ANSYS Research Articles

Rotationally Induced Local Heat Transfer Features in a Two-Pass Cooling Channel: Experimental–Numerical Investigation

Turbine blades for modern turbomachinery applications often exhibit complex twisted designs that aim to reduce aerodynamic losses, thereby improving the overall machine performance. This results in intricate internal cooling configurations that change their spanwise orientation with respect to the rotational axis. In the present study, the local heat transfer in a generic two-pass turbine cooling channel is investigated under engine-similar rotating conditions (Ro={0…0.50}) through the transient Thermochromic Liquid Crystal (TLC) measurement technique. Three different angles of attack (α={−18.5°;+8°;+46.5°}) are investigated to emulate the heat transfer characteristics in an internal cooling channel of a real turbine blade application at different spanwise positions. A numerical approach based on steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations in ANSYS CFX is validated against the experimental method, showing generally good agreement and, thus, qualifying for future heat transfer predictions. Experimental and numerical data clearly demonstrate the substantial impact of the angle of attack on the local heat transfer structure, especially for the radially outward flow of the first passage, owing to the particular Coriolis force direction at each angle of attack. Furthermore, results underscore the strong influence of the rotational speed on the overall heat transfer level, with an enhancement effect for the radially outward flow (first passage) and a reduction effect for the radially inward flow (second passage).

Effect of Induced Wheel and Impeller Inlet Diameter on the Hydrodynamic Performance of High-speed Centrifugal Pumps

The high-speed centrifugal pump plays a crucial role in fields such as aerospace and petrochemical industries, owing to its characteristics of elevated rotational speed and high head. During high-speed operation, the centrifugal pump is prone to cavitation, which alters the fluid flow state within the pump, leading to vibrations, noise, and a sudden decrease in pump head and efficiency. Simultaneously, the collapse of cavitation bubbles generates impact pressure that can damage the pump's internal flow components, significantly reducing its operational lifespan and causing severe consequences. Moreover, under constant-flow conditions, the absolute and relative velocities of the fluid at the impeller inlet are functions of the suction pipe diameter. Therefore, there exists an optimal value for the impeller inlet diameter to enhance the centrifugal pump's resistance to cavitation. Similarly, the different geometric and structural parameters of the inducer also influence the hydraulic performance of the centrifugal pump. The focus of this study is on the external characteristics and internal flow patterns of an optimized high-speed centrifugal pump. In this paper, the entire flow field of the model pump is numerically simulated using ANSYS CFX software. The performance and overall flow field state of the high-speed centrifugal pump under different impeller configurations and inlet diameters are explored. The influence of blade wrap angle and inlet diameter on the high-speed centrifugal pump is revealed, providing a theoretical basis for subsequent optimal design.

Addressing thermal challenges in hydrodynamic bearings: A contemporary review of strategies and technologies

Hydrodynamic bearings are integral components in various industrial sectors, including aerospace, defense technologies, and power generation units etc. Advancements in modern technology have driven the evolution of bearings to withstand the high temperatures, increased speeds, and additional load demands of contemporary operations. Some of the prime consequences of high temperatures include thermal deformation, misalignment, viscosity degradation, reduced oil film thickness, reduced load carrying capacity and premature failure due to bearing seizure. Researchers have rigorously addressed the persistent thermal challenges posed to hydrodynamic bearings, achieving significant advancements over the years. Key developments include innovative bearing pad designs, optimal materials, coating technologies, advanced computational software, novel lubrication methods, and efficient monitoring techniques. The introduction of materials with tailored properties such as high heat conductivity, high strength, and low-friction coatings has greatly enhanced bearing performance. Additionally, advanced computational software like ANSYS CFX, Fluent, and COMSOL, adaptive lubrication methods, and real-time temperature sensors have significantly improved the performance of critical systems, including hydro power plants. This review paper summarizes significant developments and investigations carried out to mitigate thermal effects in hydrodynamic bearings, and hence provides a comprehensive in depth details of the subject matter. Even though there has been a lot of progress in the field of hydrodynamic bearings, continuous research is important to tackle issues related to sustainability, industry-specific obstacles, developing technologies, and dynamic operating conditions.

