Antenna Ground Research Articles

Experimental study of a turnstile aperiodic HF-band antenna with a terminal load in the form of a near ground four-arm spiral antenna

It is known that the energy characteristics of four-arm spiral near ground antennas with internal power supply (at the geometric center) vary significantly depending on the order of excitation of their inputs. When excitation of the arms of such antennas in the cross-polarization mode, their efficiency of radiating electromagnetic waves decreases by an order of magnitude or more; the article proposes an excitation method that is free of this drawback. The aim of the article is an experimental study of the comparative effectiveness of a near ground four-arm spiral antenna of the HF-band and the antenna system it is part of, when changing its excitation type (from internal to external) and mode (main and cross-polarization). A detailed description of the design of the antenna system and the method of implementing the excitation of its emitters are proposed. The proposed design of a phase-shifting device based on a Butler matrix can be used for effective electromagnetic waves radiation or reception by an antenna system of both right and left circular polarization. The results of the analysis of methods for excitation of a near ground four-arm spiral antenna presented in the article can be used in the design or modernization of antenna systems of ionosondes or radio centers with increasing their efficiency.

High-Gain Multi-Band Koch Fractal FSS Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Applications

This study introduces a novel antenna based on the binary operation of a modified circular patch in conjunction with the Koch fractal. The antenna is intended for applications in the sub-6 GHz band, partial C-band, and X-band. The low-cost antenna is fabricated on a 1.6-mm-thick FR-4 substrate. A frequency-selective surface (FSS) is used to overcome the decreased values of the gain and bandwidth due to the fractal operations. The introduced split ring resonator (SRR) and the antenna substrate dimension reduction reduce the bandwidth and antenna gain. The air gap between the FSS and the antenna not only enhances the antenna gain but also controls the frequency tuning at the design frequency. The antenna size is miniaturized to 36.67%. A monopole antenna ground loaded with an SRR results in improved closest tuning (3.44 GHz) near the design frequency. The antenna achieves a peak gain of 9.37 dBi in this band. The FSS-based antenna results in a 4.65 dBi improvement in the gain value with the FSS. The measured and simulated plots exhibit an excellent match with each other in all three frequency bands at 2.96–4.72 GHz. These bands cover Wi-MAX (3.5 GHz), sub-6 GHz n77 (3300–3800 MHz), n78 (3300–4200 MHz), and approximately n79 (4400–4990 MHz), in addition to C-band applications.

High performance and compact antenna with new scheme for broadband circular polarisation applications

ABSTRACT In this research paper, the authors propose a unique broad-band circularly polarised antenna design with a sequentially rotated feed network intended for applications in the WiMAX IEEE 802.16, C-band, and ITU-R F386.9 bands. A sequential feeding approach utilising transmission lines with varying impedance properties and lengths has been utilised to properly stimulate the amplitude and phase distribution of each radiation element. To facilitate the rotation of the surface current distribution on the ground plane and further improve impedance matching, four L-shaped slits have been inserted into each corner of the ground plane along with a pair of mirrored slits of identical geometry within the antenna ground plane. The individual antenna element achieves an impedance bandwidth between 5–6.8 GHz and a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth from 5.1–6.6 GHz. To additionally advance the radiation performance, the elements are configured into a 2 × 2 antenna and are interconnected utilising a sequentially rotated feeding network to attain broader axial ratio and impedance bandwidths. A key benefit of the implemented feed network is the minimisation of coupling effects between elements. To significantly increase the performance metrics of the antenna with limited increase to its physical size, electromagnetic band gap structures were incorporated as a one-dimensional lattice between the radiating elements. For the resulting antenna, an axial ratio bandwidth from 4.19 to 6.8 GHz (48%) and an impedance bandwidth spanning 2.9 to 9.8 GHz (102%) are achieved. The peak gain of the antenna is 11.2 dBic.

