ANOVA Procedures Research Articles

An Equation Model on the Professional Knowledge and Confidence for Future Employment of Students in Programs Supported With Emerging Technologies

Students enrolled in interdisciplinary programs supported with modern information technologies may face more challenges in learning, because they must learn from at least two curricula, including courses of big data, new media technologies and intelligent platform use, etc. Taking students in these programs as an example, this study aims to investigate relationships among eight variables related to student career development. The research employed the quantitative method of Pearson bivariate analysis, ANOVA and Hayes (2017) regression procedure to test the direct and indirect relationship among variables. The researcher developed a moderated mediation model visualizing the relationship between professional knowledge and confidence for successful employment. Recommendations of early intervention targeting first-year students and different curriculum designing were proposed to facilitate planning in the acquisition of professional knowledge and the establishment of career goals, aiming to enhance the career development and success of tertiary vocational college students.

Assessing the Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Broilers during a Necrotic Enteritis Challenge

Subclinical necrotic enteritis (NE) is an enteric disease that inflicts significant economic losses in the poultry industry, primarily by reducing performance in commercial flocks but without significant mortality. This study evaluated the effects of a variety of phytogenic blends on broilers’ performance and carcass composition during an induced NE challenge. In this study, 1120 day (d)-old male broilers were allocated to four treatments groups (14 replicate floor pens, 20 birds/pen): the control (CONT) group, fed a basal corn-soybean diet, and three phytogenic blend dietary additives (PHYTO1, PHYTO2, and PHYTO3) added to the basal diet at 150, 250, and 500 mg/kg feed, respectively. Subclinical NE was induced by spraying a concentrated coccidiosis vaccine onto the feed and litter 24 h post-placement. On day 8, two birds/pen were necropsied for NE lesions. On days 8, 14, 28, and 42, the average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. On day 42, two birds/pen were euthanized to assess carcass composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Statistical analyses for all data were performed using the ANOVA procedure (JMP, Pro 16) and significance (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments was determined by the LSD test. There was no effect of treatment on NE lesions. PHYTO1, PHYTO2, and PHYTO3 significantly improved FCR from days 9 to 14, 0 to 14, and 0 to 42 and resulted in greater ADG from days 9 to 14, 29 to 42 and cumulatively on days 0 to 42. Carcass composition data revealed a numerically higher lean-to-fat ratio in the PHYTO groups compared to the CONT group. These results indicate that the dietary supplementation of phytogenic blends could alleviate the adverse effects of NE challenge on broilers’ performance and carcass composition.

Accuracy Analysis of Digital Models from Intraoral Scanners and 3D-Printed Casts in Children and Teenagers.

The aim was to analyze the accuracy of digital models and 3D-printed casts from full-arch digital impressions using two intraoral scanners (iTeroTM and PrimescanTM). A crossover reliability study was designed, scanning children and teenagers with iTeroTM and PrimescanTM. Accuracy was evaluated by measuring intercanine, intermolar, and ipsilateral canine-molar distances intraorally and comparing these measurements with those from plaster casts, digital models obtained with intraoral scanners, and 3D-printed casts. A paired comparison and a general linear model with a one-way repeated measures ANOVA procedure were carried out with a confidence level of 95% (p ≤ 0.05). A total of 51 subjects were analyzed (mean age 12.35 ± 2.57). Statistical differences (p < 0.05) were found in the upper and lower arch regarding accuracy in comparison to intraoral measurements, except for the iTeroTM-printed cast and canine-molar upper right and intercanine lower distances (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Regarding a comparison between reproduction methods, the plaster cast oversized the intercanine upper distance in comparison with both intraoral scanners' digital models and the PrimescanTM-printed cast (p = 0.001), but there were no differences in the lower arch (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Intraoral scanners reproduce tooth structures with similar accuracy to conventional methods.

