Anomalous Bone Research Articles

PROFILE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH DISEASES IN BRAZIL

Oral pathologies, such as primary or secondary glomerulars, congenital abnormalities, urinary infection, tubular diseases, are among the most common in children. In children, the progression of the disease can affect the growth of bones, resulting in fragile and anomalous bones, compromising their development. Despite this, it is perceived that the care of children with oral diseases requires professionals, skills and competencies in the identification of priority needs for the planning of care, optimization of conducts and achievement of goals that will promote the restoration of health. In view of the above, the problem of the physical, mental and social domains arises and negatively impacted by the emergence of pathologies, thus, in view of the repercussions caused from the moment children and adolescents receive the diagnosis, the stigma suffered and the interruptions of daily life activities until its outcome, leading to the following questioning : What is the current profile of Brazilian children and adolescents with some nephropathy? The study aims (general): To conduct a survey on the profile of children and adolescents with nephropathies; the study justified by the identification of new contextual elements, which may have been subsidized for the construction of nephrology nursing care in the pediatric s item. This is an integrative review of the literature in which there was analysis and interpretation of articles that met the study proposal.

Clubfoot and its implications for the locomotion of a medieval skeleton from Estremoz, Portugal

ObjectiveThis study describes foot bone anomalies and the degenerative changes associated with locomotion adaptations. MaterialsAn adult male (approximately 29–46 years old) from Estremoz, Portugal (13th–15th century). MethodsThe skeletal anomalies observed in this skeleton were described and measurements were compared between both sides of the individual and with the mean of the adult males from the same collection. ResultsThe most anomalous bones are the right medial cuneiform and metatarsals. Degenerative changes are more severe on the left lower limb and right upper limb. ConclusionsThis skeleton represents a unilateral case of talipes varus of the right foot, with the metatarsals being more affected while previously published cases show more severe anomalies of the hindfoot. The degenerative changes observed in the skeleton suggest that both legs and arms, aided by crutches, were used for locomotion. SignificanceThis case shows that club foot skeletal anomalies are variable and the pattern of bony changes throughout the body can reveal locomotion adaptations. LimitationsThe possibility of a genetic cause cannot be assessed due to the absence of paleogenomic data. Suggestions for further researchSince the anomalies found in this case are different than those previously published, we recommend care when analysing foot bones.

Significant Asymmetry of the Bilateral Upper Extremities of a Skeleton Excavated from the Mashiki-Azamabaru Site, Okinawa Island, Japan.

The human skeleton of a young adult male with marked asymmetry of the bilateral upper extremities was excavated from the Mashiki-Azamabaru site (3000–2000 BCE) on the main island of Okinawa in the southwestern archipelago of Japan. The skeleton was buried alone in a corner of the cemetery. In this study, morphological and radiographic observations were made on this skeleton, and the pathogenesis of the bone growth disorder observed in the left upper limb was discussed. The maximum diameter of the midshaft of the humerus was 13.8 mm on the left and 21.2 mm on the right. The long bones comprising the left upper extremity lost the structure of the muscle attachments except for the deltoid tubercle of the humerus. The bone morphology of the right upper extremity and the bilateral lower extremities was maintained and was close to the mean value of females from the Ohtomo site in northwestern Kyushu, Japan, during the Yayoi period. It is assumed that the anomalous bone morphology confined to the left upper extremity was secondary to the prolonged loss of function of the muscles attached to left extremity bones. In this case, birth palsy, brachial plexus injury in childhood, and acute grey matter myelitis were diagnosed. It was suggested that this person had survived into young adulthood with severe paralysis of the left upper extremity due to injury or disease at an early age.

Anomalous bone changes in ovariectomized type 2 diabetic rats: inappropriately low bone turnover with bone loss in an estrogen-deficient condition.

