Anopheles Leucosphyrus Research Articles

High transmission efficiency of the simian malaria vectors and population expansion of their parasites Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui.

The elimination of malaria in Southeast Asia has become more challenging as a result of rising knowlesi malaria cases. In addition, naturally occurring human infections with other zoonotic simian malaria caused by Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui adds another level of complexity in malaria elimination in this region. Unfortunately, data on vectors which are responsible for transmitting this zoonotic disease is very limited. We conducted longitudinal studies to investigate the entomological parameters of the simian malaria vectors and to examine the genetic diversity and evolutionary pattern of their simian Plasmodium. All the captured Anopheles mosquitoes were dissected to examine for the presence of oocysts, sporozoites and to determine the parous rate. Our study revealed that the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group mosquitoes are highly potential competent vectors, as evidenced by their high rate of parity, survival and sporozoite infections in these mosquitoes. Thus, these mosquitoes represent a risk of human infection with zoonotic simian malaria in this region. Haplotype analysis on P. cynomolgi and P. inui, found in high prevalence in the Anopheles mosquitoes from this study, had shown close relationship between simian Plasmodium from the Anopheles mosquitoes with its vertebrate hosts. This directly signifies the ongoing transmission between the vector, macaques, and humans. Furthermore, population genetic analysis showed significant negative values which suggest that both Plasmodium species are undergoing population expansion. With constant microevolutionary processes, there are potential for both P. inui and P. cynomolgi to emerge and spread as a major public health problem, following the similar trend of P. knowlesi. Therefore, concerted vector studies in other parts of Southeast Asia are warranted to better comprehend the transmission dynamics of this zoonotic simian malaria which eventually would aid in the implementation of effective control measures in a rapidly changing environment.

MOSQUITO BEHAVIOR AND DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS Anopheles leucosphyrus group AS VECTOR KNOWLESI MALARIA IN IBOIH

Anopheles leucosphyrus group infected with the patogen Plasmodium knowlesi from Macaca fascicularis, Macaca nemestrina , and Macaca leonine. An. The leucosphyrus group consists of species An. crasens, An. laten s , and An. introlotus . Anopheles mosquitoes have behavior and fluctuations in density at a punctual time in foraging and biting. This study used the Animal-baited trap net method, which is a method that uses farm animals as an attractant. Data collection that has been carried out, it was found that a mosquito An. leucosphyrus group has a dynamic behavior of biting from 08:00 PM to 03:00 AM, with the highest fluctuations occurring at 10:00 PM. The behavior and fluctuations of a mosquito An. leucosphyrus group varies during active biting in search of blood feed.

Multiplex PCR Assay for the Identification of Four Species of the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Sub-Group in Malaysia.

Simple SummaryPlasmodium parasites cause malaria. The bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, known as “malaria vectors,” transmit the parasites to people. To prevent the spread of malaria, precise mosquito species identification is essential. This study aims to develop a quick and accurate method for identifying the Anopheles species (An. introlatus, An. latens, An. cracens, and An. balabacensis), which have been incriminated as vectors for simian malaria in Malaysia. Overall, six primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of each species were designed for this assay. This study is helpful for the researchers or vector-related field workers to correctly identify the mosquitoes for control activities.The Leucosphyrus Group of mosquitoes are the major simian malaria vectors in Malaysia. Accurate species identification is required to help in curbing the spread of simian malaria. The aim of the study is to provide an accurate molecular method for identifying the four important Anopheles vector species found in Malaysia. Mosquito specimens were collected from various localities in Malaysia, where simian malaria cases were reported. DNA from 122 mosquito specimens was tested to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The specificity of this assay was tested against other mosquito species. Molecular identification of the species was further confirmed by analysing the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) DNA region of the specimens. Anopheles balabacensis and An. latens showed two distinct clades in the phylogenetic tree. The multiplex PCR assay was developed based on the ITS2 region for the identification of Anopheles introlatus (298–299 bp), Anopheles latens (197–198 bp), Anopheles cracens (421–426 bp), and Anopheles balabacensis (224–228 bp). This method will be useful to accurately identify the major Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group species in Malaysia, which are difficult to identify morphologically, to determine the correct vector as well as its geographical distribution.