The Role of Lifestyle Activities (Mountain Trips and Hiking) in Extracurricular and Leisure Options - Part 1/Attractiveness Component Analysis

Background and Study Purpose. The majority of the population prefers nature activities, trips, and hiking in mountain areas due to the attractiveness of the trails and the beneficial effects. Material and Methods. The investigated group included 647 students from secondary school/336 cases and high school/311 cases. A questionnaire consisting of 23 closed-ended items (Likert scale in 5 levels) was applied between March and May 2024 to study the opinions about trips and hiking in mountain areas. Parametric ANOVA procedures (defining gender-independent variables, area variables, and training level) were applied to identify differences between the resulting groups. Results. Factor analysis with PCA identified a distribution of items on three distinct components: Attractiveness, Usefulness, and Effects/Financial Accessibility. The F values for the three independent variables and the interaction between them correspond to statistically significant thresholds (P &lt; 0.05), so there are differences between the opinions of the surveyed students for the items of the applied questionnaire. Conclusions. The spirit of adventure and escape from everyday life show the highest mean score of all the component items, followed by the attraction to trips and hiking. Females are more interested in trips and hiking than males. High school students are more attracted to these activities than secondary school students. We noted the statistically significant superiority of rural vs. urban students for all items of the Attractiveness component. Recommendation. These differences require identifying different ways to motivate the groups analysed in the future to be more involved in this kind of activity.

Evaluations of Improved Forage Legume Potential for Pasture Land Improvement in Low Land and Mid Land Areas of East Shewa and West Arsi Zone

This study aims to evaluate the improved forage legume potential for pasture land improvement in low-land and mid-land areas of East Shewa and West Arsi zone of Oromia regional state during 2021/22 planting seasons. The natural pasture grazing land was selected to establish the experiment. The experiment was undertaken with RCBD design. The ripping was done before sowing and animal manures were applied before establishment to facilitate the germination of legumes forage. The experiment has four treatments with three replications including the control. The plot size was 4 m * 3 m and the distance between the plot and block were 1m and 1.5m respectively. The sample was taken by quadrant of 1 m * 1 m, weighed, and inserted into a paper bag. The sub-sample was taken for dry matter determination and biomass estimation. Laboratory chemical analyses for some of the major parameters have been done at ATARC. The feed sample was analyzed for dry matter (DM) and crude protein (PC) using AOAC (2000) method. The statistical analysis was undertaken by ANOVA procedures with Tukey&amp;apos;s Studentized Range (HSD) Tests to separate the mean values for each parameter at P&amp;lt;0.05. Analysis of variance revealed that variations of sites and treatments had showed a significant effect at (P&amp;lt;0.05) on dry matter yield and ADL. In addition, the site effects had showed significant effects on leaf to steam ratio, percentage of dry matter, percentage of ash and coverages. The ANOVA result showed that there was no interactions effect (P&amp;lt;0.05) for all parameters. In addition, the dry matter have significance difference (P&amp;lt;0.05) between the treatments due to different legumes integration. The integrated siratro (T4) and desmodium (T3) have higher mean value of dry matter than the other treatments. Of the total dry matter, the Desmodium have 10.88% proportion while the Siratro have about 49.57%. In general, improved forage legumes integration result indicated that as to be appropriate option for natural pasture improvement in terms of quantity and quality. Thus, of the treatments the demodium and siratro components have higher dry matter and crude protein the T3 and T4 were recommended for natural pasture improvement in terms quantity and quality for lowland and midland agroecology.

To Study the Relationship Between Assertiveness and Job Satisfaction in the Workplace

The following study aims at establishing the relationship between assertiveness and job satisfaction in the workplace environment. Assertiveness, that involves the capability of freely advocating for one’s self and assertive rights whilst respecting other people’s rights in organizational relationships is a core interpersonal competence. Employees’ job satisfaction, on the other hand, is a critical measure of their level of satisfaction in their workplace that influences productivity, turnover and subsequently organizational outcomes. Survey questionnaire was used to obtain data from a diverse sample of employees that include the level of assertiveness and job satisfaction. Researched questions and hypotheses testing were based on correlation and one way ANOVA procedures with a view of ascertaining the nature and extent of relationship between assertiveness and job satisfaction. The present research reveals that assertiveness bears a positive though insignificant association with job satisfaction. Gender does not significantly influence job satisfaction; however, gender plays a crucial role in determining assertiveness levels. On the same note, no significant differences were found in assertiveness and job satisfaction among the age groups

Nanostructured ZnO thin film to enhance gutta-percha’s adhesion to endodontic sealers

