ANOVA F-test Research Articles

Extended tests for non-zero between-study variance

The ANOVA F-test, James tests and generalized F-test are extended to test hypotheses on the between-study variance for values greater than zero. Using simulations, we compare the performance of extended test procedures with respect to the actual attained type I error rate. Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the procedures in ANOVA models and meta-analysis.

Paired preference data with a no-preference option – Statistical tests for comparison with placebo data

It is well-established that when respondents are presented with identical samples in a preference test with a no preference option, a sizable proportion of respondents will report a preference. In a recent paper (Ennis, D. M., & Ennis, J. M. (2012a). Accounting for no difference/preference responses or ties in choice experiments. Food Quality and Preference, 23, 13–17) noted that this proportion can depend on the product category, have proposed that the expected proportion of preference responses within a given category be called an identicality norm, and have argued that knowledge of such norms is valuable for more complete interpretation of 2-Alternative Choice (2-AC) data. For instance, these norms can be used to indicate consumer segmentation even with non-replicated data. In this paper, we show that the statistical test suggested by Ennis and Ennis (2012a) behaves poorly and has too high a type I error rate if the identicality norm is not estimated from a very large sample size. We then compare five χ2 tests of paired preference data with a no preference option in terms of type I error and power in a series of scenarios. In particular, we identify two tests that are well behaved for sample sizes typical of recent research and have high statistical power. One of these tests has the advantage that it can be decomposed for more insightful analyses in a fashion similar to that of ANOVA F-tests. The benefits are important because they enable more informed business decisions, particularly when ingredient changes are considered for cost-reduction or health initiative purposes.

Influence of Gender and Number of Children on Burnout among Married Bankers in South Eastern Nigeria

This study investigated the influence of gender and number of children on burnout among married bankers. A total of 100 participants comprising 50 married males and 50 married females. They were selected from bank workers in Enugu and Awka, South Eastern Nigeria. The participants were administered a 22 item Masclach Burnout Inventory designed to measure burnout. A 2 x 2 factorial design was adopted in the study. A two way ANOVA F-test as applied as a statistical test to analyse the data. The findings revealed that there was a significant difference between large number of children and small number of children F(1, 96) = 14.3 and a significant interaction influence of gender and number of children F(1,96) = 9.2 in burnout. The findings were discussed in relation to available literature and recommendations made.

Biodiesel production from jatropha seeds: Solvent extraction and in situ transesterification in a single step

The objective of this study was to investigate solvent extraction and in situ transesterification in a single step to allow direct production of biodiesel from jatropha seeds. Experiments were conducted using milled jatropha seeds, and n-hexane as extracting solvent. The influence of methanol to seed ratio (2:1–6:1), amount of alkali (KOH) catalyst (0.05–0.1mol/L in methanol), stirring speed (700–900rpm), temperature (40–60°C) and reaction time (3–5h) was examined to define optimum biodiesel yield and biodiesel quality after water washing and drying. When stirring speed, temperature and reaction time were fixed at 700rpm, 60°C and 4h respectively, highest biodiesel yield (80% with a fatty acid methyl ester purity of 99.9%) and optimum biodiesel quality were obtained with a methanol to seed ratio of 6:1 and 0.075mol/L KOH in methanol. Subsequently, the influence of stirring speed, temperature and reaction time on biodiesel yield and biodiesel quality was studied, by applying the randomized factorial experimental design with ANOVA (F-test at p=0.05), and using the optimum values previously found for methanol to seed ratio and KOH catalyst level. Most experimental runs conducted at 50°C resulted to high biodiesel yields, while stirring speed and reaction time did not give significantly effect. The highest biodiesel yield (87% with a fatty acid methyl ester purity of 99.7%) was obtained with a methanol to seed ratio of 6:1, KOH catalyst of 0.075mol/L in methanol, a stirring speed of 800rpm, a temperature of 50°C, and a reaction time of 5h. The effects of stirring speed, temperature and reaction time on biodiesel quality were not significant. Most of the biodiesel quality obtained in this study conformed to the Indonesian Biodiesel Standard.