Estrogen deprivation accelerates bone resorption, leading to imbalance of bone remodeling and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. In the elderly, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) frequently coexists as an independent factor of bone loss. However, little is known about the skeletal changes in a combined condition of estrogen deficiency and T2DM. Herein, we performed ovariectomy (OVX) in nonobese Goto-Kakizaki (GK) T2DM rats to examine changes associated with calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone microstructures and strength. As expected, wild-type (WT) rats subjected to ovariectomy (OVX-WT) had low trabecular bone volume and serum calcium with increased dynamic histomorphometric and serum bone markers, consistent with the high turnover state. T2DM in GK rats also led to low trabecular volume and serum calcium. However, the dynamic histomorphometric markers of bone remodeling were unaffected in these GK rats, indicating the distinct mechanism of T2DM-induced bone loss. Interestingly, OVX-GK rats were found to have anomalous and unique changes in bone turnover-related parameters, i.e., decreased osteoblast and osteoclast surfaces with lower COOH-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen levels compared with OVX-WT rats. Furthermore, the levels of calciotropic hormones, i.e., parathyroid hormone and 1,25(OH)2D3, were significantly decreased in OVX-GK rats. Although the OVX-induced bone loss did not further worsen in GK rats, a three-point bending test indicated that OVX-GK bones exhibited a decrease in bone elasticity. In conclusion, T2DM and estrogen deficiency both led to microstructural bone loss, the appearance of which did not differ from each factor alone. Nevertheless, the combination worsened the integrity and suppressed the turnover, which might eventually result in adynamic bone disease.

Classification of Age variant CARPAL AREA BONES by Support vector machine with RBF Kernel

The BoneXpert technique recreates, from hand radiographs, the 15 bones borders consequently and afterward figures ldquointrinsicrdquo bone ages for 13 bones each. It changes the characteristic bone ages into Tanner Whitehouse or Greulich Pyle bone age. The reconstruction bone strategy consequently rejects images with anomalous bone morphology or exceptionally poor quality of image. From the methodological perspective, BoneXpert contains the accompanying advancements: 1) a generative bone reconstruction model; 2) the bone age prediction from surface score, shape, and force gotten from central segment examination; 3) the concept of consensus bone age which characterizes each bone’s age as the bone age best gauge of alternate bones in the hand; 4) a typical female and male bone age model; and 5) the unified GP and TW bone age modelling. BoneXpert is produced on 1559 images. Examined for foreseeing a compound's quantitative or unmitigated natural action in view of a quantitative portrayal of the compound's atomic structure. Random Forest is a troupe of unpruned characterization or relapse trees made by utilizing bootstrap tests of the preparation information and random selection of feature in induction tree. Prediction is made by collecting (larger part vote or averaging) the ensembles forecasts. We assembled prediction models for six cheminformatics informational sets. Our examination exhibits that Random Forest is a capable apparatus equipped for conveying execution that is among the most precise strategies to date. We likewise introduce three extra elements of Random Forest: worked in execution appraisal, a measure of relative significance of descriptors, and a measure of compound comparability that is weighted by the relative significance of descriptors In this thesis use the different group images and extract the geometric features and then use principle component analysis use extracted features and class in classification method and compare the results in our approach SVM with RBF kernel play important role in classification of images and predicting of images. In this done experiment SVM with RBF show 78% accuracy which has significance different from other methodology like linear regression and voted regression.