Design of dual mode antenna using CMA and broadband dual-polarized antenna for 5G networks

This article proposes a dual mode dual-polarized antenna configuration for IRNSS and fifth generation (5G) applications, operating at a frequency of 3.5 GHz based on characteristic mode analysis (CMA), and aims to provide broadband dual-polarized functionality. The original design of the antenna is a traditional patch antenna, and its dual-polarized features are determined using characteristic mode analysis. The full-wave method is used to stimulate both orthogonal modes using a 50 Ω coaxial input line at 3.5 GHz. In this design, the circular patch has been extended into an elliptical patch through a process of mode separation. The circular patch exhibits resonance at a frequency of 2.5 GHz, whereas the extended elliptical radiator demonstrates two resonance modes at 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz. The operational mechanism is elucidated by modal analysis and characteristic angle. This antenna operates on two different frequencies at the 2.5 GHz IRNSS band with horizontal polarization and the 3.5 GHz 5G service with vertical polarization. The maximum gain achieved with these frequency ranges is 5.31 dBi and 4.72 dBi, respectively. A ring resonator is chosen to improve the axial ratio and impedance bandwidth of the suggested prototype. The antenna's ground plane is shaped like a rectangle and features a V-shaped slot in the radiating patch. The antenna's physical footprint is 50 mm × 50 mm × 1.6 mm and an FR4 dielectric substrate serves as its foundation. Through its interaction with a PIN diode, the diode modifies the polarization of the antenna. The antenna functions as a right-handed circular polarization (RHCP), when the diode is operational. The bandwidth from 4.3 to 7.5 GHz is covered. On the other hand, it generates linear polarization (LP) between 4.2 and 5.3 GHz. The experimental antenna is evaluated and examined for its performance characteristics. The simulations are carried out utilizing the CST simulator. A prototype antenna has been manufactured and its performance has been validated against simulated findings.

Mapper of the IGM spin temperature: instrument overview

ABSTRACT The observation of the global 21 cm signal produced by neutral hydrogen gas in the intergalactic medium (IGM) during the Dark Ages, Cosmic Dawn, and Epoch of Reionization requires measurements with extremely well-calibrated wideband radiometers. We describe the design and characterization of the Mapper of the IGM Spin Temperature (MIST), which is a new ground-based, single-antenna, global 21 cm experiment. The design of MIST was guided by the objectives of avoiding systematics from an antenna ground plane and cables around the antenna, as well as maximizing the instrument’s on-sky efficiency and portability for operations at remote sites. We have built two MIST instruments, which observe in the range 25–105 MHz. For the 21 cm signal, this frequency range approximately corresponds to redshifts 55.5 > z > 12.5, encompassing the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn. The MIST antenna is a horizontal blade dipole of 2.42 m in length, 60 cm in width, and 52 cm in height above the ground. This antenna operates without a metal ground plane. The instruments run on 12 V batteries and have a maximum power consumption of 17 W. The batteries and electronics are contained in a single receiver box located under the antenna. We present the characterization of the instruments using electromagnetic simulations and lab measurements. We also show sample sky measurements from recent observations at remote sites in California, Nevada, and the Canadian High Arctic. These measurements indicate that the instruments perform as expected. Detailed analyses of the sky measurements are left for future work.

Design and development of low-profile hybrid reconfigurable antenna for 5G sub-6 GHz applications

This paper reports a low-profile hybrid reconfigurable antenna for 5G sub-6 GHz applications, measuring 14 × 15 × 0.787 mm3. A hybrid, frequency-and pattern-reconfigurable antenna with a semi-circular patch makes up the design. The Rogers RT5880 substrate, having a dielectric constant of 2.2, is used to build the design. Two PIN diodes are employed in the top layer to reconfigure frequency, and two diodes are used in the bottom layer to achieve pattern reconfigurability. Inverted L-shaped stubs and a defective ground structure (DGS) are put onto the antenna's ground plane. The ground plane uses the DGS to cover the necessary sub-6 GHz frequency spectrum. The suggested design covers two distinct frequency bands having −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 260 MHz for 3.4 GHz-3.6 GHz when the top layer diodes are ON and 270 MHz for 3.6 GHz-3.8 GHz when they are OFF. In addition, the suggested design is manufactured and tested, and the simulation and measurement resultsshow good association.