BackgroundGutta-percha (GP) combined with an endodontic sealer is still the core material most widely used for tridimensional obturation. The sealer acts as a bonding agent between the GP and the root dentinal walls. However, one of the main drawbacks of GP core material is the lack of adhesiveness to the sealer. ZnO thin films have many remarkable features due to their considerable bond strength, good optical quality, and excellent piezoelectric, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, offering many potential applications in various fields. This study aimed to explore the influence of GP surface’s functionalization with a nanostructured ZnO thin film on its adhesiveness to endodontic sealers.MethodsConventional GP samples were divided randomly into three groups: (a) Untreated GP (control); (b) GP treated with argon plasma (PT); (c) Functionalized GP (PT followed by ZnO thin film deposition). GP’s surface functionalization encompassed a multi-step process. First, a low-pressure argon PT was applied to modify the GP surface, followed by a ZnO thin film deposition via magnetron sputtering. The surface morphology was assessed using SEM and water contact angle analysis. Further comprehensive testing included tensile bond strength assessment evaluating Endoresin and AH Plus Bioceramic sealers’ adhesion to GP. ANOVA procedures were used for data statistical analysis.ResultsThe ZnO thin film reproduced the underlying surface topography produced by PT. ZnO thin film deposition decreased the water contact angle compared to the control (p < 0.001). Endoresin showed a statistically higher mean bond strength value than AH Plus Bioceramic (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between the control and the ZnO-functionalized GP (p = 0.006), with the latter presenting the highest mean bond strength value.ConclusionsThe deposition of a nanostructured ZnO thin film on GP surface induced a shift towards hydrophilicity and an increased GP’s adhesion to Endoresin and AH Bioceramic sealers.

Testing the Sensitivity of the Tropical Bed Bug Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to Deltamethrin, Phoxim and Propetamphos in Eastern Iran.

Bedbugs are nocturnal ectoparasites that have made a comeback after 20 years and have become one of the main challenges for pest control methods worldwide. Monitoring chemical pesticide resistance is crucial for identifying the best bed bugs management strategies to effectively manage arthropods. This study aims to assess the susceptibility of Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) collected from different parts of Khorasan-Razavi Province, (northeast of Iran) to deltamethrin (pyrethroid), phoxim (organothiophosphate) and propetamphos (phosphoramidate). This study was conducted from Dec 2020 to May 2021. The efficacy of three insecticides (deltamethrin, phoxim, and propetamphos) on adult C.hemipterus was assessed using a bioassay method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO),. Concentrations of deltamethrin used were 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, and 2560 ppm, while concentrations of phoxim and propetamphos were 10, 40, 160, and 320 ppm. The bed bugs were continuously exposed to the insecticide for 24 hours, and mortality was assessed at regular intervals during the observation period. The concentration-response data were subjected to POLO-PC software and data were analyzed by the one-way and two-way ANOVA procedures. The lethal concentration fifty values of deltamethrin, phoxim and propetamphos on the examined bed bugs were 0.551, 0.148 and 0.237 ppm, respectively. Insecticide effects of phoxim were significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) compared to each of either deltamethrin and propetamphos agents. The insecticide effects of phoxim against bed bugs were significantly higher compared to each of either deltamethrin or propetamphosinsecticides.

A preliminary approach to implicit aggression in sports and educational sciences field

Everyone has implicit biases, no one is immune. The research aimed to explore the automatic/ unconscious aggression of athletes and future specialists in the field of education sciences (future teachers). 179 participants were recruited in the current research, aged between 20 and 24. An Implicit Associations Test (IAT) was created for automatic assessment of aggression. Data analysis revealed that more future teachers (20.83%) associated aggression with self (at the unconscious level), when compared to athletes. Recommendations for future teachers who have obtained a positive D score at IAT have been made. However, most of the participants automatically associated aggression with others (not with self). Using ANOVA procedures the differences between groups, in terms of implicit aggression, were investigated. Athletes from team sports (e.g., football, handball) and grappling combat sports (judo, jiu-jitsu) associated aggression with others at the highest level. Also, athletes in heuristic sports (open skills) associated aggression with others at a higher level than athletes practicing algorithmic sports. The IAT results were explained in the light of the specifics of each activity (sports discipline or future teaching activity).