Anopheles leucosphyrus

This datasheet on Anopheles leucosphyrus covers Identity, Distribution, Hosts/Species Affected.

Habitat Perkembangbiakan Spesifik Anopheles sp. di Tambang Emas Kura-Kura Banian (Perubahan Perilaku Anopheles sp.)

The results of Health Research 2010, showed that malaria was an infectious disease that the sixth cause of death cause of the sixth of death in Indonesia. Kotabaru is a malaria endemic district, especially in Puskesmas Banian, Annual Parasite Incidence 241.19 in 2014 where the cases of malaria with occurring in illegal gold mines on the slopes of Banian Mountain. It’s needed to know the factors that affect the existence of malaria in these locations. This research was observational study doing by cross-sectional study and analyzed by descriptively. Research conducted at the Gold Mine Banian Buluh Kuning village, Sungai Durian subdistric, Kotabaru district, South Kalimantan Province in February and March, 2015. The activities were catching larva and adult mosquitoes, environmental and mosquito breeding habitats observation and Mass Blood Survey. It was found Anopheles maculatus and Anopheles leucosphyrus with very low densities in area with the number of malaria cases by 22.99%. It was found divers breeding habitats of Anopheles sp on a former gold wash, former drum and former plastic containers. This indicated a behavioral change of Anopheles breeding places because previous to this the Anopheles breed in puddles on the ground or direct contact with the ground.

Two clusters of Plasmodium knowlesi cases in a malaria elimination area, Sabang Municipality, Aceh, Indonesia

In malaria elimination areas, malaria cases are sporadic and consist predominantly of imported cases. Plasmodium knowlesi cases have been reported throughout Southeast Asia where long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques and Anopheles leucosphyrus group mosquitoes are sympatric. The limitation of microscopic examination to diagnose P. knowlesi is well known. In consequence, no P. knowlesi case has previously been reported from routine health facility-based case finding activities in Indonesia. This report describes two clusters of unexpected locally acquired P. knowlesi cases found in an area where Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infection had been eliminated in Sabang Municipality, Aceh, Indonesia. The difficulties in diagnosis and response illustrate challenges that Southeast Asian countries will increasingly face as the formerly common malaria parasites P. falciparum and P. vivax are gradually eliminated from the region.

Gambaran Hasil Spot Survei Nyamuk Anopheles sp. di Tambang Emas Kura-Kura Banian, Kabupaten Kotabaru, Kalimantan Selatan

The work area of Banian Health Center in Kotabaru District is an malaria endemic area with reported Annual Parasite Incidence (API) was 241.19‰ in 2014. Most of the malaria cases were from illegal gold mining at Banian Mountain. Malaria vector has a significant role in malaria transmission as well as its control. This study was an observational with a cross-sectional design and analyzed descriptively . The study was carried out from February to March 2015 at Turtle Gold Mining in Banian, BUluh Kuning village, Sungai Durian sub-district, Kotabaru district, South Kalimantan. The all night collection was done by using human landing collection method and collection of pre-adult mosquitoes around the gold mining. The study found a low density of Anopheles maculatus and Anopheles leucosphyrus. It is also foud several habitat of Anopheles sp. such as, unused gold washers, unused drums, and unused plastic containers. The low density of mosquito was caused by high rainfall, inappropriate habitat, low temperature, high humadity, wild vegetation, and air polution.

Humans frequently exposed to a range of non-human primate malaria parasite species through the bites of Anopheles dirus mosquitoes in South-central Vietnam.