CFD Simulations of a Loss of Heat Sink Experiment in the McMaster Nuclear Reactor

The McMaster nuclear reactor (MNR) is an important research facility that not only provides researchers with neutrons for fundamental science, but also supplies the medical industry with isotopes used for cancer treatment. To ensure the safety and performance of the MNR, modeling of the thermal hydraulics during nominal and accidental conditions is required. For such a task, system codes are customarily used. While system codes can assess the safety aspects of complex thermal–hydraulic systems, the question arises whether such systems can be modeled appropriately in a three-dimensional manner, such as computation fluid dynamics (CFD), while capturing the thermal mixing of the coolant. Modeling the thermal hydraulics of nuclear research reactors using CFD is relatively new. Therefore, validating such methods against experimental data is of utmost importance. The validation of CFD is the main focus of this work. More specifically, the influence of the loss of heat sink on the pool temperature is assessed using the CFD code Ansys CFX. The validation basis was provided by an experiment performed at the MNR in March 2023. In this experiment, the secondary heat removal system was intentionally shut down, and the pool temperature was measured in a few positions. The results obtained by modeling the loss of heat sink in the MNR using Ansys CFX agree well with the experiment.

Influence of axial distance between impeller and diffuser on the hydraulic performance and flow loss characteristics of bulb tubular pump

Abstract Bulb tubular pumps used in regional water transfer projects consume substantial power. Optimizing the geometric parameters of tubular pumps is crucial for enhancing efficiency and minimizing hydraulic losses. ANSYS CFX is used to investigate the axial distance between the impeller and the diffuser on the hydraulic performance and flow loss characteristics of the rear-bulb tubular pump, and the numerical simulation results are compared with the experimental data. Then, the entropy production theory is introduced to analyze flow losses. As the axial distance increases, the diffuser’s rectification effect on the flow at the impeller outlet deteriorates, leading to increased flow losses and decreased head and efficiency of the device. Flow losses in the bulb tubular pump are ranked from largest to smallest as follows: impeller, outflow channel, diffuser, inlet channel. The impeller exhibits the highest entropy production ratio, reaching 61.05% at an axial distance of 25 mm. By elucidating the energy loss distribution of each component under varying axial distances, this paper offers insights for the hydraulic optimization design of bulb tubular pumps.

An Optimization Approach for Enhancing Energy Efficiency, Reducing CO2 Emission, and Improving Lubrication Reliability in Roller Bearings using ABC Algorithm

Friction and energy waste pose significant challenges in various industrial processes. Lubrication plays a crucial role in reducing friction and optimizing energy consumption. This study focuses on analyzing, simulating and calculation the oil film thickness, friction levels, energy losses, and CO2 emissions. The objective is to optimize lubrication conditions to enhance performance, improve energy consumption, and maximize lubrication efficiency for rolling bearings in a centrifugal fan. The simulation utilizes ANSYS CFX software, MATLAB programming. The optimal oil viscosity grade is determined based on two objectives by using artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC): minimizing energy consumption (thus reducing CO2 emission) and achieving the optimal oil film thickness and viscosity ratio. The findings reveal that, under the current lubrication conditions and normal fan operation, energy losses due to oil friction amount to 36.3 MWh per year, with CO2 emissions resulting from power losses reaching 18,750 kilograms per year. By transitioning to the optimized oil grade, energy savings of 1.08 MWh per year and a corresponding reduction of 557 kilograms in CO2 emissions per year can be achieved.

Numerical and experimental examination of performance curve instabilities of a centrifugal fan

Abstract This paper investigates the performance curve instability of centrifugal fans used in industrial applications such as sintering or pelletizing plants. The study focuses on experimental and numerical analyses of the fan’s performance curve during operation. Model measurements of an optimized fan reveal instabilities in the characteristic curve around 73 % and 42 % of the volume flow at best efficiency point (Q/Qref) resulting in a sudden drop in pressure coefficient and the onset of low-frequency noise emission. Numerical investigations using ANSYS CFX predict the flow pattern accurately. Excellent agreement is observed between measured and calculated data for flow conditions, with deviations below 1 % in pressure coefficient. Notably, the calculated instability range occurs earlier at lower flow rates, leading to a 6 % shift in the data. The flow exhibits a detachment zone on the blade suction side and a complete blockage of a single impeller passage, corresponding to the pressure drop in the performance curve. Further investigations reveal that rotor-stator interaction causes the abrupt impeller rotating stall phenomena, significantly impacting pressure generation at lower flow rates. A FFT analysis confirms the presence of rotating stall, with its dominant frequency observed and multiple harmonics. The comparison of separation frequency with existing literature supports the assumption that rotating stall is the cause of the instability.