Parametric Study of Die Sinking EDM of H13 Steel using Taguchi Techniques

As for H13 die steel, it is distinguished by a high hardness and a unique surface characteristics that must be created during machining using non-standard methods. One of such non conventional manufacturing techniques involving the use of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) for machining complex or hard material parts. It indicates that EDM has progressed from a series of a tool and die process to an alternative micro-scale application machining process. The paper is aimed at elaborating mathematical models defining the link between the MRR and SR to measured input parameters (current, pulse-on time, pulse-off time, and Reference voltage) in hot work steel EDM. With a L9 orthogonal involving four variables at three levels were used. The values of the model quality factors analyzed by the ANOVA procedure show that the selected mathematical models describe the process performance within successfully studied range with high level of precision. To determine the optimal condition, Taguchi method was used to measure the performance impact of different process parameters and find out best mixing. Minitab V 21 software has been used for the analysis and explanations. A good agreement between experimental value and the predicted one was found.

Trypophobia, skin disease, and the visual discomfort of natural textures

In the last decade, the behavioral sciences have described the phenomenon of trypophobia, which is the discomfort felt by some individuals when viewing images containing clusters of bumps or holes. One evolutionary hypothesis for this phenomenon is that this visual discomfort represents an adaptation which helps organisms avoid skin disease and/or ectoparasites. Even though trypophobic imagery and disease imagery are both examples of visual textures, to date there has been no comparison of the visual discomfort elicited by these two specific kinds of textures within the larger context of the visual comfort elicited by natural texture imagery more generally. In the present study, we administered the Trypophobia Questionnaire (TQ) and recorded the visual comfort ratings elicited by a large set of standard natural texture images, including several trypophobic and skin disease images. In two independent samples, we found that while all observers find skin diseases uncomfortable to view, only those scoring high on the TQ rated trypophobic imagery equally uncomfortable. Comparable effects were observed using both standard ANOVA procedures as well as linear mixed effects modeling. Comparing the ratings of both high-TQ and low-TQ participants to the standard textures, we find remarkably consistent rank-order preferences, with the most unpleasant textures (as rated by both groups) exhibiting qualitative similarities to trypophobic imagery. However, we also find that low-level image statistics which have been previously shown to affect visual comfort are poor predictors of the visual comfort elicited by natural textures, including trypophobic and disease imagery. Our results suggest that a full understanding of the visual comfort elicited by natural textures, including those arising from skin disease, will ultimately depend upon a better understanding of cortical areas specialized for the perception of surface and material properties, and how these visual regions interact with emotional brain areas to evoke appropriate behavioral responses, like disgust.

Effects of physical soil and water conservation practices and slope gradient on soil physicochemical properties in northwestern Ethiopia

Soil erosion is the major factor that has contributed to the reduction of soil fertility in the highlands of Ethiopia. This factor is reduced by soil and water conservation (SWC) practices. Hence, this study evaluated the effects of physical SWC practices and slope gradient on the soil physicochemical properties in the Agemi watershed of northwestern Ethiopia. Farmland treated by SWC such as stone-faced soil bund (SFSB) and soil bund (SB), untreated farmland (control), and slope gradient were identified in the study area. About 27 composite soil samples were collected from the treated farmland and untreated farmland with three slope classes, including lower (5–10%), middle (10–15%), and upper slopes (> 15%). Soil physicochemical properties were analyzed using the SAS 9.4 software following two-way ANOVA procedures. The results of the study showed that the content of sand, clay, total porosity, pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) were affected (p < 0.05) by SWC practices and slope gradient. The SWC practices such as SFSB have a higher mean value of soil physicochemical properties than SB and untreated farmland. As a result, farmland treated by SFSB improves soil physicochemical properties by reducing soil erosion. Therefore, SFSB should be implemented on untreated farmland to improve soil fertility in the study area.

Kazakh cultural values and ethical choice of social work students

ABSTRACT The recognition of cultural relativism in social work ethics has grown. Kazakhstan’s society is largely collectivist and interdependent with a predominantly Muslim population and traditional values, therefore social work students must be prepared for uncertainties and ambiguities, including those related to contradictions between global professional and local cultural values. The study aimed to explore social work students’ adherence to Kazakh cultural values in ethical choice and the effect of some student-related variables on it. The participants (n = 141) were asked to complete a scale that included a series of specific practice situations in which social workers must make an ethical choice between global social work values and cultural values. The data were analyzed using ANOVA procedures. Results indicated that Kazakh cultural values determined moderately the ethical choice of students, and adherence to them varied with students’ gender, rural/urban and regional background, and religiosity. Significant interactions were found; the effects of regional background, religiosity, and year of study were influenced by rural/urban background, and vice-versa. The findings emphasize the importance of strengthening social work students’ awareness and critical reflexivity regarding possible incongruities between professional and cultural values, as well as the need to consider students-related variables in ethics teaching.