Sprengel Deformity and Omovertebral Bone

Abstract: Sprengel deformity is the most common congenital abnormality of the shoulder girdle, resulting from an elevated, dysplastic, and variably fixed scapula. It has cosmetic implications that make it readily identifiable, and may be also associated with functional impairment. It may associate with other structural abnormalities, such as the presence of an omovertebral bone, or bar. When present, it adds to the immobility of the scapula. We present the images relating to the case of a 8-year old boy, with previous history of spina bifida and hydrocephalus. He presented with scapular elevation and limitation of shoulder motion, and was diagnosed with a Cavendish 4 type Sprengel deformity of the scapula. An associated omovertebral bone connecting the superomedial angle of the scapula and cervical spine was detected on CT scan. 3D reconstruction of the images allowed accurate definition of the deformity and the relations of the abnormal bone. The deformity was afterwards surgically treated, by means of a clavicle osteotomy, omovertebral bone resection, and Woodward procedure. The patient had an eneventful recovery, and had satisfactory functional and cosmetic gains.Case Presentation An 8-year old boy, previously surgically treated for hydrocephalus and spina bifida, was referred to our Paediatric Hospital for evaluation of the fixed elevation and limited motion of the right shoulder (Figure 1). A clinical diagnosis of Sprengel Deformity was made, being a Cavendish 4 grade [1] in severity. In the investigations ordered scapular elevation was confirmed and the presence of an anomalous omovertebral bone was noted between the superomedial angle of the scapula and C6 spinous process (Figure 2). Surgery was proposed, and a clavicular osteotomy, omovertebral bone resection and Woodward procedure were performed (Figure 3). Sprengel Deformity is a complex congenital pectoral girdle deformity, with cosmetic and functional implications. It is associated with other deformities, such as spinal dysraphism (as spina bifida in this case), scoliosis, and rib and vertebral segmentation abnormalities, such as Klippel-Feil. [2] The omovertebral bone is an anomalous bone connecting the elevated scapula to the cervical spine, being called omovertebral bar should it be fused between them. It contributes to the immobility of the scapula and the functional impairment, and its resection should be performed if surgical treatment is pursued [1]. It may not be always visible on plain x-rays, and so more advanced imaging is recommended prior to surgery for assessment and planning, such as CT (ideally with 3D reconstruction) [3]. Clavicle osteotomy is advised either in the treatment of associated clavicle deformity, or as to lower the chances of brachial plexus injury [4] in higher grade corrections.The child in the case described had an uneventful postoperative course, and received rehabilitation treatment, having later satisfactory functional and cosmetic gains. Conclusion: Sprengel deformity is a complex shoulder girdle abnormality. If surgical treatment is considered, associated abnormalities such as the omovertebral bone should be sought - CT scan with 3D reconstruction is advised. When found, omovertebral bone should be excised during surgery

Multigenic Delineation of Lower Jaw Deformity in Triploid Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.).

Lower jaw deformity (LJD) is a skeletal anomaly affecting farmed triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) which leads to considerable economic losses for industry and has animal welfare implications. The present study employed transcriptome analysis in parallel with real-time qPCR techniques to characterise for the first time the LJD condition in triploid Atlantic salmon juveniles using two independent sample sets: experimentally-sourced salmon (60 g) and commercially produced salmon (100 g). A total of eleven genes, some detected/identified through the transcriptome analysis (fbn2, gal and gphb5) and others previously determined to be related to skeletal physiology (alp, bmp4, col1a1, col2a1, fgf23, igf1, mmp13, ocn), were tested in the two independent sample sets. Gphb5, a recently discovered hormone, was significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated in LJD affected fish in both sample sets, suggesting a possible hormonal involvement. In-situ hybridization detected gphb5 expression in oral epithelium, teeth and skin of the lower jaw. Col2a1 showed the same consistent significant (P < 0.05) down-regulation in LJD suggesting a possible cartilaginous impairment as a distinctive feature of the condition. Significant (P < 0.05) differential expression of other genes found in either one or the other sample set highlighted the possible effect of stage of development or condition progression on transcription and showed that anomalous bone development, likely driven by cartilage impairment, is more evident at larger fish sizes. The present study improved our understanding of LJD suggesting that a cartilage impairment likely underlies the condition and col2a1 may be a marker. In addition, the involvement of gphb5 urges further investigation of a hormonal role in LJD and skeletal physiology in general.

First Record of Pughead Deformity in Blue Catfish

AbstractPugheaded fish exhibit anomalous bone structure, often characterized by a steep, bulging forehead and incomplete closure of the mouth. While the pughead deformity has been observed in many species of fish, thescientific literature contains no documented instances of pugheadedness in Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus. Pugheadedness is rare, particularly in tidal systems, and most recorded instances have been based on single specimens. We captured several pugheaded Blue Catfish (N = 18) in the tidal Rappahannock River in eastern Virginia, a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay. While Blue Catfish sampling was extensive in the James, Pamunkey, and Mattaponi rivers (N = 4,357 fish at 163 sites), pugheaded specimens were encountered at only six sampling sites within the upper tidal zone of the Rappahannock River, an area known to be susceptible to summertime hypoxia. We encountered pugheaded individuals at a higher rate than reported in most published studies, ranging between 1.89% and 3.68%, much higher than rates detected in other tidal systems. Pugheaded specimens had significantly lower relative weights than nonpugheaded specimens, indicating that this deformity may affect their ability to forage. Hypoxia, pollutants, and genetic anomalies are all explored as potential drivers of high deformity rates within the Rappahannock River.