Numerical simulation of miniature high-speed aviation fuel pump using immersed solid method

Abstract Aviation fuel pumps are developing toward lightweight design and high rotational speeds at the same time that vehicles, such as missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), gradually get smaller. To investigate the internal flow field characteristics of a miniature aviation gear pump under conditions of high rotational speed, three-dimensional numerical simulations are conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS CFX. The simulations use the immersed-solid method and employ the SST k-ω turbulence model. The findings reveal that under identical conditions, augmenting the tooth width by 1mm leads to a notable 27.32% increase in the average outlet flow rate and a corresponding enhancement of 7.22% in maximum efficiency. Furthermore, a 2mm increment in tooth width results in a substantial surge of 62.74% in the average outlet flow rate and a significant enhancement of 14.61% in maximum efficiency. Nevertheless, concurrently, the augmentation of tooth width corresponds with a gradual rise in trapped oil pressure and significant deterioration of the internal flow field. The study findings offer valuable insights into the integrated design of the oil supply system and engine components of aerospace engines.

Effect of baffles on internal flow characteristics of double-inhalation centrifugal pumps under low flow conditions

In order to investigate the impact of baffles in the inhalation chamber on the external characteristics and operational stability of a double inhalation centrifugal pump under low flow conditions, the flow field simulation software ANSYS CFX and the shear stress transport formulation were employed to numerically simulate the internal flow field of a double inhalation centrifugal pump with and without baffles. Two models were subjected to performance curve simulation and prediction, with the internal flow field, pressure pulsation, and impeller force of the two models being compared and analyzed under three small flow conditions of 0.6Qd (rated flow), 0.5Qd, and 0.4Qd. The velocity and vortex distribution inside the semi-spiral inhalation chamber, as well as their impact on the flow state in front of and inside the impeller, were analyzed. Research has demonstrated that the addition of baffles can enhance the pump head and efficiency in flow conditions of 0.5Qd–0.8Qd. However, there is a tendency for obstruction of flow in conditions below 0.5Qd. Baffles can reduce the amplitude of pressure pulsation within the impeller and the radial force exerted by the impeller as a whole. Consequently, the incorporation of baffles within the inhalation chamber during flow conditions of 0.5Qd–0.8Qd can enhance the operational efficacy of the pump. Nevertheless, within the flow range of <0.5Qd, the pump's performance will decline. This study serves as a foundation for the design of double inhalation centrifugal pumps with semi-spiral inhalation chambers.

Research on the Internal Flow Characteristics of an Electric Coolant Pump

Abstract To investigate the internal flow characteristics of an automotive electronic coolant pump, numerical simulations were performed utilizing the ANSYS CFX commercial software suite. The study delved into the velocity distribution, pressure pulsation intensity characteristics, and entropy generation of the electronic coolant pump under varying operational conditions. The findings revealed that with an increase in the flow rate, the coolant flow velocity within the pump also escalated. Concurrently, the separation flow at the trailing edge of the blade diminished, while the flow velocity at the trailing edge of the pressure surface escalated. Notably, the impeller and volute emerged as the primary sites generating pressure pulsations, with pressure pulsation intensity within the pump surpassing that of the design condition in off-design scenarios. Furthermore, entropy generation predominantly manifested at the impeller, volute, and front pump chamber locations, with the impeller exhibiting minimal total entropy generation under design conditions. These insights serve as crucial reference points for optimizing the design of automotive electronic coolant pumps.

