Anode Material For Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Preparation and Lithium Storage Performance of Si/C Composites as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: A Review

Silicon offers a theoretical specific capacity of up to 4200 mAh g−1, positioning it as one of the most promising materials for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, during lithium insertion and deinsertion, Si undergoes significant volume expansion, leading to rapid capacity degradation, which has limited its application as an anode material in LIBs. To address this issue, coupling Si with carbon enables the combination of the high lithiation capacity of Si with the excellent mechanical strength and electrical conductivity of carbon. This synergy makes silicon/carbon composites (Si/C) ideal candidates for LIB anodes. In this review, recent advancements in Si/C composite materials for LIBs are categorized based on synthesis methods and design principles. The review also summarizes the morphological characteristics and electrochemical performance of these materials. Additionally, other factors influencing the performance of Si/C anodes are discussed, and future development prospects for Si/C anodes are briefly explored.

Irrigation System-Inspired Open-/Closed-Pore Hybrid Porous Silicon-Carbon Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.

Porous silicon-carbon (Si-C) nanocomposites exhibit high specific capacity and low electrode strain, positioning them as promising next-generation anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, nanoscale Si's poor dispersibility and severe interfacial side reactions historically hamper battery performance. Inspired by irrigation systems, this study employs a charge-driven Si dispersion and stepwise assembly strategy to fabricate an open-/closed-pore hybrid porous Si-C composite. Polydimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDDA) is used to functionalize Si nanoparticles, inducing strong electrostatic repulsion for uniform dispersion. Subsequently, the PDDA functional layer on Si nanoparticle surfaces facilitates the stepwise self-assembly of acetic acid and chitosan, resulting in Si nanoparticles encapsulated within closed pores during carbonization. Simultaneously, the PDDA functional layers transform into a graphene coating on the Si nanoparticles. Conversely, regions of homogeneous acetic acid/chitosan, distant from the PDDA-functionalized Si nanoparticles, form an open-pore structure. The dual shielding effect of closed carbon pores and the graphene coating effectively isolates Si from the electrolyte, preventing interfacial side reactions. Open carbon pores enhance electrolyte-active material contact, reducing Li+ transport distances. The resulting composite material (PDDA@Si/C) demonstrated excellent cycling stability and superior rate performance as a LIB anode.

Developing bio-carbon matrices for the encapsulation of silicon nanoparticles for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode materials.

Silicon (Si) is considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, the practical application of Si-based anodes is mainly hindered by the low intrinsic conductivity of Si and the large volume change upon lithiation/de-lithiation. Here, we prepared a composite material consisting of Si nanoparticles (NPs) and coconut silk bio-carbon (CSC) skeleton. The porous carbon skeleton derived from coconut silk with natural through-holes and ample micropores, which was used as the carrier of Si NPs. The continuous through-holes and well-distributed oxygen-containing functional groups of the CSC provided sufficient space and adsorption active sites for Si NPs, what's more, the good dispersion of Si NPs increased their contact with the surrounding carbon materials, which was conducive to electron transport. Meanwhile, the pore structure provided buffer space for the volume expansion of Si. The rich oxygen-containing functional groups can form a certain chemical force with silicon particles, and further stabilize the nano silicon particles. Hence, the CSC/Si electrode revealed an excellent capacity retention of 82.8% at 1 A g-1 after 100 cycles. This study provides a simple universal high-throughput method to obtain anode materials with outstanding electrochemical properties and promotes the further development of Si/C composites.

Doped hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene as anode materials for lithium- and magnesium-ion batteries.

The adsorption processes of Li+, Li, Mg2+, and Mg on twelve adsorbents (pristine and N/BN/Si-doped hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) molecules) were studied using density functional theory. The molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) analyses show that the replacement of C atoms of HBC by N/BN/Si units can provide a more electron-rich system than the parent HBC molecule. Li+ and Mg2+ exhibit strong adsorption on pristine and doped HBC molecules. The adsorption energy of cations on these nanoflakes (Eads-1) was in the range of -247.44 (Mg2+/m-C40H18N2 system) to -47.65 kcal mol-1 (Li+/B21H18N21 system). Importantly, our results suggest the weaker interactions of Li+ and Mg2+ with the nanoflakes as the MESP minimum values of the nanoflakes became less negative. In all studied systems, we observed electron donation from the nanoflakes to Li+ and Mg2+. For the metal/nanoflake systems, the adsorption energy of metals on the nanoflakes (Eads-2) was in the range of -33.94 (Li/C38H18B2N2 system) to -2.14 kcal mol-1 (Mg/B21H18N21 system). Among the studied anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the highest cell voltage (Vcell) of 1.90 V was obtained for B21H18N21. Among the studied anode materials for magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs), the highest Vcell value of 5.29 V was obtained for m-C40H18N2. Eads-2 has a significant effect on the variation of Vcell of LIBs, while Eads-1 has a significant effect on the variation of Vcell of MIBs.