The Work Ethical Behaviour of Nigerian Police Officers as a Function of Self-Esteem, Gender and Age

This study investigated the influence of self-esteem, gender and age on work ethical behaviour of police officers. 200 Police Officers comprising of one hundred and six (106) males (53%) and ninety four (94) females (47%) with their ages ranging from 1851 from the Imo State Police Command in the South Eastern region of Nigeria were selected using convenience sampling technique. They were administered with a self developed work ethic questionnaire and index of self-esteem questionnaire developed by Hudson (1982). Three hypotheses were tested; (i) Self-esteem will not be a statistical significant factor affecting work ethical behaviour of police officers; (ii) Gender will not be a statistical factor affecting work ethical behaviour of police officers. (iii) Age will not be a statistical significant fac tor affecting work ethical behaviour of police officers. A cross sectional survey was adopted, while F-test for 3-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Results showed that self-esteem and gender influenced adherence to work ethics (P<.05) while age did not. Officers with high self-esteem in

Pan-Selectin Antagonist GMI-1070 Affects Biomarkers of Adhesion, Activation and the Coagulation Cascade in Sickle Cell Adults At Steady State

AbstractAbstract 87 Introduction:Engagement of selectins by their ligands leads to cellular activation and adhesion and plays a role in thrombus formation. In sickle cell disease (SCD), the selectins underlie vaso-occlusion, which results in vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC). In SCD patients high levels of soluble E-selectin (sEsel) are associated with increased mortality (Kato, BJH 2005). In addition, SCD patients exhibit chronic activation of the coagulation cascade and of leukocytes. Previously, we showed in animal models of SCD VOC that pan-selectin antagonist GMI-1070 reduced arrested RBC/WBC aggregates and improved blood flow and survival. In a Phase 1 study of SCD adults at steady state (not in VOC), GMI-1070 inhibited neutrophil activation and platelet/neutrophil aggregate formation and increased circulating neutrophils. Herein we report on the effect of GMI-1070 on biomarkers of monocyte, endothelial cell, and coagulation cascade activation; and on the effect of hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea or HU) on these biomarkers for patients on this trial. Methods:SCD adults at steady state (n=15) received an IV loading dose of GMI-1070 (20 mg/kg) and a second dose ten hours later (10 mg/kg). Safety and PK were reported elsewhere. HU use was noted. Biomarker blood samples were drawn prior to treatment, and at 4, 8, 24 and 48 hrs after the loading dose. Analytes measured included: soluble adhesion molecules sEsel, soluble P-selectin (sPsel) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by multiplex ELISA; tissue factor and thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TF and TAT) by ELISA; and, surface expression of monocyte b2 integrins MAC-1 & LFA-1; and platelet-monocyte aggregates (PMA) by flow cytometry. Expression levels were compared against pre-treatment, and stratified by HU use. Analysis was by ANOVA F-test from mixed effects model. Data are reported for 11 subjects (biomarkers) and 15 subjects (neutrophils). Results:Soluble adhesion markers were reduced after 8 hrs (sEsel), or 4 and 8 hrs (sPsel; ICAM-1). Tissue factor (TF) was reduced at 4 and 8 hrs. Thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) levels and expression of MAC-1 and LFA-1 were reduced at all time points. The percentage of PMA was reduced at 8 hrs. (Table)BiomarkerBaseline Level (SD)4 hrs8 hrs24 hrs48 hrssE-sel (ng/mL)117.2 (48.6)86.8 (14.0)101.5 (40.9)**109.5 (56.9)112.2 (42.8)sP-sel (ng/mL)180.4 (154.0)60.7 (17.2)*140.2 (97.1)*127.8 (112.7)143.4 (106.2)ICAM-1 (ng/mL)239.6 (177.8)126.6 (58.2)*209.5 (130.6)**208.1 (156.1)214.6 (139.6)TF (pg/mL)466.7 (313.4)272.5 (65.9)**365.7 (124.0)*349.3 (70.1)356.4 (97.2)TAT (ng/mL)145.4 (94.4)42.2 (24.2)***83.6 (64.7)***66.8 (50.0)***98.4 (64.0)**MAC-1 (MFI)3278.5 (1302.4)2724.7 (347.1)**2337.5 (896.8)**2821.1 (876.7)**2543.2 (1148.4)**LFA-1 (MFI)815.3 (271.8)758.8 (4.8)**661.4 (222.7)**702.7 (242.7)*677.2 (238.4)**PMA (%)82 (20)87 (6)61 (30)*69 (23)73 (22)*p<0.05;**p<0.01;***p<0.001.When HU use was considered (HU–No; HU–Yes), the levels of sEsel, sPsel, ICAM-1, TF, TAT, MAC-1, and neutrophil counts were higher and more variable at baseline in the HU-No group, significantly so for ICAM-1 (p=0.048) and MAC-1 (p=0.001). After GMI-1070, significant reduction from baseline was seen in both groups: in the HU-No group for ICAM-1, TF, PMA, LFA-1, and in the HU-Yes group for sEsel, MAC-1, TF, TAT. Neutrophil counts increased at 24 hours in the HU-No group only (p=0.001). Conclusion:In this small sample of adults with SCD at steady state, selectin inhibition by treatment with GMI-1070 resulted in reduction in soluble adhesion markers, leukocyte activation, PMA, and markers of coagulation activation. This suggests that selectin inhibition affects downstream processes in vivo, continuing after plasma clearance of >97% of the drug. This may represent interference in the processes that lead to VOC in SCD. A phase 2 study is underway to further explore the effect of this experimental drug on these markers and in the treatment of VOC. Disclosures:Magnani:GlycoMimetics: Employment, Equity Ownership. Kuypers:GlycoMimetics: Research Funding. Patton:GlycoMimetics: Employment. Larkin:GlycoMimetics: Research Funding. Styles:GlycoMimetics: Research Funding. DeCastro:GlycoMimetics: Research Funding. Telen:GlycoMimetics: Research Funding. Wun:GlycoMimetics: Research Funding. Thackray:GlycoMimetics: Employment, Equity Ownership.