Analysis of submersible axial flow pump fitted with variable IGV at design and off-design conditions

Abstract Submersible axial flow pump is capable of generating large flow rate at high efficiency and is widely used in agriculture, irrigation, water supply and drainage in factories, urban areas, etc. Pumps are always designed to operate at the designed conditions of flowrate and head, but in certain practical applications, their off- design operation seems to be more important, like if there is waterflooding due to heavy rainfall or in case of variable flowrate, variable head operations or long-distance water supply. These situations arise for limited operation (time) and hence it is not economical to change the existing pumping system. The present work deals with the analysis of submersible axial flow pump at design as well as off-design conditions. This off-design operation was controlled by the variable inlet guide vane (VIGV) with the task of making it energy efficient for all conditions. The scope of this work was to investigate the performance of selected pump at designed rotational speed, at designed flowrate (Q/Qd =1) as well as Q/Qd =0.8 and Q/Qd =1.2, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and at various VIGV angles in the range of ±25°. The fluid flow analysis was performed using commercial CFD tool ANSYS CFX v17.0. From the numerical study, it was concluded that the performance of the considered AFP significantly increased due to the presence of VIGV at positive rotation angles. The best performance was observed for IGV angle of +25° for all flowrates. As compared to the reference case of 0° IGV rotation, the performance of the AFP increased by 28.42% in terms of head ratio and 0.235% in terms of hydraulic efficiency, for +25° IGV angle, at the designed flowrate. Also, an increment of 69.05% in terms of head ratio and 14.49% in terms of hydraulic efficiency was observed at overload condition of Q/Qd =1.2.

Ventilation of large section blind headings under conditions of changing ore load size

Relevance. The need to ensure safe working conditions in the working areas of underground mines. Stagnant zones with low air velocities can be formed in large section blind heading behind the ore bulk when ore is shipped by mining machines. There is a possibility of the formation of local gas accumulations and their abrupt removal later in such stagnant zones due to the unsteadiness of accumulation and transfer of gas impurities in a blind heading. A sharp removal of gas will lead to contamination of the load-haul-dump operators’ workplace. Aim. To identify removal of exhaust gases in large section blind headings in conditions of changing ore load size. Objects. Large section blind headings with of complex geometry. Methods. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of unsteady turbulent flow of a gas-air mixture in the Ansys CFX, visualization and analysis of simulation data in the Wolfram Mathematica. Results. The paper presents the results of mathematical modeling of ventilation of large section blind headings of complex geometry under conditions of changing ore load size formed during mining operations by the load-haul-dump machines with an internal combustion engine. It is shown that either a single vortex is formed that ventilates the blind headings space, or a stagnant zone behind the bulk ore, which is characterized by a relatively low intensity of mass transfer. Vortex formation depends on the height of the ore bulk. The authors have obtained the dependences of the change in the average concentration of exhaust gases at the outlet of the blind headings space on the operating time of the machine. They determined the dependence of the correction volume coefficient on the geometric parameters of the blind headings. An analytical model of the removal of gases from the blind headings space under conditions of changing bulk ore volume is obtained. The expression of increment in gas concentration on an operator’s workplace makes it possible to derive formula to find maximum time of load-haul dump operation in a stope such that gas concentration is never higher than maximum allowable concentration.

High current density operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells at a constant relative humidity

To further reduce the size and cost of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, it is desired to operate at high current densities exceeding 2 A/cm2, and consequently achieve power densities above 1 W/cm2. In a prior one-dimensional modeling study that employed the Engineering Equation Solver (EES), it was suggested that proton exchange membrane fuel cells might operate at current densities as high as 10 A/cm2 and even more when appropriate operating and channel dimensions are chosen, and perforated metal plates are used as porous transport layers instead of carbon fiber papers. The current study verifies the general findings of the previous 1-D model by a 3-D multiphase computational fluid dynamics model in Ansys CFX to obtain additional insights. Operating a proton exchange membrane fuel cell at a constant humidity (100%, 80%, 60%) from the inlet to the outlet at the cathode side appears feasible, and results for a current density above 6 A/cm2 were obtained. This mode of operation is promising also for automotive applications.

High current density operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells at a constant relative humidity

To further reduce the size and cost of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, it is desired to operate at high current densities exceeding 2 A/cm2, and consequently achieve power densities above 1 W/cm2. In a prior one-dimensional modeling study that employed the Engineering Equation Solver (EES), it was suggested that proton exchange membrane fuel cells might operate at current densities as high as 10 A/cm2 and even more when appropriate operating and channel dimensions are chosen, and perforated metal plates are used as porous transport layers instead of carbon fiber papers. The current study verifies the general findings of the previous 1-D model by a 3-D multiphase computational fluid dynamics model in Ansys CFX to obtain additional insights. Operating a proton exchange membrane fuel cell at a constant humidity (100%, 80%, 60%) from the inlet to the outlet at the cathode side appears feasible, and results for a current density above 6 A/cm2 were obtained. This mode of operation is promising also for automotive applications.