The speed of Sars-CoV-2 infection in employees of an academic hospital before vaccine acces

Objective. Study aimed to estimate the speed of SARS-CoV2 infection according to healthcare workers’ jobs at hospital. Methodology. A prospective cohort study was conducted. The ANOVA procedure was used to evaluate the differences among three different hospital job types and the Kaplan-Meier procedure to estimate the median speed of infection. Results. There was difference between the frequency of Sars-CoV-2 infection between women’s cumulative incidence rate of 27.7% compared to that of men at 22.3%, Chi2 = 4.24 DF = 1, p = 0.04. The average age of the three work groups (Clinicians, administrative staff, and maintenance workers) showed also difference (F Snedecor = 19.2 DF = 2, p = 0.000). There was no statistically significant difference regarding the speed of SARS-CoV-2 infection according to sex (Log Rank = 0.02 DF = 1, p = 0.89). In addition, there was no difference regarding the speed of infection according to the hospital job performed (Log Rank = 3.74 DF = 2, p = 0.15). Conclusions. Infection tends to be more frequent among women. There is no difference in infection speed among sexes, nor among jobs performed. Infection prevention measures must be reinforced, to avoid contagion and prevent its spread within the hospital.

Potential of Bacillus toyonensis and Paenibacillus alvei as Plant Growth Promoter on Melon Manis Terengganu (MMT)

Cucumis melo var inodorus cv. Manis Terengganu is known as Terengganu’s iconic fruits. However, MMT production is still insufficient to satisfy local demand. Over-reliance on chemical fertilizers to MMT has reduced soil fertility, degraded soil quality resistance, and negatively affected the environment. As a result, efficient microorganisms such as Paenibacillus alvei and Bacillus toyonensis were investigated as possible ecologically compatible biofertilisers for MMT. In this study, B. toyonensis and P. alvei produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at concentrations of 20.49 µg.mL-1 and 19.18 µg.mL-1, respectively. hen, the greenhouse testing was conducted to evaluate the potentiality of effective microbes as plant growth promoter rhizobacteria by introducing the soil with B. toyonensis, P. alvei, and consortium. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three groups of bacteria plus the control and each treatment replicated 15 times. Data were analyzed according to ANOVA procedure. As a result, B. toyonensis, P. alvei, and consortium significantly increased in all experimental growth parameters such as plant height, leaves, chlorophyll content, root mass, root length, leaf area, fruit weight, macronutrients, and micronutrients compared to control. Overall, the results showed that the effective single microbial strains promoted the development of MMT more effectively than the consortium

Effect of plant spacing and harvesting age on morphological characteristics and yield of Desho grass ( Pennisetum glaucifolium L.) at Adola sub-site of Bore Agricultural Research Center, Oromia Region, Ethiopia.

Abstract This study was carried out in the Adola sub-site of the Bore Agricultural Research Centre in order to assess the effects of suitable harvesting age and plant spacing on the morphological traits and yield of Desho grass. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3*3 factorial configurations in three replications was used to set up the experiment. The experiment makes use of three plant spacing (10, 30 and 50 cm) and three harvesting stages (75, 105, and 135 days). Prior to planting 100 kg/ha -1 combinations of Nitrogen, phosphate and sulfur (NPS) fertilizer were applied to all plots. The data collected from the study includes morphological characteristics such as; plant height (PH), leaf length per plant (LLPP), number of leaves per plant (NLPP), number of tillers per plant (NTPP), Leaf to steam ratio (LSR), dry matter yield (DMY), survival rate (SR), Plot cover (PC), and vigorousity. All data were subjected to GLM ANOVA procedures of SAS, 2002 version 9.0. The results revealed that all morphological characteristics were significantly (p &lt; 0.01) affected by the treatments except leaf to steam ratio and plot cover The minimum mean number of tiller per plant (NTPP) of 21.53 was obtained from 10*75 treatments while the maximum number of tiller per plant (NTPP) of 59.3 was recorded from 50*135 treatments. The highest plant height (100.43 cm) was recorded from 30*105 treatments, while the lowest plant height was obtained from 30*75 treatments. The highest (31.87) dry matter yield tone per hectare was recorded from 30*105 while the lowest (4.4) were obtained from 50*75 treatments. It is possible to draw the conclusion that, in the current experiment near Adola, the treatment combination of 30 cm*105 days has produced the best production and nutritional values of Desho grass. To reach trustworthy results, more research on various combinations of harvesting stage and plant spacing across years and regions is necessary.