Miniaturization of antenna using metamaterial loaded with CSRR for wireless applications

This paper proposes a compact decagon antenna for wireless applications based on inspired metamaterial (MTM) loaded with a modified complementary split ring resonator (CSRR). A MTM loaded with CSRR is used to achieve a size reduction of 50% when compared to a traditional antenna. The suggested decagon antenna's ground plane has been loaded with CSRR. The antenna was made on an FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm and εr=4.4 and has a very small dimension of 0.288 λ_0x0.272 λ_0x0.013 λ_0 (where λ_0 represent center frequency at 2.4 GHz). The given antenna has a 90 MHz bandwidth (2.40-2.50 GHz) with a peak gain of 2.36 dB. The presented design is validated by showing simulated results of the S parameter, VSWR, gain, surface current, and radiation pattern. The proposed antenna is well suited for wireless applications.

Ultra-conformal epidermal antenna for multifunctional motion artifact-free sensing and point-of-care monitoring

Accurate acquisition of physiological and physical information from human tissue is essential for health monitoring, disease prevention and treatment. The existing antennas with traditional rigid or flexible substrates are susceptible to motion artifacts in wearable applications due to the miniaturization limitation and lack of proper adhesion and conformal interfaces with the skin. Recent advances in wearable radio frequency (RF) bioelectronics directly drawn on the skin are a promising solution for future skin-interfaced devices. Herein, we present a first-of-its kind epidermal antenna architecture with skin as the antenna substrate, which is ultra-low profile, ultra-conformal, ultra-compact, and simple fabrication without specialized equipment. The radiation unit and ground of antenna are drawn directly on the skin with the strong adhesion and ultra conformality. Therefore, this RF device is highly adaptable to motion. As a proof-of- feasibility, epidermal antenna can be freely drawn on demand at different locations on the skin for the development of temperature sensor, skin hydration sensor, strain sensor, glucose sensor and other devices. An epidermal antenna-based temperature sensor can offer accurate and real-time monitoring of human body temperature changes in the ultra-wideband (UWB) range. The results during the monitoring of hydration level with and without stretching show that the epidermal antenna drawn on the skin is motion artifact-free. We also designed an epidermal antenna array employing a horseshoe-shaped configuration for the precise identification of various gestures. In addition, the non-invasive blood glucose level (BGL) monitoring results during the in-vivo experiments report high correlation between the epidermal antenna responses and BGLs, without any time hysteresis. After the prediction of BGL by BP network, all the predicted BGL values are fallen 100% into the clinically acceptable zones. Together, these results show that epidermal antenna offers a promising new approach for biosensing platform.

Design and performance analysis of an L-shaped radiator and defected ground antenna for enhancing wireless connectivity in brain implants

Brain implantable wireless microsystems has potential to treat neurological diseases and maintain the quality of life. Highly efficient miniaturized antenna is the fundamental part of BID (brain implantable device) for reliable signaling of data through dissipative intracranial material. In this paper, a patch antenna with L-shaped defected ground is demonstrated. L-shaped radiator contributed to achieve the resonance at 2.45 GHz industrial scientific and medical (ISM) band. Antenna size is reduced to 10 × 10 × 0.25 mm3. The proposed L-shaped ground plane geometry is contributing in improving the radiation performance. |S11| value shifts from 15 dB to 30 dB after modifying the ground plane. Proposed structure attained the gain of −14 dBi when located between the Dura and CSF layers at the depth of 12 mm in human brain model. Full wave simulated antenna prototype is fabricated and measured for performance verification. Impedance bandwidth of 270 MHz and broadside radiation pattern (for transferring maximum electromagnetic energy away from tissue) are maintained by the proposed antenna. Brain tissue safety is ensured by specific absorption rate which is 0.709 W/kg and in compliance with the safety limits of 1.6 W/kg for 1-g averaged tissue. Proposed antenna structure is the promising candidate for medical implant technology.