BackgroundRecent studies have described natural human infections of the non-human primate parasites Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi. In Southeast Asia, mosquitoes of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group bite both humans and monkeys in the forest and thus offer a possible route for Plasmodium species to bridge the species barrier. In this study we analysed the species composition of malarial sporozoites infecting the salivary glands of Anopheles dirus in order to determine their potential role as bridge vectors of Plasmodium parasites from monkeys to humans.MethodsMosquitoes were collected in the forest and forest fringe area of Khanh Phu commune by human-baited landing collection. Anopheles species were determined on the basis of morphologic features. Sporozoite-infected salivary glands were applied to filter paper and dried in an ambient atmosphere, before storage in closed vials at 4–6 °C. Detection and identification of Plasmodium species in salivary glands were carried out by nested-PCR of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.ResultsSix species of Plasmodium parasites were detected by PCR, of which P. vivax was the most common, followed by P. knowlesi, P. inui, P. cynomolgi, P. coatneyi and P. falciparum. Twenty-six of the 79 sporozoite infected mosquitoes showed multiple infections, most of which were a combination of P. vivax with one or more of the non-human primate Plasmodium species.ConclusionsThese results suggest that humans overnighting in this forest are frequently inoculated with both human and non-human primate malaria parasites, leading to a situation conducive for the emergence of novel zoonotic malaria.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0995-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Factors that are associated with the risk of acquiring Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: a case-control study protocol

IntroductionPlasmodium knowlesi has long been present in Malaysia, and is now an emerging cause of zoonotic human malaria. Cases have been confirmed throughout South-East Asia where the ranges of its...

Plasmodium knowlesi: A Malaria Parasite of Monkeys and Humans

Plasmodium knowlesi is a malaria parasite of monkeys of Southeast Asia that is transmitted by mosquitoes of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group. Humans are frequently infected with this parasite and misdiagnosed as being infected with Plasmodium malariae. The parasite was a major monkey animal model for developing antimalarial vaccines and investigations of the biology of parasite invasion. P. knowlesi is the first monkey malaria parasite genome to be sequenced and annotated.

From Asia, the Novel (and Old) Fifth Malaria Plasmodium of Human Beings

A novel form of human malaria Plasmodium knowlesi has been identified in small epidemic foci occurred during the last decade in Malaysia. Based on a review of the available literature data, the Authors underline the diagnostic importance of molecular biology examinations performed with primers which are specific of Plasmodium knowlesi, since the standard hemoscopy may fail in distinguishing Plasmodium knowlesi from Plasmodium malariae, due to their similar appearance. P. knowlesi has been reported as a causative parasite agent of life-threatening and even lethal forms of malaria. In humans, its clinical picture is more severe a compared to that of P. malariae, since the disease is characterized by a greater parasitemia, versus that is referred in the course of P. malariae disease. The most effective carrier of P. knowlesi is represented by the mosquito Anopheles leucosphyrus, which is attracted by both humans and monkeys. Among primates, the natural hosts of P. Knowlesi are known until now and have been represented by Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestina, while other monkeys including Saimiri scirea and Macaca mulatta, which cannot become infected. These might be useful in eventual experimental models. When facing the potentially severe evolution of human disease by P. knowlesi, we remark the key role played by a prompt disease recognition, which is expected to be more easy and obvious in patients followed in endemic countries at elevate risk, but should be carefully implemented for subjects coming back to health care services of western countries, presenting with a number of typical signs and symptoms of malaria, after travelling in South-East Asia where they were engaged in staying or making excursions in the tropical forest. In these last cases, both diagnosis and treatment should be prompt, timely, and appropriate. According to literature data, in non-severe human cases the old and trivial chloroquine remained very effective against P. knowlesi, achieving the disappearance of signs and symptoms in 96% of cases within the first day of pharmacological therapy. On the ground of the emerging epidemiological figures, P. knowlesi was added to Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium falciparum, as the fifth etiological agent of human malaria. During the next years, it will become mandatory to plan an adequate surveillance programme of the epidemiological evolution of this novel form of human malaria, paying also maximum attention to the clinical presentation of patients affected by P. knowlesi malaria, which are expected to suffer from a more severe clinical course, according to the time elapsed from the appearance of the early signs and symptoms. Some preliminary clinical figures suggest that a greater severity is related to an increased parasitemia, and parallels the increased interhuman infectious passages of parasites.