Robust tests of equivalence for k independent groups

A common question of interest to researchers in psychology is the equivalence of two or more groups. Failure to reject the null hypothesis of traditional hypothesis tests such as the ANOVA F-test (i.e., H0 : μ(1) = ... = μ(k)) does not imply the equivalence of the population means. Researchers interested in determining the equivalence of k independent groups should apply a one-way test of equivalence (e.g., Wellek, 2003). The goals of this study were to investigate the robustness of the one-way Wellek test of equivalence to violations of homogeneity of variance assumption, and compare the Type I error rates and power of the Wellek test with a heteroscedastic version which was based on the logic of the one-way Welch (1951) F-test. The results indicate that the proposed Wellek-Welch test was insensitive to violations of the homogeneity of variance assumption, whereas the original Wellek test was not appropriate when the population variances were not equal.

Haplotypes with Copy Number and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in CYP2A6 Locus Are Associated with Smoking Quantity in a Japanese Population

Smoking is a major public health problem, but the genetic factors associated with smoking behaviors are not fully elucidated. Here, we have conducted an integrated genome-wide association study to identify common copy number polymorphisms (CNPs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) in Japanese smokers ( = 17,158). Our analysis identified a common CNP with a strong effect on CPD (rs8102683; ) in the 19q13 region, encompassing the CYP2A6 locus. After adjustment for the associated CNP, we found an additional associated SNP (rs11878604; ) located 30 kb downstream of the CYP2A6 gene. Imputation of the CYP2A6 locus revealed that haplotypes underlying the CNP and the SNP corresponded to classical, functional alleles of CYP2A6 gene that regulate nicotine metabolism and explained 2% of the phenotypic variance of CPD (ANOVA -test ). These haplotypes were also associated with smoking-related diseases, including lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and arteriosclerosis obliterans.