Investigation of temperature assisted corrosion failure of an aircraft turbine blade

In this study, the root cause of a recurring corrosion problem at the tip of an internally cooled high-pressure turbine blade (HPT) of a turbofan engine was investigated. A two-pronged strategy was utilized involving (i) experimental techniques to identify the blade material and corrosion products, and (ii) computational methods to analyze the fluid flow over the blade. In the experimental thrust, an array of techniques was employed to determine the chemical composition, microstructure, corrosion products and microhardness values while the airflow, pressure distribution and thermal profile over the blade were found through computational paradigms. The blade was a Ni-based superalloy containing typical gamma (γ) and gamma prime (γ′) phases, with an average microhardness value of 389 HV at room temperature. SEM analysis of the corroded area revealed oxides of iron, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, and silicon (FCMAS) most of which were not part of the base alloy. To determine the temperature profile and pressure distribution on the blade, a conjugate heat transfer analysis using Ansys CFX was conducted. A combination of experimental data from the engine ground running test station and analytical equations was used to find the required boundary conditions for the computational analysis. Pressure distribution over the entire blade was found which showed higher flow velocities and cross flows at the blade tip which potentially cause erosion at that region in the presence of impurities in the incoming air. Temperature distribution over the entire blade was also obtained, and it was found that the highest temperatures for the internally cooled blade occurred at the tip region which were in the range of ∼1060 °C–1250 °C (average ∼1114 °C). The temperature on the tip was high enough to cause the melting of the impurities that ingress the coating and cause its degradation during thermal cycling. This exposes the base alloy to FCMAS and causes corrosion. These high temperatures (1060–1250 °C) also induced phase transformation and increased the brittleness (∼22 % increase in hardness) which aggravated the presence of corrosion and resulted in crack formation and blade rejection.

Optimization of Ansys CFX Input Parameters for Numerical Modeling of Pump Performance in Turbine Operation

The paper deals with the issue of determining the optimal setting of input variables in Ansys CFX for modeling pump flow in turbine operation (PAT). The pump model was created in Autodesk Inventor. The mesh for numerical simulations was created using Ansys Fluent Meshing, considering the mesh quality parameters’ skewness and aspect ratio. The Ansys CFX computational model was experimentally verified on an actual pump by measuring the performance parameters on a test circuit and using the PIV (particle image velocimetry) method. The research indicated that the most suitable setting for the model input variables was the inlet pressure and PAT flow rate combination. Another option was to adjust the pressure at the pump inlet and outlet. However, the calculation time in this case was up to 30% longer. The comparison of the model results with the experiment showed that the deviations in the numerical model performance values did not exceed 10% of the values measured on the test circuit. Only the calculated torque was 1.2 ± 0.13 Nm higher on average than the torque measured on the test circuit. This difference is most likely due to the simplification of the geometry of the computational mesh in order to reduce the computation time.

Design, Fabrication, and Commissioning of Transonic Linear Cascade for Micro-Shock Wave Analysis

Understanding shock wave behavior in supersonic flow environments is critical for optimizing the aerodynamic performance of turbomachinery components. This study introduces a novel transonic linear cascade design, focusing on advanced blade manufacturing and experimental validation. Blades were 3D-printed using Inconel 625, enabling tight control over the geometry and surface quality, which were verified through extensive dimensional accuracy assessments and surface finish quality checks using coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). Numerical simulations were performed using Ansys CFX with an implicit pressure-based solver and high-order numerical schemes to accurately model the shock wave phenomena. To validate the simulations, experimental tests were conducted using Schlieren visualization, ensuring high fidelity in capturing the shock wave dynamics. A custom-designed test rig was commissioned to replicate the specific requirements of the cascade, enabling stable and repeatable testing conditions. Experiments were conducted at three different inlet pressures (0.7-bar, 0.8-bar, and 0.9-bar gauges) at a constant temperature of 21 °C. Results indicated that the shock wave intensity and position are highly sensitive to the inlet pressure, with higher pressures producing more intense and extensive shock waves. While the numerical simulations aligned broadly with the experimental observations, discrepancies at finer flow scales suggest the need for the further refinement of the computational models to capture detailed flow phenomena accurately.