A preliminary review of bone and teeth abnormalities seen in recent Loxodonta and extinct Mammuthus and Mammut, and suggested implications

During over 30 years of actualistic fieldwork in Zimbabwe's wildlife reserves, a range of pathological or anomalous bone, tusk, and tooth specimens have been observed in a sample of over a thousand skeletons of African elephant (Loxodonta africana). This paper describes some specimens to compare them with similar prehistoric examples seen in mammoth and mastodon assemblages, and suggests possibly similar causes and ecological implications.

The Use of Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) to Identify Osteoclast Defects in Rare Genetic Bone Disorders.

More than 500 rare genetic bone disorders have been described, but for many of them only limited treatment options are available. Challenges for studying these bone diseases come from a lack of suitable animal models and unavailability of skeletal tissues for studies. Effectors for skeletal abnormalities of bone disorders may be abnormal bone formation directed by osteoblasts or anomalous bone resorption by osteoclasts, or both. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated from somatic cells of various tissue sources and in theory can be differentiated into any desired cell type. However, successful differentiation of hiPSCs into functional bone cells is still a challenge. Our group focuses on the use of human iPSCs (hiPSCs) to identify osteoclast defects in craniometaphyseal dysplasia. In this review, we describe the impact of stem cell technology on research for better treatment of such disorders, the generation of hiPSCs from patients with rare genetic bone disorders and current protocols for differentiating hiPSCs into osteoclasts.

C1 posterior arch screw as an auxiliary anchor in posterior reconstruction for atlantoaxial dislocation associated with type II odontoid fracture: a case report and review of the literature.

AbtractIntroductionAlthough pedicle or lateral mass screws are usually chosen to fix atlantoaxial (C1-C2) instability, there is an increased risk for vertebral artery (VA) injury when used in patients with bone or arterial anomalies or osteoporotic bone. Here we report the C1 posterior arch screw as a new technique for upper cervical fixation.Case descriptionA 90-year-old man complained of upper cervical pain after falling in his house. The initial computed tomography (CT) scan showed C1-C2 posterior dislocation with a type II odontoid fracture. The patient underwent C2 fracture reduction and posterior C1-C2 fixation. On the right side of C1, because lateral mass screw placement could cause injury to the dominant VA considering a risk in oldest-old osteoporotic patients, a posterior arch screw was chosen instead as an auxiliary anchor. An intralaminar screw was placed on the right side of C2 because a high-riding VA was observed. A lateral mass screw and a pars interarticularis screw were placed on the left side of C1 and C2, respectively. Ten months later, the odontoid fracture had healed, with normal anatomical alignment. Although the patient experienced slight weakness when spreading his bilateral fingers, his overall condition was good.Discussion and evaluationWe have presented a novel technique using C1 posterior arch screws for the fixation of a C1-C2 dislocation. Such a screw is an alternative to the C1 lateral mass screw in patients who are at risk for a VA injury because of anomalous bone and arterial structures or poor bone quality.ConclusionsAlthough there have been few comparable studies, and the long-term outcome is unknown, fixation with a posterior arch screw could be a beneficial choice for surgeries involving the upper cervical region.

A neonate with an anomalous bone attached to the cervical spine

Background contextA digit/rib-like ectopic bone is a rare congenital anomaly that is most commonly seen in the thorax or pelvis. There is a single report of an adult possessing a phalanx-like bone in the cervical region; however, whether the abnormal bone was congenital or acquired remains elusive. PurposeTo elucidate that a phalanx-like bone in the cervical region represents a congenital anomaly. Study designCase report. MethodsReport of the imaging findings in a neonate with a palpable bone projection in the posterior neck. ResultsPlain radiographs demonstrated an ectopic bone posterior to the spinous process of the C5 vertebra. Three-dimensional computed tomography demonstrated that the anomalous bone was attached to the left lamina of the C5 vertebra and that there was abnormal segmentation of the left side of the cervical spine. ConclusionsThe anomalous bone in the neck is a congenital malformation that is accompanied by the maldevelopment of the cervical spine.