OC03.05: Three‐dimensional ultrasound characterization of uterine junctional zone in patients with recurrent miscarriage: a new diagnostic tool?

established: failed PUL, intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) or ectopic pregnancy (EP). Univariate analysis was performed in order to establish the significant variables for the different PUL outcomes (ANOVA F-test and Fisher’s exact test). Results: 152/2067 (7.35%) women were initially classified as a PUL. 142/152 (93.4%) women were included in the final analysis. Final PUL outcomes were: 71.1% (101/142) failed PUL, 20.4% (29/142) IUP and 8.45% (12/142) EP. Endometrial symmetry data was available for 95.1% (135/142) women with a PUL at the initial TVS. Off-line analysis of 3-D TVS images showed a symmetric endometrial cavity for 55.2% (16/29) IUPs, 88.3% (83/94) failed PULs, and 91.7% (11/12) EPs. There was a significant association between endometrial symmetry (symmetric vs. asymmetric) and 3-category PUL outcome (P = 0.00017). Conclusions: The use of 3-D TVS in the evaluation of uterine cavity symmetry may be useful in the prediction of PUL outcome at the primary scan. In particular, the presence of an asymmetrical endometrial cavity seems to be most commonly associated with PULs that subsequently develop into intrauterine pregnancies.

Analysis of writing anxiety of secondary school students according to several variables

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the writing anxiety that is one of the factors affecting the written expression skills of secondary school students according to several variables. Population of the study consisted of students studying in the 6th, 7th and 8th grade of secondary schools in Canakkale in the academic year of 2011 to 2012. Likert type “The Scale of Writing Anxiety” developed by Yaman (2010) was conducted to 1060 students selected randomly. Regarding the data analysis of total scores according to the variables of gender and the state of whether keeping a diary or not, statistics of t-test was accounted and significant level of 0.05 was taken as criterion. For the analysis of total scores of aspects related to grade level of students, their states of loving Turkish lesson, readability of handwriting and number of books read in a month, the statistics of one-way variance analysis - ANOVA F-test and Scheffe test to determine between which scores there is a significance were accounted. As a result of the research, it was found that anxiety levels of the students were low. Gender, grade level, keeping a diary or not, loving Turkish lesson or not, number of books read in a month and state of expression their handwriting as readable and nice are the important factors affecting anxiety levels of the students.

Effectiveness of computer based technology integration in teaching and learning of gene concept among high school students, Kenya

The main goal of this study was to determine whether the integration of computer-based technology including computer animations and illustrations in teaching and learning of the gene concept could enhance students' understanding of the gene concept. The population of the study was the entire Form Four biology students who have studied biology for four years at public secondary schools in Kakamega Central District of Kenya. The schools were selected by stratified random sampling to include provincial girls', provincial boys', and district mixed secondary schools. Simple random sampling was used to select 240 Form Four biology students. The control groups (C1, C2 and C3) were taught in a conventional manner whereas the experimental groups (E1, E2 and E3) received instruction that integrated computer animations and illustrations. Gene concept administered was the same for both pre-test and post-test for a period of four weeks. Gene concept Achievement Standardized Test and Gene Concept Multiple Choice Test were used as instruments for data collection. The pre-test and post test scores in the pilot study indicated a positive correlation using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient (r) of 0.79. Thus the instruments were reliable. With the help of SPSS data analysis was conducted using ANOVA (F-test), and T-test. The results were tested using ANOVA at alpha = 0.05 level of significance. The findings in the study showed that the integration of computer-based technology in teaching and learning improved students' achievement scores and understanding of the gene concept.

Using the Tukey–Kramer omnibus test in the Hayter–Fisher procedure

Using Tukey-Kramer versus the ANOVA F-test as the omnibus test of the Hayter-Fisher procedure for comparing all pairs of normally distributed means, when sample sizes are unequal, is investigated. Simulation results suggest that using Tukey-Kramer leads to as much or more any-pairs power compared to using the F-test for certain patterns of mean differences, and equivalent per-pair and all-pairs power for all cases. Furthermore, using Tukey-Kramer results in a consonant test procedure, where there cannot be disagreement between the results of the omnibus test and the subsequent pairwise tests. The results suggest that when sample sizes are unequal, Tukey-Kramer may be preferred over the F-test as the omnibus test for the Hayter-Fisher procedure.

