CP), the PSC method modulates the polarization state of the radiated wave continuously. In addition, the optimal excitation magnitude and phase of the dual-polarization element is calculated, thereby maximizing the CPI. Most of the configured polarization state is the elliptical polarization (EP), and a lower cross-polarization level and higher CPI could be obtained. This method could expand the acceptable angle range when compared with the LP and CP waves. Numerical simulations and comparisons are conducted to manifest the validity of the proposed method.

Complex of mobile radar stations for external measurements

The paper considers the theoretical issues of designing radar stations sector with the use of electronic scanning and rangefinder-angular measurement method, as well as the principles on which the algorithms for processing radar signals to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. A practically applicable version of the construction of centimeter-range mobile radar stations based on the technology of cascaded active phased waveguide-slot antenna arrays for solving external trajectory measurements is presented. A description of the serial and parallel positioning schemes of the posts is given, and restrictions on the measuring range and viewing sectors for each of the applied schemes are determined. The basic technical characteristics of the posts of the complex of external trajectory measurements and registration of the parameters of the movement of air objects are proposed, the main tasks and functioning conditions are determined, the influence of the medium on the propagation of radio waves, limiting the choice of the frequency range of radar stations, is considered.

An optimum side-lobe reduction method with weight perturbation

Generally, the phased antennas used in radar and communication systems have a certain taper to minimize the side-lobes. However, most tapering methods are inefficient for practical applications because they generally reduce the overall efficiency of the system. It is therefore necessary to develop improved methods for reducing the side-lobes, especially for future fifth-generation (5G) communication systems, whose performance is expected to be drastically limited by interfering signals. Two new methods for obtaining low side-lobes with very little loss in directivity are presented herein. In both methods, the excitations of the elements in a uniformly excited array are perturbed such that the corresponding array factor constructs a specific cancellation pattern. The cancellation pattern in the first method is constructed using a simple analytical procedure, whereas in the second method it is constructed using a more powerful optimization algorithm. The cancellation patterns of both proposed arrays are then independently subtracted from the original, uniformly excited arrays to obtain new array patterns with deep side-lobe reduction. The simulation results show that the directivity differences between the two proposed arrays and the uniformly excited array decrease as the number of array elements is increased; For example, when considering an array with 100 elements, the directivity difference is only 0.1435 dB. Moreover, the proposed arrays can reduce the peak side-lobe levels by more than 27 dB compared with the corresponding uniformly excited arrays.

위상 배열 추적 안테나 시스템의 추적 방법에 관한 연구

위상 배열 추적 안테나 시스템의 추적 방법에 관한 연구

Comparison of phased array steerable beam antennas for 5G Mobile applications

Comparison of phased array steerable beam antennas for 5G Mobile applications

微波光子技术相控阵雷达天线现场校准系统

微波光子技术相控阵雷达天线现场校准系统

An ultra flat phased array Ku-band antenna with integrated receivers in SiGe BiCMOS

A highly integrated Ku-band (10.7–12.75 GHz) planar phased array receiver of 64 antenna elements is presented. It features instantaneous reception of the full Ku-band (2.05 GHz wide) in two orthogonal polarizations with wide scan angles by using time delay instead of phase shift. The receiver is part of a system for satellite broadcast TV reception on board of moving vehicles. Two SiGe radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) were developed, packaged in ceramic BGAs and assembled onto a 15-layer printed circuit board (PCB) which integrates the antenna elements. An outline of the system is given along with a detailed description. It sets a new standard in integration density. The receiver has extensive analog signal processing at intermediate frequency (IF)-level. A novel bipolar implementation for true time delay is proposed, with a continuous programmable delay range of 0…80 ps with less than 2.5 ps group-delay variation in 2 GHz bandwidth (BW). The wide BW calls for a constant group-delay implementation in the IF chain. The receiver (RFIC) consumes only 132 mW per channel. Each channel has 40 dB gain.

Metamaterials Applied to ESPAR Antenna for Mutual Coupling Reduction

Phased array smart antennas are becoming the primary choice for wireless communication solutions. Along with the increased usage of this technology, the problems related to mutual electromagnetic coupling between elements become evident. On arrays consisting of only one active element and multiple parasite elements (which steer the radiation pattern), as is the case of the electronically steerable passive array radiator (ESPAR) antenna, it is desirable to have maximum mutual coupling between each parasite element and the active one. However, the mutual coupling between parasite elements decreases the overall efficiency of the adaptive algorithm used to optimize the radiating pattern of the array. This letter explores the use of metamaterial as a near-field electromagnetic insulator. A novel ESPAR antenna structure, composed by metamaterial between parasite elements, has been proposed. The metamaterial structure transforms the conventional behavior of electromagnetic waves. The wave–metamaterial interaction behaves as a high-impedance area, which attenuates electromagnetic waves that move across it. The results show an effective minimization of the mutual coupling between the passive elements, with no significant impact to the mutual coupling between the active element and each passive one.