A New Type of Reflective Reconfigurable Electronic Beam Squinting Feed

With the development of highly integrated technology, a large number of satellites have been launched into synchronous orbit, saturating the number of satellites in these orbits. As a result, there has been a substantial increase in demand for near-Earth orbit satellites. However, due to their proximity to Earth, the location of these satellites rapidly drifts in free space. To maintain the received and transmitted signals within range, the ground antenna must track the satellites immediately. Therefore, near-Earth orbit satellite tracking has become a key technology in satellite communication research. In order to further improvement, we propose a new type of electronic beam squinting (EBS) tracking feed. In this paper, we will conduct both theoretical and experimental analyses of this EBS feed.

Broadband Metamaterial Surface for Antenna RCS Reduction and Gain Enhancement

This paper presents a broadband metamaterial surface with low radar cross section (RCS) and introduces its application on antenna. The metamaterial surface is composed of polarization-dependent artificial magnetic conductors (PDAMCs), which are orthogonal arranged in chessboard-like configuration for backscatter cancellation. By optimizing the PDAMC cell, effective phase difference is obtained in wideband and the surface achieves 10dB RCS reduction over the bandwidth of 32%. As a potential application, the metamaterial surface is employed to replace the metallic ground of a slot antenna. Illustrated by detecting wave, the novel antenna shows low RCS at boresight. While the antenna operates, the gain gets enhanced as a result of parasitic radiation of the surface. Full wave simulations and measurements validate that the novel antenna achieves both broadband low RCS and high gain compared with the slot antenna installed on a same-size metallic plate.

The influence of the method of excitation of a near ground four-arm spiral HF band antenna on its characteristics

Abstract. Four-arm spiral antennas with internal excitation are common and are part of many radio communication, navigation and location systems (including the HF band). There are known objections in the design of these antennas, which complicate their operation and lead to a decrease in efficiency, associated with the choice of the method of excitation of radiators. The aim of the article is investigation of the influence of the method of excitation of a near ground four-arm spiral HF band antenna on its characteristics (both separate and as part of other antenna-feeder devices) and formulating recommendations for simplifying operation and increasing efficiency. In article four methods of excitation of a near ground four-arm antenna were analyzed, considered as part of an antenna system consisting of an aperiodic antenna and a termination load for its radiators in the form of a near ground four-arm spiral antenna. The influence of the method of excitation of both the antenna system as a whole and a separately near ground four-arm spiral antenna on their characteristics has been studied. The analysis of the methods of excitation of a near ground four-arm spiral HF band antenna presented in the article and the recommendations formulated for the development of HF band antenna-feeder devices allow us to design and upgrade both near ground and aperiodic antennas of radio centers with increased efficiency and simplify their operation.

A 3‐D metal printed folded‐shorted patch array with an integrated feeding circuit offering dual‐band circularly polarised radiation for cubesat applications

AbstractThis letter presents a three‐dimensional (3‐D) printed metallic antenna array that combines folded‐shorted patches (FSPs) and meandering for structure compactness. The design provides dual‐band functionality, operating in the L‐band and the S‐band. The compact and broadband feeding network, which is also integrated onto the backside of the antenna ground plane, enables circularly polarised radiation over an operational bandwidth of more than 80%. The dimensions of the array are 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.056 (where λ0 is the free space wavelength at 1.2 GHz), making the design suitable for CubeSats and other space constraint applications. The measured right‐handed circular polarised realised gains are 2.32 dBic and 1.84 dBic at 1.2 GHz and 2.45 GHz, respectively. In addition, the 3‐D metallic printed FSP elements can be flexibly arranged for different link requirements and other applications like beam steering.

Wireless electromagnetic telemetry for metal cased wells: A novel approach with comprehensive channel analysis

Low-frequency electromagnetic telemetry has been widely adopted for downhole data acquisition in the oil and gas industry. However, its application in cased wells has been limited by the high magnetic permeability and low resistivity of the metal casing, which causes the casing to absorb most of the electromagnetic waves transmitted by the downhole transmitter, resulting in inaccurate downhole data acquisition. We propose a novel approach to address this issue by suspending a transmitter (tens of meters in length) in the casing and connecting it electrically to the metal casing through two connectors. By forming a circulation along the transmitter and the casing, low-frequency electromagnetic waves can penetrate through the casing and reach the formation for telemetry. To further enhance the signal received by the ground antenna, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the complex downhole-to-surface communication channel. Notably, the channel, which consists of the formation, the casing, and the transmitter, is divided into a near field and a far field for separate analysis. Quantitative assessments of four crucial factors on the ground-received signal strength are also conducted, i.e., electromagnetic wave frequency and location of the excitation source in the transmitter, as well as the length and location of the transmitter in the well. An 80-meter telemetry device is designed and optimized for integration into the well test. Experimental results confirm the consistency between the theoretically analyzed and measured attenuation law of the ground-received signal, indicating the effectiveness of our wireless electromagnetic telemetry technique for cased wells.