Analysis of blended winglet parameters on the aerodynamic characteristics of NXXX aircraft using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Winglet is a wingtip device that was developed to improve aircraft flight performance by reducing induced drag. The induced drag produced by the NXXX aircraft is considered too excessive because the simple wingtip currently available is still not optimal in reducing induced drag, so a new more optimal wingtip is needed. This research aims to analyze the influence of blended winglet parameters on the aerodynamic characteristics of the NXXX aircraft such as CL and CD. Not only that, pitch moment coefficient (CM) is also studied to determine how trim drag can increase with the consequent increase of aerodynamic efficiency (CL/ CD) which currently has not been specifically researched yet. Winglet parameters in this study include variations in taper ratio, winglet height, cant angle, trailing edge sweep, and blending radius that there is not enough analysis about it now. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation uses Ansys CFX with the Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model is used to obtain wing aerodynamic data. This research concludes that the best winglet configuration is taper ratio of 0.2, blending radius of 15 %, winglet height of 30 %, cant angle of 15°, and trailing edge sweep of −0.6°. Apart from that, it was also found that all winglet configurations increased CL, CLmax, and also lift slope (a). Almost all winglets also reduce the critical angle of attack, reduce CD, and increase CM. This simulation finds that addition of blended winglet can increase aerodynamic efficiency up to 17.51 % in cruise condition using the variation of winglet height.

A novel multi-objective optimization scheme of electric turbo compressor system in hydrogen fuel cell for reducing energy consumption and axial thrust

Electric turbo compressor (ETC) can recover the exhaust energy and reduce the motor power consumption, which is the future development of the air management system for fuel cell. However, the large imbalances of axial thrust and energy between the compressor and turbine leads to low reliability and efficiency of ETC. In this study, a multi-objective optimization scheme was proposed to explore the lowest ETC axial thrust and electric power consumption. First, the coupled model including compressor, turbine and axial thrust sub-models were established in MATLAB. To verify the model, computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model were established in ANSYS CFX and experimental tests were carried out. The electric power differences between the MATLAB model and experiment is within 4.36 % and the axial thrust deviations between the MATLAB and CFD model is within 5.46 %.Then, eight geometric parameters of compressor and turbine rotors are selected as independent optimization variables. NSGA-ΙΙ multi-objective optimization algorithm was adopted to search for low axial thrust and power consumption solutions. Finally, the optimization results show that the efficiency of the compressor and turbine is increased by 6.39 % and 2.75 % at design point, respectively. The electric power consumed by the motor is reduced by 7.80 % and the axial thrust of the ETC is reduced by 18.83 %.

Techniques and Instruments for Assessing and Reducing Risk of Exposure to Nanomaterials in Construction, Focusing on Fire-Resistant Insulation Panels Containing Nanoclay.

The paper explains how nano exposure is assessed in the construction field and focuses on the production of fire-resistant insulation panels with nanoclay. Utilizing the commercial ANSYS CFX® software, a preliminary theoretical simulation was conducted on nano exposure in the workplace, which revealed that particle dispersion is primarily driven by diffusion. Panel post-processing through drilling results in the highest inhalation exposure, followed by mixing and grinding activities. Compared to a state of 'no activity', each activity resulted in an exposure increase by a factor of min. 1000. An overall assessment suggests that the use of nanoparticles in construction materials may not significantly heighten workers' exposure to nanopowders when considering particle concentration alone as opposed to using traditional micro-scale materials. However, the issue persists when it comes to blending powders or performing finishing tasks on panels, with concentration levels being significantly higher for drilling, grinding, and mixing powders at 2.4 times above the standard reference value (40,000 particles/cm3); this is unacceptable, even for brief durations. Examination of dermal contact with gloves and masks worn by workers revealed no nanoparticle penetration. Safety measures were proposed for workers based on decision trees to enhance their safety. Ten categories of protection strategies have been devised to combat the impact of nanoparticles, which are tailored to specific technical situations, but they must be modified for various types of nanoparticles despite potential shared health implications.