Comparison of immediate complete denture, tooth and implant-supported overdenture on vertical dimension and muscle activity

PURPOSETo compare the changes in the occlusal vertical dimension, activity of masseter muscles and biting force after insertion of immediate denture constructed with conventional, tooth-supported and Implant-supported immediate mandibular complete denture.MATERIALS AND METHODSPatients were selected and treatment was carried out with all the three different concepts i.e, immediate denture constructed with conventional (Group A), tooth-supported (Group B) and Implant-supported (Group C) immediate mandibular complete dentures. Parameters of evaluation and comparison were occlusal vertical dimension measured by radiograph (at three different time intervals), Masseter muscle electromyographic (EMG) measurement by EMG analysis (at three different positions of jaws) and bite force measured by force transducer (at two different time intervals). The obtained data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA-F test at 5% level of significance. If the F test was significant, Least Significant Difference test was performed to test further significant differences between variables.RESULTSComparison between mean differences in occlusal vertical dimension for tested groups showed that it was only statistically significant at 1 year after immediate dentures insertion. Comparison between mean differences in wavelet packet coefficients of the electromyographic signals of masseter muscles for tested groups was not significant at rest position, but significant at initial contact position and maximum voluntary clench position. Comparison between mean differences in maximum biting force for tested groups was not statistically significant at 5% level of significance.CONCLUSIONImmediate complete overdentures whether tooth or implant supported prosthesis is recommended than totally mucosal supported prosthesis.

Perception of smile esthetics among Indian dental professionals and laypersons

Patients' perceptions and expectations regarding their appearance play a significant role in treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to compare the perceptions of orthodontists, general dentists, and laypersons regarding smile esthetics after symmetrical and asymmetrical alterations in anterior teeth and their supporting tissues. Alterations were made in the crown length, crown width, midline diastema, and gingiva-to-lip relationship of the maxillary anterior teeth in the close-up photograph of a woman's smile. The attractiveness of the smile in the original image and in each of the modified images were assessed by orthodontists (n=40), dentists (n=40), and laypersons (n=40) and scored using a visual analog scale (VAS). The mean VAS scores were calculated for each photograph. ANOVA was used for comparisons between photographs and between groups. To determine threshold levels at which each group discriminated between esthetic and less esthetic dental features were determined by one-way ANOVA (F-test) followed by Newman-Keul's range test. Orthodontists were found to be more critical when evaluating smile images compared to general dentists and laypersons. Symmetrical or asymmetrical alterations in the mesio-distal width of the lateral incisor of up to 2 mm was not perceived as unesthetic by general dentists and laypersons. Laypersons are more accepting of minor variations in anterior tooth size and alignment than orthodontists.

Moisture sorption behaviour of jatropha seed (Jatropha curcas) as a source of vegetable oil for biodiesel production

This research studied the moisture sorption behaviour of jatropha seed allowing the development of a model correlating the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and the free fatty acids (FFA) content as a function of water activity and EMC, respectively. Two sets of sorption-isotherm experiment were performed to describe the relationship between EMC and FFA content with water activity, for both fresh and dried seeds. The seeds were conditioned in series of saturated salts having certain water activity and stored at different temperatures (20, 30, 40 C). The nested experimental design and ANOVA (F-test at p = 0.05) were applied to study the effects of temperature and water activity on the EMC of jatropha seed. EMC increased generally with the increase in water activity and with the decrease in temperature at either desorption or adsorption. The EMC was significantly affected by water activity, but the temperature did not significantly affect the EMC. The hysteresis effect was more pronounced at lower temperatures. The FFA content of seed was relatively constant at low water activity (a(w) < 0.8), but it was high at higher water activity. The moisture sorption behaviour of jatropha seed revealed that like most product, it exhibited the sigmoid pattern. The BET, GAB, Harkins-Jura, Halsey and Henderson models were recommended as adequate models in predicting the amount of moisture adsorbed or desorbed at known humidity. The relationship between EMC and FFA content of jatropha seed showed that the polynomial equation was the best fitting for either fresh or dried seed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

P27.07: Intrauterine pregnancy of uncertain viability: what influences outcome of the first trimester?