Compact folded‐shorted patch array offering dual‐band operation and dual‐circularly polarized radiation for picosatellites and other small satellites

AbstractThe development of a dual‐band folded shorted patch (FSP) antenna array is presented which offers dual‐circularly polarized radiation. Applications include small satellites like CubeSats and picosatellites. The proposed 2 × 2 FSP array design operates at 1.1 and 2.4 GHz and offers good radiation performance in terms of minimal reflection coefficient losses, broad beamwidths (which is generally required for low gain antenna structures ensuring link connectivity), as well as low cross‐polarization levels. The antenna array consists of a meandered layer defining the top of the FSPs. The shorting and folding technique as well as the noted meandering allows further size reduction of the quarter‐wavelength patch. In particular, the proposed antenna array is compact with a total size of 50 mm by 50 mm (or 0.18λ by 0.18λ at the lower operational frequency). An eight‐port coaxial and microstrip feed system is integrated onto the backside of the antenna ground plane, two ports for each element, and with external phase feeding of 90°, dual‐circularly polarized is made possible for the compact antenna unit. To the best knowledge of the authors, no similar antenna structure has been designed, manufactured and tested being useful for picosatellites and other small satellites.

Phased Array Radio Navigation System on UAVs: In-Flight Calibration

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has been the primary positioning solution for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) due to their worldwide coverage, high precision and lightweight receivers. However, GNSS is prone to electromagnetic interference and malicious assaults, including jamming or spoofing because of its low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To ensure the continuity and protection of UAV operations, using redundant navigation systems is essential. In recent years, the phased array radio system (PARS) has established itself as a local navigation solution. PARS is robust towards malicious assaults because of an much higher SNR than GNSS regarding directed and encrypted transmission. An essential factor of PARS is that the orientation of the radio antenna at a ground station needs to be precisely determined to obtain the correct positioning of UAVs. This paper presents a method for extending a previously proposed calibration algorithm to estimate the ground antenna orientation with an inertial navigation system (INS) aided by redundant positioning sensors (GNSS, PARS or barometer) using a multiplicative extended Kalman filter (MEKF) so that the calibration can be activated during flights whenever GNSS is available. In other words, the proposed navigation system is essentially an aided-INS which switches between two modes depending on the availability of GNSS: calibration and GNSS aiding mode when GNSS is available (Mode 1) and PARS and barometer aiding mode when GNSS is unavailable (Mode 2). Considering that the navigation system needs to include the effect of Earth’s curvature for a long-distance flight, PARS horizontal measurement and the barometer measurement were treated independently, and the navigation equations were propagated in Earth Centred Earth Fixed (ECEF) frame. The independent treatment of barometer measurement, and the propagation in ECEF frame were also beneficial when using multiple ground antennas to have a common reference point and reference frame. The proposed method was validated using data (Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), GNSS, PARS, Pixhawk autopilot (including barometer) measurements) collected during a field test. In the validation, GNSS was made available at the middle of the flight and the calibration mode was activated for 200s. The proposed navigation system successfully estimated the precise orientation of multiple ground antennas and the navigation solutions were verified using GNSS and Pixhawk autopilot solutions as ground truth.