Plasmodium knowlesi: An Important Yet Overlooked Human Malaria Parasite

To the Editor: In the May 2009 issue of Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Reyburn and Virk1 reported a case of a young woman who had visited West Africa and presented with fever and jaundice. The authors did not mention the fifth human malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi, which like P falciparum, causes life-threatening illness.2 Although currently P knowlesi has been reported only from Southeast Asia3 and like P vivax needs the Duffy antigen,4 which is not found in people in West Africa,5 clinicians must keep in mind a broad differential diagnosis. P knowlesi is transmitted from human to human or from the macaque monkeys (Old World monkey) via the Anopheles leucosphyrus species of mosquitoes. To date, P knowlesi has not been reported in West Africa. Ciuca et al6 found that P knowlesi does not sequester substantially in the microcirculation like P falciparam, and once high parasitemia is achieved, the monkey's death is secondary to rapidly developing anemia, jaundice, and renal failure, all of which are features of severe P falciparum malaria in adults. P knowlesi is currently identified only by polymerase chain reaction-based techniques; by light microscopy, it is falsely reported as P malariae, P vivax, or P falciparum.3 A detailed history of a patient's recent travel to Southeast Asia should be obtained to rule out P knowlesi.

Six new species of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group, reinterpretation of An. elegans and vector implications

Among Oriental anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), several major vectors of forest malaria belong to the group of Anopheles (Cellia) leucosphyrus Dönitz. We have morphologically examined representative material (> 8000 specimens from seven countries) for taxonomic revision of the Leucosphyrus Group. Six new species are here described from adult, pupal and larval stages (with illustrations of immature stages) and formally named as follows: An. latens n. sp. (= An. leucosphyrus species A of Baimai et al., 1988b), An. cracens n. sp., An. scanloni n. sp., An. baimaii n. sp. (formerly An. dirus species B, C, D, respectively), An. mirans n. sp. and An. recens n. sp. Additionally, An. elegans (James) is redescribed and placed in the complex of An. dirus Peyton & Harrison (comprising An. baimaii, An. cracens, An. dirus, An. elegans, An. nemophilous Peyton and Ramalingam, An. scanloni and An. takasagoensis Morishita) of the Leucosphyrus Subgroup, together with An. baisasi Colless and the An. leucosphyrus complex (comprising An. balabacensis Baisas, An. introlatus Baisas, An. latens and An. leucosphyrus). Hence, the former Elegans Subgroup is renamed the Hackeri Subgroup (comprising An. hackeri Edwards, An. pujutensis Colless, An. recens and An. sulawesi Waktoedi). Distribution data and bionomics of the newly defined species are given, based on new material and published records, with discussion of morphological characters for species distinction and implications for ecology and vector roles of such species. Now these and other members of the Leucosphyrus Group are identifiable, it should be possible to clarify the medical importance and distribution of each species. Those already regarded as vectors of human malaria are: An. baimaii[Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), India (Andamans, Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal), Myanmar, Thailand]; An. latens[Borneo (where it also transmits Bancroftian filariasis), peninsular Malaysia, Thailand]; probably An. cracens (Sumatra, peninsular Malaysia, Thailand); presumably An. scanloni (Thailand); perhaps An. elegans (the Western Ghat form of An. dirus, restricted to peninsular India); but apparently not An. recens (Sumatra) nor An. mirans[Sri Lanka and south-west India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu)], which is a natural vector of simian malarias. Together with typical An. balabacensis, An. dirus and An. leucosphyrus, therefore, the Leucosphyrus Group includes about seven important vectors of forest malaria, plus at least a dozen species of no known medical importance, with differential specific distributions collectively spanning > 5000 km from India to the Philippines.

ビルマ産 Anopheles leucosphyrus 群の系統発生学的特性

ビルマ産 Anopheles leucosphyrus 群の系統発生学的特性

ビルマのマラリア媒介蚊 Anopheles leucosphyrus 群の 1 メンバーにみられる染色体多型

ビルマのマラリア媒介蚊 Anopheles leucosphyrus 群の 1 メンバーにみられる染色体多型

Discrimination among strains of the mosquito Anopheles leucosphyrus group by electrophoresis of proteins.

Polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis disclosed clear discrimination among strains of the malaria vector-containing Anopheles leucosphyrus group of mosquitoes in East Asia. Nine strains of the group were studied at 7 protein loci and the strains could be distinguished into 5 taxa. No variation among strains was detected at Mdh and Pt-8. In the other 5 protein loci, Me, Odh, Lap-8, Lap-9, and Est-1, almost no overlapping alleles were found among all strains, which allowed the following distinction among the strains, confirming the designation made by Kanda et al. (1983, 1985): An. balabacensis dirus (THL), An. b. balabacensis A (KTD), An, b. balabacensis B (IMR), An. takasagoensis (TSG), and An, leucosphyrus (SWK). The former 4 taxa had been lumped into the An, balabacensis complex (Kanda et al. 1983, 1985), but there was no clear remoteness between the complex and An. Leucosphyrus at the protein level. The result was discussed in the light of recent developments in protein variation.