The aim was to determine variables that are associated with a higher risk of miscarriage in the 1st trimester in women with an intrauterine pregnancy of uncertain viability (IPUVI). Prospective observational study. Women in the 1st trimester of pregnancy presenting to the Early Pregnancy Unit (EPU), between Nov 2006 and Dec 2010, underwent a transvaginal scan (TVS). Data was collected from women with an IPUVI at the first ultrasound (US). More than 40 historical, clinical and US end points were recorded for analysis. US measurements included gestational sac (GS) and yolk sac (YS) in three planes, crown–rump length (CRL) and fetal heart rate (FHR). Women were followed up until the outcome was established: viable or non-viable IUP at the end of the 1st trimester. Univariate analysis to study the effect of the variables on the first trimester outcome was performed using ANOVA F-test and Fisher's exact test. 346 pregnancies were included. 45.7% (158/346) were viable at the end of the 1st trimester, 41.6% (144/346) were non-viable and 10.4% (36/346) did not have 1st trimester outcomes available. The continuous variables that were significantly associated with a higher rate of miscarriage were: higher maternal age (mean maternal age for viable pregnancies 26.9 yrs vs. mean maternal age for miscarriages 30.7 yrs, P value = 3.33E-05), higher gestational age (GA) in days by LMP (mean GA for viable pregnancies 41.9 days vs. mean GA for miscarriages 52.7 days, P value = 1.78E-12), and higher CRL (mean CRL for viable pregnancies 0.22 mm vs. mean CRL for miscarriages 0.95 mm, P = 1.91E-05). The categorical variables that were associated with a higher rate of miscarriage were: previous miscarriage, history of vaginal bleeding with clots and the presence of a CRL at first scan. The rate of miscarriage in our IPUVI population was high. We have identified 7 variables, which can be established at the first visit to the EPU that were associated with an increased risk of miscarriage in that group.

A Comparative Study on the Effect of Two Different Investing Mediums on the Movement of Artificial Teeth during the Fabrication of Complete Denture: An in vitro Study

ABSTRACT Purpose Acrylic processing of waxed-up dentures is considered to be a crucial and technique-sensitive procedure. Even after investing a lot of time and clinical skill a definitive movement of teeth during and after processing has long been observed which lead to occlusal discrepancies and disturb the harmonious occlusal scheme achieved earlier. Shifting of the teeth can occur as a result of the investing procedures and investing materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the movement of artificial teeth in two-dimensions of space (anteroposterior and mediolateral) during processing of the waxed-up dentures using two different gypsum materials for investing. Methods Two groups of 15 waxed-up maxillary dentures were processed using two different investing mediums (a) dental plaster and (b) combination of dental stone core and plaster mold. The artificial teeth movement was measured in the mediolateral and the anteroposterior directions between predetermined reference points before and after processing with the aid of a traveling microscope. The findings were statistically analyzed using parametric t-tests and ANOVA F-test. Results Artificial teeth movement in both the anteroposterior and mediolateral direction was less with the use of investment combination of dental stone core and plaster mold when compared to the conventional method of investing with dental plaster. Conclusion The dental stone core method is superior in view of the fact that it produces significantly less artificial teeth movement than the conventional method. However, neither of the investing methods is successful in completely preventing artificial teeth movement.