Effect of Different Additives on the Quality of Rehydrated Corn Grain Silage: A Systematic Review

This review aimed to analyze the effects of additives in producing silage from rehydrated corn grains for ruminants. The control treatment studies used in this analysis involved corn grain rehydrated with water only. To be included in the review, the studies needed to follow standardized criteria, including the absence of additives in the control treatment and the silage evaluation of the in animals such as cattle, goats, and sheep. A total of fifteen publications between 2014 and 2023 were included in the final dataset. The PROC ANOVA of SAS was used to compare the results, which included a random effect of comparison within the study, performing a paired comparison. It was observed that additives did not influence the chemical composition, pH, organic acid, ethanol content, microbial population, fermentative losses, aerobic stability, and dry matter in vitro digestibility of rehydrated corn grain silage (p &gt; 0.05). Using additives in corn silage is a promising practice that can significantly benefit silage fermentation. Moisture silage additives mitigate high mycotoxin levels, enhance aerobic stability, improve cell wall digestibility, and increase the efficiency of utilization of silage nitrogen by ruminants. Using fermentation-stimulating additives (Lactobacillus buchneri) can improve the quality of rehydrated corn grain silage. There are still a few studies and more research to elucidate the best additives and the ideal amount to be added to ground corn grain silage.

Shampoo made with goat milk yogurt: Physicochemical characteristics, dirt dispersion and conditioning performance

Goat milk yogurt (GMY) compounds can benefit the skin by moisturizing, regenerating the epidermis, and improving its immunological status, making it appealing to the cosmetic industry. This study compared the physicochemical, dirt dispersion, and conditioning characteristics of shampoos made with GMY for 60 days. Shampoos with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% GMY were made, and pH, foam ability and stability, surface tension, viscosity, wetting time, dirt dispersion capacity, color and conditioning performance were measured at 0, 30 and 60 days after container opening. Repeated Measures ANOVA procedure was carried out to evaluate the GMY concentration in the shampoo and time. pH and surface tension of shampoo decreased as GMY percentage was increased in the formula. These shampoos had good foaming ability, cleaning and hydration capacity, and conditioning performance, even more than goat milk shampoo. The GMY shampoos were more luminous and displayed a different color compared to control shampoo. However, they were less viscous, especially when 30% of GMY was added. During the 60 days after opening, the shampoo with 10–20% of GMY had the best features. Nevertheless, for better acceptance and spreadability of the shampoo in the hair, it is necessary to correct its viscosity.

Theoretical Study for Adjusting ANOVA Procedures For The One-Way Random Effects Model Under Correlated Errors Within Class And Across Classes

In this study, a method was developed to adjust the procedures of analysis of variance for the one-way balanced random effects model when error limits across classes are not independent, while the assumption of independence between the error terms among the different classes is essential in the analysis of variance. The variance-covariance structure and the correlation coefficients for the error limits were defined. The was assumed as the correlation coefficient of error terms within the class and the is the correlation coefficient for error terms in different classes. The work performed by deriving correction factor and calculating the expectation of the mean sum of squares of errors and treatments as well as correcting the f-statistic.

Norwegian teachers: competencies perceived as important for inclusive education

ABSTRACT This study explored what teaching competencies teachers in Norwegian Junior high and Senior high schools perceived as important to their teaching in inclusive education (IE) classrooms. The participants (N-206) responded to a 15-item survey Perceived Competencies for Inclusive Teaching Scale focussed on competencies, and one open-ended question about the resources that will support effective teaching. The results were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA and qualitative procedures. The results showed that participants identified, among others, competencies such as Modifying learning content to meet students’ different learning needs, Identifying special needs and Scaffolding strategies as the most important. The key resources teachers identified to enable implementation of IE included training in special education, more time for teaching, more pedagogical discussions sessions and school leadership. The implications for IE practice in Norway are discussed in relation current arrangements in schools and teacher training.