Characteristic modes of a slot antenna design based on defected ground structure for 5G applications

This study employs characteristic mode analysis to investigate a defected ground antenna for multiband applications. The antenna structure incorporates three U-shaped slots in the ground plane, forming a defected ground structure. The microstrip line is exclusively present on the front side plane. The antenna is printed on a substrate made of a ceramic-filled PTFE composite with a size of 20 mm × 21 mm × 0.76 mm and a dielectric constant of 3. The proposed antenna is analyzed using the characteristic mode analysis based on the method of moment and simulated by an electromagnetic simulator based on the finite element method. A multiband antenna is fabricated and tested to validate the proposed antenna performance. The simulation and measurement results reveal that the antenna exhibits good input impedance bandwidths of S11 ≤ − 10 dB that extend from 2 to 12 GHz with three bands around the operating frequencies (2.96, 6.06, and 8.03) GHz.

Circularly polarized MIMO filtering dielectric resonator antenna for 5G sub-6 GHz applications

This research presents an innovative hexagonal dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with circular polarization and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) characteristics. The DRA consists of two dielectric layers, providing a fractional bandwidth of 9% (4.05 to 4.38 GHz).The antenna ground plane features has an S-shape slot, when coupled with a 50Ω microstrip line, enables the generation of right-hand circular polarization. To enhance performance, the feed line includes a bandpass filter with a semi-elliptical form, resulting in outstanding selectivity. The proposed design demonstrates a gain of 9.2 dBi and encompasses a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 9.29%. The proposed design is fabricated, and a comparison is made between the simulated and the measured results. Furthermore, the study introduces a MIMO antenna system by combining two filter arrays. The MIMO antenna demonstrates a reasonable port isolation of >25 dB across the operating band with acceptable MIMO parameters.

Receiving and Transmitting Antenna Pairs Based Rasorber With High Angular Stability

Frequency selective rasorbers (FSRs) with out-of-band absorption and in-band transmission performance have been widely reported for stealth radome applications over the past few years. However, developing an FSR with high angular stability in the transmission band remains challenging. Therefore, to improve the transmission angular stability, we propose an innovative architecture in this work for constructing the FSR with independently explorable absorption and transmission paths. First, a band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) and an absorber are employed in the absorption path to obtain out-of-band absorption. Second, the receiving (RX) and transmitting (TX) antenna pairs connected by the corresponding enclosed transmission lines (TLs) are utilized to comprise the transmission path. Note that a wide-beam RX antenna is employed to capture incident electromagnetic (EM) waves at large angles and achieve in-band transmission with high angular stability. Besides, another second-order FSR with a sharp roll-off transmission filtering response is proposed by using the second-order band-stop FSS as the ground (GND) of the RX antenna. Furthermore, two prototypes of the FSRs (one narrowband and the other second-order) are fabricated and measured as demonstrations of the proposed architecture. Experimental results agree with simulation ones, indicating the two devices exhibit the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 3-dB transmission bands with excellent angular stability of 60 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math> </inline-formula> , and both transmission windows are located on a wide <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 10-dB low reflection band.

Breast Cancer Detection by Terahertz UWB Microstrip Patch Antenna Loaded with 6X6 SRR Array

This paper presents cancer tumor detection in the breast phantom and cancer tissue detection in the excised breast tissue phantom by the ultra-wideband terahertz microstrip patch antenna. The proposed antenna structure consists of a silicon dioxide substrate with a dielectric constant of 3.9 and a thickness of 200 µm, a radiating gold patch of length 560 µm, width 700 µm, and thickness 36 µm which is on top of the substrate, and an array of 6 × 6 gold Split Ring Resonator at the ground plane. Each SRR is separated by 28.75 µm. An array of SRR at the antenna's ground plane enhances bandwidth, efficiency, gain, directivity and reduces back radiation. The antenna operates in the frequency range of 0.1-3 THz, with a gain of 19.22 dBi and an efficiency of 98.74%. The antenna setup with the breast phantom and excised breast tissue phantom in between have been designed and analyzed in the CST microwave studio 2019 version. Tumor in the breast phantom and the cancerous tissue in the breast tissue phantom can be detected by placing the phantoms between the two identical antennas. The difference in the dielectrics of the breast and the tumor layers can determine the difference between healthy and malignant tissue. A typical breast phantom model that replicates a real-human breast and a specific excised tissue that replicates the actual breast tissue with and without cancer tissue in terms of dielectric and optical properties has been employed in this study to detect the tumor and cancerous tissue.