Antennas In Ad-hoc Networks Research Articles

Large Timescale Optimization for Communications over Aerial Ad Hoc Networks with Predetermined Trajectories

Large Timescale Optimization for Communications over Aerial Ad Hoc Networks with Predetermined Trajectories

A Novel Deep Energy Efficient Hello Packet Scheduling for Ad Hoc Networks in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Sustainable development economically viable in the aerial adhoc network (AANET) sector has become a centre of worldwide attention. The challenge here is combating the network performance and expanding lifetime time by proposing the deep hello packet scheduling heuristic.

A Comprehensive Survey on Current Literature, Standards, Applications and Projects of Self-Organizing Aerial Ad Hoc Network (AANET) in Smart Cities

Abstract : In the last few decades, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been introduced aiming to bring more comfort to human life by integrating smartness into daily objects, resulting in the idea of the smart city. Guaranteeing the well-being of residents and assessing industry and urban planning from an ecological and sustainable perspective are the main goals for the smart city. Great potentials are brought to the public and civil areas by the Aerial Ad Hoc Network (AANET) concept, especially in applications that are risky to human lives. AANET, like any emerging technology, comes with many challenges that have to be overcome to be employed efficiently. In this paper, we make a detailed survey on current literature, standards, and projects of selforganizing AANET in smart cities. Also, we intend to present a profound knowledge of this active research area by identifying features, design characteristics, architectures, routing protocols, and security aspects for the design and implementation of self-organizing AANET. Furthermore, we discuss existing solutions, indicate assessment metrics along with current applications, and highlight the main research scope for further developments. This article surveys the work done toward AANET-related outstanding issues, intending to encourage further research in this field.

EBEESU: ElectriBio-inspired Energy-Efficient Self-organization model for Unmanned Aerial Ad-hoc Network

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are the upshot of the swift advance in leading fields, such as computing, sensing, communication technologies, etc. Years, the military field served as the sole realm holding UAVs applications. However, the advent of small and mini UAVs brought the coda of such an exclusive use case, and the civilian experience has been pushed up. For higher yield, a swarm of UAVs, aka Multi-UAV system, is formed fulfilling a cooperative screenplay. For bulk cases, the Ad-hoc technology is used as the gist of the networking layer connecting the UAVs, forming the new-brand Unmanned Aerial Ad-hoc Network (UAANET). By dint of the limited battery supply, the energy constraint is deemed the UAVs’ primary impediment, which has acquired all-embracing attention since it may significantly restrict the applications’ scope and affect their efficiency, yield, and performance. This points out the optimization of energy saving as a necessity, of great resonance, in such an environment. To make our proposed solution gets an extremely potent form of efficiency, we highlight the communication impact on energy consumption from two distinct outlooks. The first is the explicit impact in relation to the communication protocol. The second is the implicit impact in which we involve the mobility model as an aspect through which we boost energy saving, where basic parameters in relation to mobility and, at the same time, are seen as networking tones, have been considered. Such a trend of highlighting the communication impact is deemed to be the first in the UAVs’ literature, which makes our work more vital and significant. In this paper, we propose a new ElectriBio-inspired Energy-Efficient Self-organization model for UAANET (EBEESU), which is an amalgam of Electrical-inspired and Bio-inspired models blending a mobility model and a cluster-based communication algorithm with two-level data aggregation, wherein energy saving is the intrinsic aim. Via simulation scenarios, our proposed model proved its efficiency in reducing energy consumption, giving increased network lifetime. Besides, the packet loss ratio and the average End-to-End delay are significantly minimized, optimizing thus the network’s quality of service, making our solution particularly fitting for the UAANET.

Internet of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: QoS Provisioning in Aerial Ad-Hoc Networks

Aerial ad-hoc networks have the potential to enable smart services while maintaining communication between the ground system and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Previous research has focused on enabling aerial data-centric smart services while integrating the benefits of aerial objects such as UAVs in hostile and non-hostile environments. Quality of service (QoS) provisioning in UAV-assisted communication is a challenging research theme in aerial ad-hoc networks environments. Literature on aerial ad hoc networks lacks cooperative service-oriented modeling for distributed network environments, relying on costly static base station-oriented centralized network environments. Towards this end, this paper proposes a quality of service provisioning framework for a UAV-assisted aerial ad hoc network environment (QSPU) focusing on reliable aerial communication. The UAV’s aerial mobility and service parameters are modelled considering highly dynamic aerial ad-hoc environments. UAV-centric mobility models are utilized to develop a complete aerial routing framework. A comparative performance evaluation demonstrates the benefits of the proposed aerial communication framework. It is evident that QSPU outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques in terms of a number of service-oriented performance metrics in a UAV-assisted aerial ad-hoc network environment.

Live multicast video streaming from drones: an experimental study

We present and evaluate a multicast framework for point-to-multipoint and multipoint-to-point-to-multipoint video streaming that is applicable if both source and receiver nodes are mobile. Receiver nodes can join a multicast group by selecting a particular video stream and are dynamically elected as designated nodes based on their signal quality to provide feedback about packet reception. We evaluate the proposed application-layer rate-adaptive multicast video streaming over an aerial ad-hoc network that uses IEEE 802.11, a desirable protocol that, however, does not support a reliable multicast mechanism due to its inability to provide feedback from the receivers. Our rate-adaptive approach outperforms legacy multicast in terms of goodput, delay, and packet loss. Moreover, we obtain a gain in video quality (PSNR) of $$30\%$$ for point-to-multipoint and of $$20\%$$ for multipoint-to-point-to-multipoint streaming.

Mitigation of Terrain Effects using Beamforming Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless communication is sensitive to ambient noise as well as interference due to the use of a shared medium. The link quality is significantly affected by the surrounding terrain including buildings, hills, foliage, etc. Terrain changes also pose a problem for communication and localization in mobile ad-hoc networks and in the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT). Many of these problems can be addressed through careful antenna design, but these can be challenging as they require complex hardware and software. We propose a new approach called virtual terrain leveling (VTL), which acts as a trade-off between the complex antenna design approaches and the simple omni-directional antennas. VTL virtually nullifies the effects of the terrain using phased array antennas to compensate for the path losses. Convex optimization and the Nelder-Mead simplex method are used to compute the antenna array weights that minimize the error between the ideal and achieved beam patterns. Simulations are performed in the presence of different terrains and the received power at varying distances from the transmitter is analyzed. The results show improved received power up to a specified distance from the transmitter and then power decays rapidly with increasing distance, indicating interference reduction.

A Robust Deafness-Free MAC Protocol for Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks

Directional antennas provide many benefits such as high gain and increased transmission range in wireless networks. However, the deafness problem in directional antennas can greatly decrease transmission efficiency. For example, a source node fails to communicate with the intended destination node if the destination node is beamforming in another direction. In this paper, a deafness-free medium access control (DF-MAC) protocol for directional antennas in ad hoc networks is proposed, which is based on a code division multiple access technique. In DF-MAC, two control codes are additionally used not only for handshaking but also for overcoming the deafness problem. The proposed DF-MAC successfully solves all the four types of the deafness problem in ad hoc networks with directional antennas. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first MAC protocol that completely solves all the four types of the deafness problem. Furthermore, unlike other deafness-aware MAC protocols, the proposed DF-MAC supports mobility. Simulation results show that the proposed DF-MAC outperforms the existing deafness-aware MAC protocols in terms of network throughput and control overhead in both static and mobile environments. If the deafness problem occurs frequently, the effectiveness of DF-MAC is dramatically increased.

Neighbor discovery and routing schemes for mobile ad-hoc networks with beamwidth adaptive smart antennas

The use of smart directional antennas in ad-hoc networks has recently received much attention since this technology offers a way to optimize power consumption, increase spatial reuse and reduce co-channel interference. Neighbor discovery is an important first step for these self-configured networks because it makes it possible to identify the active nodes surrounding a given node and this information is essential for other higher layer protocols like medium access control, routing and topology control protocols. In this article, we present two algorithms that aim to take full advantage of the capabilities of smart antennas. The first one aims to increase the number of discovered nodes by considering the nodes that are located in the second-hop neighborhood of a node. The second algorithm seeks to reduce the number of hops in a route between source and destination nodes by using the extended range that can be achieved when the nodes are equipped with directional antennas. The results of the simulations have shown a reduction in the end-to-end delay and an increase in the network throughput when the scheme is compared with other reactive routing protocols.

Relay Positioning Strategy for Traffic Data Collection of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Hybrid Optimization Systems: A FANET-Based Case Study

In the new context of Next Generation Networks, Aerial Ad Hoc Networks, also known as FANET (Flying Ad Hoc Network), are being used to monitor areas of difficult access. Owing to the dynamism and autoconfiguration of this type of network, a strategy is needed to position its devices (drones) to ensure it can achieve good performance. In light of this, this paper proposes a flight path planning model, which involves a metaheuristic optimization-based approach. The proposal relied on the artificial neural networks to optimize the positioning of the relay device, so that the throughput between the other devices could be increased; the benefits of the proposal were demonstrated through simulations.

Optimization of Wireless Ad-hoc Networks using an Adjacent Collaborative Directional MAC (ACDM) Protocol

In this paper we designed a modern Medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless ad-hoc network that focuses on neighbor node information availability and uses directional antenna. MAC protocol coordinates different users to share the wireless channel fairly and resourcefully in the wireless networks. However, using directional antennas in ad-hoc networks causes new challenges such as new hidden terminal, deafness problems, unnecessary blocking of nodes etc. The problems arise mostly due to lack of information of the neighbor node’s activities. Thus, we proposed a new directional MAC protocol name Adjacent Collaborative Directional MAC Protocol (ACDM) for wireless ad-hoc networks. The objective is to improve the throughput and delay performance together with overhead reduction of the wireless network. In addition, the integrity of the ACDM has been verified using the distributed network simulator tool NS3. The simulation results have shown that the ACDM protocol outperforms the existing protocols of wireless networks using directional antennas by minimizing the depressing effect of hidden-terminal, deafness and head of line blocking problems that also avoids asymmetry-in-gain problem. The performance of ACDM protocol shows that it improves the throughput and reduces the overhead from the state-of-art works.

A Novel Multi-channel MAC Protocol for Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks

In recent years, the employment of directional antennas in ad hoc networks has increased significantly. In this paper, we propose a multi-channel MAC protocol for directional antennas (MCMDA) for IEEE 802.11 based ad hoc networks. To improve the network performance, the so-called hidden terminals and deafness should be decreased as much as possible. In MCMDA, not only multiple channels are effectively utilized but also vertically opposite clear-to-send is employed to minimize the effects of hidden terminals and deafness. Each node is equipped with multiple interfaces for multiple directional antennas such that concurrent transmissions and receptions take place in a node at the same time, resulting in further improvement of the network capacity. The performance study based on extensive computer simulation shows that the proposed MCMDA achieves significant performance improvement in comparison to the conventional directional MAC as well as IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function in terms of network throughput and end-to-end delay.

Routing Protocols using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks: A Comparative Review

Directional antennas have the potential to provide a fundamental breakthrough in ad hoc network capacity. Omni-directional nature of transmission restricts the network capacity, where distribution of energy in all directions other than the intended direction of the destination node not only generated unnecessary interference to other neighboring nodes but also decreases the potential range of transmission. Directional antenna systems are increasingly being recognized as a powerful way of increasing the capacity, connectivity, and covertness of MANETs. In this paper, we survey the state-of-the-art routing protocols and give a comparison result of them with respect to the important challenging issues. We study the advantages and disadvantages of the routing protocols using directional antenna and also highlight performance issues of each routing technique. At the end, an explicit comparison table is presented and discussed.

Effects of Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks with Contentionbased Channel Access Mechanism

Effects of Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks with Contentionbased Channel Access Mechanism

A Survey of Using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview on Ad hoc networking by directional antennas. Use of Directional antennas can largely reduce the interference, increase the spatial reuse and due to their longer range we can have routes with fewer hop for two distant nodes. However the main problem of using directional antennas in Ad hoc networks is due to the dynamic nature of the network. Neighbour discovery, maintenance the track of moving neighbours, exploitation of the benefit of long range and directional MAC protocols are the most challenging issues. We present three Directional MAC protocols and two combinational protocols and system which give solutions to MAC and Neighbour discovery and compare the throughput of them with 802.11 with omnidirectional antennas.