A Recessive Mutant, Pale Brown Eye, and a Cytoplasmic Deleterious Effect on Viability in Anopheles Leucosphyrus (Diptera: Culicidae)1

An eye color mutant, Pale brown eye (p), was found in a Sarawak (Malaysia) line of Anopheles leucosphyrus , an important vector of human malaria in that area. The mutant allele is recessive, inherited independently of sex, and is expressed in larval and pupal stages. In the line from which the mutant was derived, there was reduced viability. It was not related to the p mutant or sex, but to the cytoplasm of the line itself.

Phylogenetic interpretation and chromosomal polymorphism among nine strains of human malaria vectors of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group.

Cytogenetic observations conducted on 9 strains belonging to the leucosphyrus group (Colless 1956) and their hybrids have revealed the evolutionary facts of the process of divergence among them. Previous paper (Kanda et al 1981b) reported some results of hybridization among them. Three strains- Bangkok (BKK), Kanchanaburi (KCH), and Chantaburi (CTB)-from Thailand can be designated as a subspecies Anopheles balabaceesis dirus, with a small degree of divergence between the latter two strains. Two strains IMR and Kampong Sungai Ular (KSU) from Peninsular Malaysia can similarly be classified as a subspecies Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis B, while the strain Kota Belud (KTD) from Sabah with different genetic characters can be designated as a subspecies Anopheles balabacensis A. These 3 subspecies are included in the balabacensis complex. The two strains from Sarawak (SWK and SWN) were confirmed as a separate species designated as Anopheles leucosphyrus sensu stricto (Kanda et al 1981a) but with homosequential chromosome banding patterns of the leucosphyrus group (Reid 1968). A strain from Taiwan (TSG) is more closely related to CTB than KCH. There may exist some other closely related geographical populations. However, the designation of TSG as a valid species Anopheles takasagoensis distinct from balabacensis can not be confirmed due to insufficient data. Interstrain floating rearrangements of banding patterns were observed in the XR arm of KCH, IMR and CTB strain as well as in the hybrids. Additional descriptions of 2 chromosomal polymorphisms within the species group are given.

Anopheres leucosphyrus 種群の 7 系統に関する交配と二, 三の生物学的性状について

Anopheres leucosphyrus 種群の 7 系統に関する交配と二, 三の生物学的性状について

Cycles of jungle malaria in West Malaysia.

Abstract The ecology of primate malaria was investigated in an area of West Malaysia where a person had been naturally infected with Plasmodium knowlesi. Anopheles balabacensis introlatus and Anopheles leucosphyrus (both proved vectors of simian malaria) were trapped in the jungle with man as bait at ground level and monkey as bait in the forest canopy. Neither mosquito was found to invade a nearby village. Anopheles maculatus was found in both village and jungle traps but in such small numbers as to make it an unlikely liaison between human and simian malarias. Sporozoite-infected salivary glands were recorded from both A. b. introlatus and A. leucosphyrus, but no infections resulted when these sporozoites were inoculated into malaria-free rhesus monkeys. Malaria infections, which were believed to be nonprimate in origin, were recorded from Anopheles umbrosus-group mosquitoes. Malaria parasites were observed in 2.5% of 1,117 persons examined from villages, mostly adjacent to the forest study area. However, 14% of this group had fluorescent-antibody titers of 1:20 or higher, indicating recent experience with malaria. Whole, heparinized blood from the same 1,117 persons produced no infections when inoculated into malaria-free rhesus monkeys. Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium inui were identified from indigenous populations of Macaca irus. Leaf monkeys (Presbytis sp.) and gibbons (Hylobates sp.) were also present in the study area but were not examined. It is concluded that man can become naturally infected with simian malaria in this environment only when he becomes involved in the normal mosquito-monkey cycles in the jungle.