Detecting anomalous features in complex stimuli: The role of structured comparison.

The ability to detect anomalies in perceived stimuli is critical to a broad range of cognitive tasks, yet acquiring this ability often requires lengthy practice. In this research, we asked whether findings from research on analogical comparison can be used to aid in the acquisition of perceptual expertise. Building on findings that comparison can facilitate the detection of differences, the present research addressed two questions: (1) Does having an alignable comparison standard improve performance on a difficult detection task? (2) Can such comparison experience improve subsequent detection performance on single anomalous targets? Across 3 experiments, university undergraduates were asked to find an anomalous bone in drawings of animal skeletons. Target items including an anomaly were presented either alone or with a correct standard. Furthermore, to evaluate the impact of ease of alignment, the correct standard was presented either mirror-reversed (low alignable) or regular (high alignable). Results showed increased accuracy when a comparison standard was present and further gains when the standard was more easily alignable. In Experiment 3, we used a between-subjects design to reveal that advance comparison (as opposed to single-item training) led to improved detection of anomalies in subsequent novel examples presented as isolated targets. We conclude that the availability of a standard and ease of alignment promote encoding and processing. Furthermore, comparison-based learning confers an ongoing advantage even without standards for comparison. Therefore, task performance in application areas requiring detection of nonobvious anomalies can be improved by providing alignable standards next to targets or in advance training.

Adult with sacral lipomyelomeningocele covered by an anomalous bone articulated with iliac bone: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance images

The present paper reports and discusses a case of sacral lipomyelomeningocele with an anomalous long bone articulating with the left iliac bone in a 40-year-old female. That patient had a monozygotic twin sister who had normal spine. The findings were incidental during an evaluation for a urinary tract infection. The computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images revealed sacral dysraphism, lipomyelomeningocele, tethered spinal cord, and profound subcutaneous fat in the sacrococcygeal region. In addition, an anomalous bony strut was demonstrated on the posterior aspect of the sacrum, covering the sacral defect and the associated lipomyelomeningocele. The 3-D CT images of the anomalous bone associated with the sacral lipomyelomeningocele and the putative embryologic process are presented with a review of the literature.

Tubular anomalous bones found in both thighs of a long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)

Tubular anomalous bones were found in both thighs of a 6-year-old male long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) bred in captivity. The bones had jagged ends and protruded from the skin. Radiographs showed that they developed in the femurs at the middle and elongated. They were removed with surgery under anesthesia. Histological analysis revealed that these bones had the same histological structure as the femur, though they were composed of primary and secondary osteon regions. This finding indicated that the new bones developed from the old bone piece(s), acquired a tubular shape, and elongated. It is suggested that the anomalous bones were produced not by the congenital deformity but by regeneration from fragments of the fractured femur that were embedded in the bone marrow; these acquired a tubular pattern and elongated.

Rotational vertebral artery occlusion in a child with multiple strokes: a case-based update

Rotational vertebral artery occlusion (RVAO), sometimes known as "Bow hunter syndrome," is an important and diagnostically challenging cause of posterior circulation stroke in children. It is caused by impingement of osseous and/or ligamentous structures on the vertebral artery. We review the differential diagnosis and recommended workup for posterior circulation stroke in children. The anatomical cause for pediatric RVAO is most commonly an anomalous bone formation of the rostral vertebral column. Many bony anomalies have been associated with RVAO, including the "ponticulus posticus," a common anomaly of the C1 vertebrae. The definitive diagnosis of RVAO is made with dynamic angiography, and surgical decompression of the vertebral artery prevents recurrent strokes. We report a 15-year-old boy with recurrent posterior circulation ischemic strokes caused by an anomalous ossification of the C1 vertebrae. Three-dimensional (3D) and multiplanar reconstructed CT images showed the anomalous C1 ossification, and cervicocerebral digital subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed an associated vertebral artery (VA) dissection. The patient was initially managed by head immobilization in a hard collar and anticoagulation for 3 months. After healing of the dissection that was confirmed angiographically, dynamic DSA demonstrated reversible occlusion of the VA during contralateral head turn. Surgical decompression of the VA was performed and confirmed by intra-operative DSA with head turning. RVAO is an important diagnosis in children with posterior circulation stroke. Our case demonstrates the need for high clinical suspicion and careful analysis of 3D cervical spine CT images in children with posterior circulation stroke.

Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:3-induced arthritis in mice: microbiological and histopathological information.

Gross anatomical and histopathological changes in arthritic joints resulting from oral challenge with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:3, upon pretreatment with desferrioxamine, were always more severe than those induced by intravenous infection of immunized animals. In all the acute inflammation episodes studied, live Yersiniae were isolated from the arthritic region. Invariably, a heavy mixed infiltration of synovia, joint spaces and soft tissues was observed at this stage. Concurrent fibrous thickening and vascular proliferation, along with erosion of articular cartilages and anomalous bone regeneration, were also apparent. In spite of these significant facts, the bacterium could be histopathologically identified only in bone marrow where it developed microcolonies and caused significant necrosis as well. The live bacterium was also retrieved from two- and six-month-old arthritic ankles/paws examined, but it could not be seen in histological sections of joints. By this time, no cellular infiltration was evident, but there was extensive fibrosis. Bones were at times greatly enlarged, showing a spongeous-like structure. Additionally, articular cartilages could be completely lost and were substituted by an anomalous ossification filling the joint spaces. This situation led to bone fusion, resembling articular ankylosing traits. In summary, we present the first experimental evidence that Y. enterocolitica serotype 0:3 is a causal agent of osteoarthritis and osteomyelitis, and that it may survive for prolonged periods of time in osseous structures.

Cervical diastematomyelia: Uncommon presentation of a rare congenital disorder

Cervical diastematomyelia is a very rare entity. We present a case in a 20-yr-old girl, associated with anomalous bone in the neck.

小児に一過性に見られた易動度の速いＡＬＰアイソザイムの４例

An abnormal isozyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP: orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3. 1. 3. 1) detected in the serum of four children with no malignancy is described.The molecular weights of the abnormal enzyme in all four patients were about 1.7×105 daltons, and the enzyme migrated to the front position of the liver ALP (α1∼α2 globulin region) irrespective of electrophoretic medium. Other features of the enzyme, i.e., Michaelis constants, molecular sizes, susceptibilities to amino acids and to the action of neuraminidase, and heat stability suggest that this enzyme is an anomalous bone ALP with respect to sugar chains.

Occurrence of Bregmatic Bones in Bobcats (Lynx rufus) from Nebraska

Bregmatic bones were found in 16 of 109 (14.7%) bobcat (Lynx rufus) skulls collected in Nebraska. There was no apparent correlation between their occurrence and the age or sex of the specimens. Bregmatic bones are anomalous bones, varying in size, shape, and number, located at the junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures. In a few mammals they are quite common (e.g. Castor, Erethizon) while in others their occurrence is rare (e.g. Canidae) or unreported (e.g. Mustelidae) (Schultz, 1923). Schultz found bregmatic bones in 63 species of mammals belonging to 10 orders. Of the 62 felid specimens he examined, none possessed these bones, but he reported their occurrence in one of 49 felid skulls examined by von Jhering. Hall and Kelson (1959) depicted a bregmatic bone in their illustration of a bobcat (Lynx rufus) skull but not in the figure of a lynx (Lynx canadensis) skull. Manville (1959) reported only one lynx specimen with bregmatic bones but found these bones in bobcat skulls from Oregon, West Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, and Nevada. My study was conducted to determine the occurrence of bregmatic bones in bobcat skulls from Nebraska. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens were obtained from furbuyers, taxidermists, sportsmen, and Nebraska Game and Parks Commission personnel throughout the state of Nebraska during the 1977-1978 and 1978-1979 fur seasons. Skulls were cleaned by boiling and deposited in the University of Nebraska State Museum Zoology Collections after examination. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Of the 109 skulls examined, 16 (14.7%) possessed bregmatic bones. These results compare favorably with those of Manville (1959). Although Manville noted some geographic variation in frequency, he concluded that these This content downloaded from 207.46.13.128 on Wed, 07 Sep 2016 05:34:40 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 96 TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES