Antennal Base Research Articles

Functional dissection of mosquito humidity sensing reveals distinct Dry and Moist Cell contributions to blood feeding and oviposition

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are major vectors of dengue, chikungunya, and other arboviral diseases. Ae. aegypti's capacity to reproduce and to spread disease depends on the female mosquitoes' ability to obtain blood meals and find water-filled containers in which to lay eggs (oviposit). While humidity sensation (hygrosensation) has been implicated in these behaviors, the specific hygrosensory pathways involved have been unclear. Here, we establish the distinct molecular requirements and anatomical locations of Ae. aegypti Dry Cells and Moist Cells and examine their contributions to behavior. We show that Dry Cell and Moist Cell responses to humidity involve different ionotropic receptor (IR) family sensory receptors, with dry air-activated Dry Cells reliant upon the IR Ir40a, and humid air-activated Moist Cells upon Ir68a. Both classes of hygrosensors innervate multiple antennal sensilla, including sensilla ampullacea near the antennal base as well as two classes of coeloconic sensilla near the tip. Dry Cells and Moist Cells each support behaviors linked to mosquito reproduction but contribute differently: Ir40a-dependent Dry Cells act in parallel with Ir68a-dependent Moist Cells to promote blood feeding, while oviposition site seeking is driven specifically by Ir68a-dependent Moist Cells. Together these findings reveal the importance of distinct hygrosensory pathways in blood feeding and oviposition site seeking and suggest Ir40a-dependent Dry Cells and Ir68a-dependent Moist Cells as potential targets for vector control strategies.

The first record larvae of the genus Peltogaster (Rhizocephala: Peltogastridae) with eyes and unilobed male aesthetasc

The complete larval development of Peltogaster lineata Shiino, 1943 (Rhizocephala: Peltogastridae), including five nauplii and one cypris stage, is described and illustrated using SEM. The development took 3.5–4 days at a water temperature of 22–23 °C. Peltogaster lineata has the peltogastrid type of development. Nauplii possess a large and clearly reticulated flotation collar, six pairs of dorsal shield setae with the U-shaped second pair, long segmented frontolateral horns each with two subterminal setae, and a long seta at the antennal basis. The attachment disc in female cyprids has a flap-like extension at the posterior margin. Cyprids of both sexes possess two sensory setae at the attachment disc. The large male aesthetasc is unilobed, the female subterminal aesthetasc terminates into two thin long filamentous processes. Larvae of P. lineata have distinctly visible nauplius eyes.

Redescription of two species of Microcyclops (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) and use of ordination models to classify American species.

Two species of the freshwater copepod genus Microcyclops are redescribed, M.finitimus Dussart, 1984, and M.minor Dussart, 1984 from type specimens. Redescription includes the microstructure of intercoxal sclerites and the basipodites of thoracic appendages, as well as the urosomal microstructure. According to the cluster (UPGMA and Euclidean distance) and PCA analyses performed, it was possible to improve the resolution between the American Microcyclops species by considering characters such as the distal region of antennal basis, the maxillary ornamentation, and the thoracic appendages, especially the intercoxal sclerites and medial margin of the basipodite of the first to fourth trunk limbs. Considering a set of 28 morphological characters in adult females, traditional features such as the length ratio of caudal rami, the length: width ratio of the third endopod of the fourth leg, or the length ratios between apical setae of the same segment, appear to be less important for defining differences between very similar species of American Microcyclops. In these analyses, the redescription of the Palearctic M.varicans was considered, and this species was clearly separated from the American M.dubitabilis Kiefer, 1934 and M.inarmatus Gutiérrez-Aguirre and Cervantes-Martínez, 2016.

Description of the first species of Scutigerella (Symphyla, Scutigerellidae) from China, with mitogenomic and genetic divergence analysis.

Scutigerellasinensis Jin & Bu, sp. nov. from China is described and illustrated. It is characterized by a deeply emarginated posterior margin of tergite 2, less differentiated marginal setae on all tergites, absence of seta a3 around the antennal base, and 6-8 setae on the first tergite. The complete mitochondrial genome of the new species is also analyzed and compared with the mitogenome of Scutigerellacauseyae. In the reconstructed Neighbor-Joining tree based on COI gene sequences, S.sinensissp. nov. clusters with S.causeyae, however, with big distances. The genetic divergence among S.sinensissp. nov. and congeners, species of Hanseniella and Scutigerella, and both families of Symphyla was analyzed using COI gene sequences.

Morphological Description and Molecular Characterisation of Glyptothoa gen. nov., a Fish Parasitic Deep-sea Cymothoid (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Indian Ocean, with Four Species, Including One New Species.

Glyptothoa sagara gen. and sp. nov. is described from the host fish Glyptophidium macropus Alcock, 1894 (Ophidiidae), at depths 300 to 650 metres from the southwest coast of India. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of the species was sequenced and compared with other closely related branchial cymothoid genera. Both morphological and molecular data corroborate the inclusion of this parasitic isopod as a new genus, and we describe Glyptothoa sagara gen. and sp. nov. The following combinations of characters characterise the genus: cephalon immersed in pereonite 1; dorsum vaulted; all coxae visible in dorsal view; coxae shorter than or as long as pereonites; pereonites 4-7 slightly decrease in width towards one side, slightly asymmetrical, lateral margins slightly constricted, in hunched side; relatively wide pleon, with large lateral gaps between pleonites; antennula narrowly separated by rostrum, slender, shorter than antenna; antenna with 13 articles, buccal cone obscuring antennal bases; brood pouch arising from coxae 1-4, 6; oostegite 1 bilobed; pleopods rami all simple, without proximomedial lamellar lobe, without folds or thickened ridges. The adult life stages, such as females (ovigerous and non-ovigerous), males and transitional stage of the new species are described. The species is currently known only from the type locality and the type host. The ecological remarks of the newly described taxon are also provided. The following species are transferred from Elthusa Schioedte and Meinert, 1884: Glyptothoa myripristae (Bruce, 1990) comb. nov., Glyptothoa propinqua (Richardson, 1904) comb. nov. and Glyptothoa caudata (Schioedte and Meinert, 1884) comb. nov.

Larvae of two parasitic barnacles, Parasacculina pilosella (Van Kampen et Boschma, 1925) (Rhizocephala: Polyascidae) and Sacculina pugettiae Shiino, 1943 (Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae) studied by scanning electron microscopy

The complete larval development of Parasacculina pilosella (Van Kampen et Boschma, 1925) and Sacculina pugettiae Shiino, 1943 including five naupliar stages and one cypris stage is described and illustrated using SEM. P. pilosella and S. pugettiae have a sacculinid type of development. Nauplii possess a naupliar eye, short frontolateral horns with terminal processes, and a ventral process between the furcal rami. Larvae lack a flotation collar, seta 6 on the antennule and a seta on the antennal basis. Cyprids have a nearly straight LO2. Breakage zone and a spinous process are present only in male larvae. Nauplii of the two species differ by the morphology of the furca: in P. pilosella, the furcal rami are longer and not drowned into cuticular sockets. Naupliar antenna of S. pugettiae has a lateral seta on the endopod which is lacking in P. pilosella. Dorsal head shield setae 1 and 2a are present in S. pugettiae nauplii and not found in P. pilosella larvae. In P. pilosella, all dorsal setae have subterminal pores, whereas in S. pugettiae, pores of the setae 2 are shifted proximally. It is possible that the presence/absence of setae 1 and 2a is the distinctive feature of nauplii of the families Sacculinidae and Polyascidae.

Imaging and spectral analysis of autofluorescence patterns in larval head structures of mosquito vectors.

Autofluorescence (AF) in mosquitoes is currently poorly explored, despite its great potential for investigation of body structures and biological functions. Here, for the first time AF in larval heads of two mosquitoes of key public health importance, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae), is studied using fluorescence imaging and spectrofluorometry, similar to a label-free histochemical approach. While presenting a generally conserved distribution, AF emission signals show differences in their localization both between mouth brushes and antennae of the two species. The blue AF ascribable to resilin is detected in a more extended area at the antennal bases in Cx. pipiens than in Ae. albopictus, suggesting a potential need to support different antennal movements. The AF spectra, larger in Cx. pipiens than in Ae. albopictus, indicate differences in material composition and molecular properties between the two species likely relatable to their biology, including diverse feeding and locomotion behaviors, with implications for vector control.

Three new Oligaphorura species (Collembola: Onychiuridae) of the marcuzzii-group from the Caucasus.

Three new species of the genus Oligaphorura, namely O. montivaga sp. nov., O. tatianae sp. nov., and O. igori sp. nov., are described based on materials from different parts of the Caucasus. All of them belong to the marcuzzii-group of the genus because of the presence of 4+4 pso at the antennal base and the absence of anal spines. They seem to be especially similar to O. kremenitsai Shvejonkova Potapov and O. humicola Shvejonkova Potapov, two congeners with the same uncommon type of the labium (ABD), but are distinguished by the number of dorsal pseudocelli (42/144/33354 in O. kremenitsai, 42/133/33354 in O. humicola, 43/144/44354 in O. montivaga sp. nov., 43/133/44(5)364 in O. tatianae sp. nov. and 43/133/44354 in O. igori sp. nov.). Apart from this, all new species have the schoetti-type furcal area and more distal setae on the tibiotarsi (11 in O. montivaga sp. nov. and O. tatianae sp. nov. and 9 in O. igori sp. nov.) whereas both O. kremenitsai and O. humicola show the humicola-type furcal area and only 6 distal setae on the tibiotarsi. A table with the main diagnostic features of Oligaphorura species of the marcuzzii-group is also given.

The antennal scape organ of Scutigera coleoptrata (Myriapoda) and a new type of arthropod tip-pore sensilla integrating scolopidial components

BackgroundCentipedes are terrestrial, predatory arthropods with specialized sensory organs. However, many aspects of their sensory biology are still unknown. This also concerns hygroreception, which is especially important for centipedes, as their epicuticle is thin and they lose water rapidly at low humidity. Thus, the detection of humid places is vital but to date no definite hygroreceptor was found in centipedes. House centipedes (Scutigeromorpha) possess a peculiar opening at the base of their antenna, termed ‘scape organ’, that houses up to 15 cone-shaped sensilla in a cavity. Lacking wall and tip-pores, these socket-less sensilla may be hypothesized to function as hygroreceptors similar to those found in hexapods.ResultsThe cone-shaped sensilla in the scape organ as well as nearby peg-shaped sensilla are composed of three biciliated receptor cells and three sheath cells. A tip-pore is present but plugged by a highly electron-dense secretion, which also overlays the entire inner surface of the cavity. Several solitary recto-canal epidermal glands produce the secretion. Receptor cell type 1 (two cells in cone-shaped sensilla, one cell in peg-shaped sensilla) possesses two long dendritic outer segments that project to the terminal pore. Receptor cell type 2 (one cell in both sensilla) possesses two shorter dendritic outer segments connected to the first (proximal) sheath cell that establishes a scolopale-like structure, documented for the first time in detail in a myriapod sensillum.ConclusionsThe nearly identical configuration of receptor cells 1 with their long dendritic outer segments in both sensilla is similar to hexapod hygroreceptors. In Scutigera coleoptrata, however, the mechanism of stimulus transduction is different. Water vapor may lead to swelling and subsequent elongation of the plug pin that enters the terminal pore, thus causing stimulation of the elongated dendritic outer segments. The interconnection of receptor cell 2 with short outer dendritic segments to a scolopale-like structure potentially suits both sensilla for vibration or strain detection. Thus, both sensilla located at the antennal base of scutigeromorph centipedes fulfill a dual function.

A taxonomic review of the branchial fish parasitic genus Elthusa Schioedte & Meinert, 1884 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) from Indian waters, with the description of three new species

The genus Elthusa Schioedte & Meinert, 1884 from Indian waters is reviewed and three new species are described from India. A revised generic diagnosis is provided based on the type species and 13 species of Elthusa are regarded as Elthusa incertae sedis. Female stages of Elthusa fistularia sp. nov. collected from Fistularia petimba Lacepede,1803 and Elthusa pseudorhombus sp. nov. from Pseudorhombus dupliciocellatus Regan, 1905 are described based on the female. Elthusa uranoscopus sp. nov. from Uranoscopus guttatus Cuvier, 1829 described from female and male. The female and male stages of Elthusa samariscii (Shiino, 1951) are redescribed and the transitional and larval (premanca and manca) stages are described. All the species were collected from the southwest coast of India. Elthusa fistularia sp. nov. is distinguished by cephalon 1.20 times wider than long; pleotelson broadly rounded, 1.70 times as wide as long, lateral margin convex; widest pleon 0.80 width of widest pereon; uropod rami subequal; and antenna 9-segmented, antennular bases moderately wide set. Elthusa pseudorhombus sp. nov. is characterized by cephalon 1.70 times wider than long; widest pleon 0.75 width of widest pereon; pleotelson 1.50 times as wide as long, evenly rounded; antenna with 10 articles, antennal bases widely separated; and uropod endopod shorter than exopod. Elthusa uranoscopus sp. nov. can be identified by cephalon 1.60 times wider than long, moderately immersed in the pereonite 1; widest pleon 0.84 width of widest pereon; pleotelson 1.80 times as wide as long posterior margin rounded, lateral margins convex; antenna 11 articled, slightly longer than antennula, greatly wider antennal bases; and uropod rami, endopod longer than exopod.

Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Eoneria-group (Diptera, Neriidae)

The Eoneria-group was proposed to gather species with opaque antennal base from all biogeographical regions. Recently, the Eoneria-group was redefined to comprise only three genera from the Neotropical Region: Antillonerius, Eoloxozus and Eoneria. Herein, we redescribe the species of the Eoneria-group and perform a phylogenetic analysis based on 49 morphological characters. Our results corroborate the monophyly of the Eoneria-group (excluding Antillonerius bistriatus (Williston)), supported by nine synapomorphies. Antillonerius solitarius (Johnson) stat. rev. is revalidated from synonymy with Antillonerius cinereus (Röder) and a key for the species in the Caribbean islands is provided. New combinations are proposed for Eoloxozus sabroskyi Aczél, which is transferred to Eoneria, and Nerius bistriatus Williston, which is transferred to Glyphidops. Additionally, new records of E. aczeli Sepúlveda & de Carvalho are provided for Venezuela and of E. blanchardi, for Venezuela and Paraguay.

Identification and Morphological Description of Xylocopa species (Xylocopidae: Hymenoptera) in North East of Libya

The paper aimed to identify and describe the taxonomic morphological structure of Xylocopa species in North Eastern Libya. The samples were collected from different natural sites of Aljabal Alakhder region, identified, and morphological description and measurements of body length (in cm) (From antennal base to apical of pygidium), front wings length, thorax, and abdomen width were conducted, four species of Xylocopa were identified and described morphologically, which includes Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) pubescens Spinola, 1838, Xylocopa (Proxylocopa) olivieri Lepeletier 1841, Xylocopa (Rhysoxylocopa), amedaei Lepeletier, 1841, Xylocopa iris (Christ, 1791). Our conclusion revealed that the investigated area was diverse with Xylocopa species and insists on the importance of descriptive study to supply taxonomic information

New Oligaphorura species (Collembola: Onychiuridae) from the forests of East Asia.

Three new species of the genus Oligaphorura are described from southwestern China (O. wanglangensis sp. nov.) and Russian Far East (O. ussurica sp. nov. and O. kedroviensis sp. nov.). The first species is most similar to O. inya (Weiner Kaprus', 2014) known from the Altai Mountains, and can be distinguished from the latter by larger body size and the number of ventral psx (00/000/121101m in O. wanglangensis sp. nov. vs 1/000/212101m in O. inya). The other two species, together with O. montana Weiner, 1994, O. pseudomontana Sun Wu, 2012 and O. chankaensis Sun Wu, 2012, form a distinct species-group characterized by the presence of 4+4 pso on antennal base and full-sized anal spines. Both these new species differ from the known congeners of this group by having only 2+2 posterior pso on the head. O. ussurica sp. nov. and O. kedroviensis sp. nov. can be separated due to different number of abdominal pso, i.e. 5(6)5554 in the former vs 44454 in the latter species.

Dendritic Ca2+ dynamics and multimodal processing in a cricket antennal interneuron.

The integration of stimuli of different modalities is fundamental to information processing within the nervous system. A descending interneuron in the cricket brain, with prominent dendrites in the deutocerebrum, receives input from three sensory modalities: touch of the antennal flagellum, strain of the antennal base, and visual stimulation. Using calcium imaging, we demonstrate that each modality drives a Ca2+ increase in a different dendritic region. Moreover, touch of the flagellum is represented in a topographic map along the neuron’s dendrites. Using intracellular recording, we investigated the effects of Ca2+ on spike shape through the application of the Ca2+ channel antagonist Cd2+ and identified probable Ca2+-dependent K+ currents.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Different dendritic regions of the cricket brain neuron DBNi1-2 showed localized Ca2+ increases when three modalities of stimulation (touch of the flagellum, strain at antennal base, and visual input) were given. Touch stimulation induces localized Ca2+ increases according to a topographic map of the antenna. Ca2+ appears to activate K+ currents in DBNi1-2.

Bruggmannia chapadensis sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a new midge inducing galls on Guapira pernambucensis (Nyctaginaceae) from the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Bruggmannia >chapadensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on characters of the larva, pupa and adults of both sexes, from specimens collected in Cerrado areas of Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The new species is characterized by tarsal claws bent at distal 1/3; well-developed empodia, not reaching the bend in claws; cerci rounded; hipoproct shorter than cerci; aedeagus with globose apex; gonostylus semicircular; ovipositor protrusible about 1.4 times longer than sternite 7; pupal antennal bases enlarged, conical, upper facial horns semicircular; prothoracic spiracle short, abdominal segments 2–8 with one row of dorsal spines; larval terminal segment elongate, with four setose terminal papillae. This new species was collected from lenticular leaf galls of Guapirapernambucensis (Casar.) Lundell (Nyctaginaceae). This is the first record of Bruggmannia galls on this plant species. In Brazil, 13 species of Bruggmannia were previously known, none recorded from Mato Grosso.

Pioneer neurons of the antennal nervous system project to protocerebral pioneers in the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria.

The twin nerve tracts of the antenna of the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria are established early in embryogenesis by sibling pairs of pioneers which delaminate from the epithelium into the lumen at the antennal tip. These cells can be uniquely identified via their co-expression of the neuronal labels horseradish peroxidase and the lipocalin Lazarillo. The apical pioneers direct axons toward the antennal base where they encounter guidepost-like cells called base pioneers which transiently express the same molecular labels as the apical pioneers. To what extent the pioneer growth cones then progress into the brain neuropil proper, and what their targets there might be, has remained unclear. In this study, we show that the apical antennal pioneers project centrally beyond the antennal base first into the deutocerebral, and then into the protocerebral brain neuropils. In the protocerebrum, we identify their target circuitry as being identified Lazarillo-positive cells which themselves pioneer the primary axon scaffold of the brain. The apical and base antennal pioneers therefore form part of a molecularly contiguous pathway from the periphery to an identified central circuit of the embryonic grasshopper brain.

Taxonomic revision of the Mexican Eucyclops (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) with comments on the biogeography of the genus

ABSTRACTBased on the examination of specimens deposited in different national and international biological collections, we reviewed the ca. 800 records of the genus Eucyclops in Mexico and compared them with the type material of presumedly widespread species. Resulting from our taxonomical analysis, in this contribution we recognise 17 species dwelling in Mexico. Complementary upgraded descriptions of eight species emphasising newly introduced taxonomic characters are also presented from the examination of Mexican specimens. These species include E. elegans, E. prionophorus, E. festivus, E. leptacanthus, E. torresphilipi, E. chihuahuensis, E. cuatrocienegas and the recently described E. tziscao and E. angeli. In addition, the use of upgraded descriptive standards involving new morphological characters allowed the discovery of six new species that are described in this work: E. alekseevi sp. nov., E. wixarica sp. nov., E. defayeae sp. nov., E. mittmanni sp. nov., E. estherae sp. nov. and E. ishidai sp. nov. Most of these species were previously recorded in Mexico under different names. The occurrence of E. pectinifer, E. elegans, E. prionophorus and E. leptacanthus in Mexico is herein confirmed. We propose the ornamentation patterns of the fourth swimming legs (i.e. basipodite, coxal plates) as reliable additional characters to recognise closely related species of Eucyclops. The importance of the antennal basis ornamentation in the taxonomy of the genus is supported by our data. We evaluated the taxonomic value of 113 morphometric and binary characters using statistical methods; results of this analysis showed that morphometric characters alone overlap and thus have a limited value to distinguish species of Eucyclops. We include comments on E. serrulatus s. str. in order to provide a complete comparison frame among members of the serrulatus-species complex, but we did not find the strict form in the samples examined. A key to the Mexican species of the genus is also provided.