Significance of the Intima-Media thickness of carotid and thoracic aorta in coronary artery disease in the South Indian population

Background:Ultrasound detected intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery and thoracic aorta are possible screening tests to assess the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in asymptomatic individuals.Objective:Aim of the study was to assess the utility of carotid and aortic IMT as a predictor of CAD and to assess the extent of IMT with severity of CAD in a South Indian population.Patients and Methods:A cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out among 40 cases, who had angiographic evidence of CAD against 30 healthy control subjects with a normal treadmill test. At plaque-free regions, the carotid IMT was evaluated by B-mode ultrasonography and thoracic aorta IMT was evaluated by trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE). The significance of difference in means between two groups was analyzed using one-way ANOVA F-test and the significance of difference in proportions by Chi-square test. Multiple comparisons were done by Bonferroni t test. The correlation between IMT and severity of CAD was assessed by Spearman's method.Results:There were 38 males and 2 females among cases with age 51.7 ± 8.3 years, and 28 males and 2 females among control subjects with age 52.2 ± 7.1 years. Increased carotid IMT was noted among 24 cases and 2 control subjects, and the association was significant for CAD [P < 0.001, Chi-square = 20.89, odds ratio (OR) = 21.00, and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.78-89.59]. Similarly, 19 cases and one control subject had abnormal IMT with positive correlation for CAD (P < 0.001, Chi-square = 16.39, OR = 28.24, and 95% CI = 4.06-163.21). There was no association between IMT and diabetes, hypertension, or smoking; however, IMT was significantly associated with age and dyslipidemia. Also, there was no correlation between extent of IMT and severity of CAD.Conclusions:IMT of the carotid and thoracic aorta is strongly associated with risk of CAD in a South Indian population, and may be used as a non-invasive screening tool for coronary atherosclerosis in resource-limited settings. The presence of dyslipidemia influenced IMT and may be used as a tool to follow patients on hypolipidemic drugs.

Increase in Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy: Echoes of a Bygone Era?

Surgical therapy for invasive breast cancer includes breast conservation therapy (BCT), unilateral mastectomy (UM), or bilateral mastectomy, including contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) with or without reconstruction (± R). The goal of this study was to determine factors associated with CPM. A breast cancer database collected from 2000 through 2008 was retrospectively reviewed. Treatment groups analyzed included BCT, UM ± R, and CPM ± R. Variables were compared using ANOVA F-tests and chi-square tests. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression. A total of 1,391 patients underwent surgery for invasive breast cancer: 69% BCT, 21% UM, and 10% bilateral mastectomy. Of those undergoing bilateral mastectomy, 30% had bilateral cancer and were excluded from analysis. The rate of CPM increased significantly from 0 to 20% (p < 0.001), whereas the rate of UM remained relatively stable. Factors associated with CPM included younger age, significant family history, genetic testing, positive BRCA gene mutation, and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Tumor characteristics associated with CPM included positive axillary lymph node metastases and triple-negative disease (ER-/PR-/HER2 normal). Breast reconstruction was more common among women who underwent CPM (p < 0.001). On multivariate regression comparing BCT with CPM, younger age, larger tumors, multifocal disease, and MRI significantly predicted CPM. Comparing UM with CPM, only age and genetic testing significantly predicted CPM. The rate of bilateral mastectomy for unilateral breast cancer is increasing. This is particularly true for younger patients with strong family history. The availability of breast reconstruction may play a role and the effects of stage and multifocal disease needs further exploration.

CYTOTOXICITY OF &lt;i&gt;Phaleria macrocarpa&lt;/i&gt; (Scheff.) Boerl. FRUIT MEAT AND SEED ETHANOL EXTRACT TO MONONUCLEAR PERIFER NORMAL CELL OF HUMAN BODY

There were many research on Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. fruit for its activity as possible anticancer. However, there wasn't investigation that P. macrocarpa seed and fruit meat ethanol extract effect to normal cell. The research was conducted to identify the ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa for cytotoxic activity against mononuclear perifer normal cell of human blood. The research comprised several sections including P. macrocarpa seed and fruit meat maceration with ethanol, and the cytotoxic activity test against mononuclear normal cell. The results showed that the ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa fruit meat and seed was slightly toxic against mononuclear normal cell with the LC50 of 3817.54 μg/mL and 1349.29 μg/mL respectively. Tamoxifen and 5-fluorourasil, anticancer drugs were extremely toxic against mononuclear normal cell giving LC50 of 3.52 μg/mL and 4.05 μg/mL. The ANOVA f-test (P