Novel Phased Array-Fed Dual-Reflector Antenna with Different Orthogonal Cross-Section by Imaging Reflector Antenna and Ring-Focus Cassegrain Antenna

Novel Phased Array-Fed Dual-Reflector Antenna with Different Orthogonal Cross-Section by Imaging Reflector Antenna and Ring-Focus Cassegrain Antenna

Miniaturized Hybrid Rat-Race Coupler of a 2.5 GHz Loaded by Resistors

A rat-race coupler is one of the essential components used in microwave circuits. Rat-race coupler has numerous applications in satellite communication, phased array radar antenna systems and radar. Recently, wireless communication systems usually require smaller device size, in order to meet circuit miniaturization. Thus, size reduction becoming major design considerations for practical applications. This paper includes design the proposed microstrip rat-race coupler for frequency 2.5 GHz. The area of the proposed rat-race coupler compared with the conventional structure, the proposed rat-race coupler in this paper has smaller size than the conventional structure. The main outcome of this work is reducing the area of the proposed coupler by 10%. Microwave Office (MWO-225-SUF) tool is used to execute the design of the coupler in this work.

Simulation of RF MEMS based matching networks and a single pole double throw switch for Multiband T/R Modules

Abstract. This work presents concepts and designs for two essential components of a frequency agile transmit and receive module based on Radio Frequency Micro Electro Mechanical System (RF MEMS) switches for the frequency range from 3.5 GHz up to 8.5 GHz. The advantages of a variable power amplifier (PA) matching compared to a fixed broadband solution are examined and discussed in context with the designed components. To demonstrate the principle functionality, an assembly concept is presented, which allows for the integration of a frequency agile 6 W power amplifier with surrounding components like phase shifters, switches and antennas. An RF MEMS switching element is introduced as a high isolation polarization switch, featuring low insertion loss as well as almost no DC power consumption.

Design and Characterization of Novel Millimeter-Wave MEMS CPW Transmission Lines

The design and development of novel microelectromechanical systems’ (MEMS) coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines, using microshield and groove, are presented in the paper to operate between 5–60 GHz. The quasi-static capacitances of CPW are calculated using the conformal mapping technique to express the propagation properties, i.e., the characteristic impedance and effective permittivity. Simulation results have shown a considerable loss reduction to levels that compare favorably with the conventional CPW. These transmission lines can be widely used in the development of phase shifters, filters, and antennas, because of their advantages in loss reduction and improvement in the performance.

A Phased Array Antenna Using Ferroelectric CPW Phase Shifter Active Modules

A phased array antenna using ferroelectric coplanar waveguide (CPW) phase shifter active modules is presented based on a Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) thin film. The ferroelectric BST thin film was deposited on an MgO substrate by using pulsed laser deposition. The active module amplifies an RF signal with low noise and changes the phase of a received RF signal to control the main beam of the array antenna. It is composed of low noise amplifier (LNA), dc block, and ferroelectric CPW phase shifter. The prototype of 6×12 phased array patch antenna with the active modules using a ferroelectric phase shifter is proposed. The proposed array antenna continuously scanned its main beam in elevation plane to 32° from its broadside direction at 11.85 GHz by applying the continuous dc voltage to the ferroelectric phase shifter.

スピンを伴う飛翔体に搭載可能なGPS受信機の開発

This paper describes the design and development of a dedicated GPS receiver for spin stabilized launch vehicles. The receiver is built around a commercially available low cost GPS chip set and operates an enhanced firmware specifically adapted for high dynamics applications. In order to keep tracking a sufficient number of GPS signals even during the spinning motion, we use multiple GPS patch antennas and space them equally apart each other around the cylindrical launcher body. A new signal combining scheme was developed to avoid deep fading in antenna gain pattern. This technique requires phase control to keep signals received on multiple antennas in phase with each other. A dualantenna GPS receiver was developed to evaluate the proposed signal combining algorithm. The result showed that the proposed algorithm was capable of providing stable and continuous signal tracking under a high-rate spinning motion while simple RF combining through a power combiner was failed.