A review of naupliar development within the Harpacticidae, with naupliar description of Zaus wonchoelleei Kangtia, Dahms, Song, Myoung, Park & Khim, 2014 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)

All six naupliar stages of the harpacticoid copepod Zaus wonchoelleei Kangtia, Dahms, Song, Myoung, Park & Khim, 2014 are described. A key for the identification of the naupliar stages is provided. Stages can be distinguished by number of segments of the exopod of antenna 2, setation of the limbs including the bud of the caudal ramus, and presence and setation of the bud of maxilla 1. In phylogenetic reconstructions there are several characters which link two taxa of different harpacticoid groups, the Harpacticidae of Exanechentera and the Thalestridae of Podogennonta. The Harpacticidae and the free-living genera of the Thalestridae develop from a 3-segmented naupliar antennular precursor in Harpacticidae and a 1-segmented antennule in Thalestridae to a 6-segmented antennule at copepodid I. Both families also share a single, stout spine terminally on the inner process of the mandibular naupliar endopodite which is unique for harpacticoid nauplii. A peculiar medial bifid seta on the antennal basis at nauplius I and II is also unique. This seta is replaced by a medial seta of the coxa at nauplius III, which has the same structure as the aforementioned set which gets reduced.

Antennal heart morphology supports relationship of Zoraptera with polyneopteran insects

AbstractThe antennal hearts of the zorapteran Zorotypus hubbardi and of two psocopteran species (Caecilius sp., Embidopsocus sp.) are described in detail and compared to those of other insects. In Zorotypus, the ampullae of this organ are located dorsally of the antennal base. They are attached to the frontal cuticle of the head capsule and laterally suspended by two delicate bands of connective tissue. The associated muscles comprise a well‐developed M. interampullaris and a M. ampulloaortica, which together act as dilators of the ampullae. The connected antennal vessel has a very thin wall and is uniform along its entire length. In the two studied psocopterans the ampullae are likewise connected to the head capsule and have two additional elastic bands. In Caecilius sp. the anterior band is muscular, while in Embidopsocus sp. it is the posterior one. The psocopteran antennal hearts have no additional musculature. Antennal hearts with a musculature configuration resembling that of Zoraptera are known only from Dictyoptera, Phasmatodea and some orthopterans. This condition thus might be a synapomorphy of a polyneopteran subgroup including Zoraptera.

Identification of novel vibration- and deflection-sensitive neuronal subgroups in Johnston's organ of the fruit fly.

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster responds behaviorally to sound, gravity, and wind. Johnston's organ (JO) at the antennal base serves as a sensory organ in the fruit fly to detect these mechanosensory stimuli. Among the five anatomically defined subgroups of sensory neurons in JO, subgroups A and B detect sound vibrations and subgroups C and E respond to static deflections, such as gravity and wind. The functions of subgroup-D JO neurons, however, remain unknown. In this study, we used molecular-genetic methods to explore the physiologic properties of subgroup-D JO neurons. Both vibrations and static deflection of the antennal receiver activated subgroup-D JO neurons. This finding clearly revealed that zone D in the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC), the projection target of subgroup-D JO neurons, is a primary center for antennal vibrations and deflection in the fly brain. We anatomically identified two types of interneurons downstream of subgroup-D JO neurons, AMMC local neurons (AMMC LNs), and AMMC D1 neurons. AMMC LNs are local neurons whose projections are confined within the AMMC, connecting zones B and D. On the other hand, AMMC D1 neurons have both local dendritic arborizations within the AMMC and descending projections to the thoracic ganglia, suggesting that AMMC D1 neurons are likely to relay information of the antennal movement detected by subgroup-D JO neurons from the AMMC directly to the thorax. Together, these findings provide a neural basis for how JO and its brain targets encode information of complex movements of the fruit fly antenna.