The performance of phosphorus hexarbide monolayer as lithium-ion battery anode materials by boron and sulfur doping

The performance of phosphorus hexarbide monolayer as lithium-ion battery anode materials by boron and sulfur doping

Cu@MOF based composite materials: High performance anode electrodes for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries

In order to satisfy the increasing demand for energy, it is essential to improve the efficiency of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) batteries. Metal selenides (MSes) have a high theoretical specific capacity, can be designed in a variety of ways, conduct electricity well, can change morphology easily, and have a multi-electron reaction mechanism. These characteristics make them very competitive as anode materials for LIBs and SIBs. Herein, we synthesise Cu@MOF and Cu@NH2-MOF as the precursor to prepare Cu1.95Se embedded into porous carbon matrix (Cu1.95Se@PC) and porous-N-doped carbon matrix (Cu1.95Se@NPC) via pyrolysis process of Cu@MOF and Cu@NH2-MOF, respectively. Cu1.95Se@PC and Cu1.95Se@NPC electrodes for half-cell LIBs and SIBs exhibit a high reversible capacity of 313.1, 480.9 (for LIBs), 216.3 and 303.8 (for SIBs) mAhg−1after 1000 cycles at 2 A g−1, respectively. We assess the electrochemical performance of the Cu1.95Se@PC and Cu1.95Se@NPC anodes by integrating them with commercially available LiFePO4 (LFP) into full-cell LIBs. The LFP//Cu1.95Se@PC and LFP//Cu1.95Se@NPC full-cells have discharge capacities of approximately 330 and 293 mAh g−1 at 0.3 A g−1 at the initial cycle. In order to explore the sodium storage mechanism of the Cu1.95Se composites, we conducted an in situ XRD test during the first charge/discharge cycle, considering their favourable cycling and rate performance. Our work provides a promising anode electrode material for both half-cell LIBs and SIBs with high volume utilization and superior electrochemical performances.

Exploring covalent organic frameworks as high-capacity and long-cycling anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Exploring covalent organic frameworks as high-capacity and long-cycling anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Exposure of functional group from hyperbranched precursor to arrange SiOC phase for lithium-ion batteries

Polymer-derived silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramics are promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacity. However, controlling their structure and composition during pyrolysis is challenging. This study employs chemical methods to construct hyperbranched polysiloxane precursors, exposing varying amounts of Si–OH groups to regulate Si–C and Si–O rearrangement. The resulting SiOC ceramics exhibit high reversible phase contents and improved electrical conductivity with added phenolic resin. The optimized SiOC ceramic M1-PF delivers a reversible capacity of 775.5 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.5 A g−1, and 344 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1. A full cell with M1-PF and LiFePO4 retains 89.7 % capacity after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g−1. This work provides new insights for customizing SiOC ceramics for advanced battery applications.

Bimetallic sulfides based hybrid anodes are constructed for high-performance lithium ion batteries.

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) are considered as one of the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in virtue of their high theoretical specific capacity, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, the intrinsic poor electron/ion transport, large volume change and the shuttle effect of polysulfides hinder their achievement of superb rate capability and cycle performance. Compared with the monometallic sulfides, bimetallic sulfides have superior electron transport capability and higher electrochemical activity. In this work, bimetallic CuCo2S4 nanomaterial is in-situ synthesized on copper foam (CF) substrate by a facile hydrothermal method. Benefiting from the introduction of heteroatoms and the construction of integrated hybrid structure, the bimetallic CuCo2S4/CF anode delivers a high specific capacity of ∼1707 mAh g–1 at 0.1 C and maintains ∼84% of the initial capacity after 1000 cycles at 1.6 C (1 C = 1 A g−1). This work provides a strategy to utilize bimetallic sulfides as well as construct hybrid electrode of sulfides and conductive metallic frameworks.

PNb9O25-Li4Ti5O12 blended anode with enhanced capacity and volumetric energy density

Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) used as a “zero-strain” anode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is well-known for its long cycle life. However, its practical application is limited due to the low specific capacity (170 mAh/g). In this research, we optimized the electrode composition by incorporating micrometer-sized phosphorus niobium oxides (PNb9O25, PNO) to prepare blended anode electrode, thereby significantly improving the capacity, stability, and volumetric energy density. PNO serves as a mixed ionic and electronic conductor (MIECs), aiding in the reduction of polarization and enhancement of the tap density. Consequently, the LTO/PNO (20 %) blended anode with 90 % active material content are able to stably deliver 93 % capacity retention at 4000 mA g−1 after 4000 cycles and high volumetric energy density of 668 Wh L–1. Our findings underscore the significance of industrialization methods, emphasizing the need for targeted modifications to enhance cell performance.

The Effect of Nickel Addition on α-Fe2O3 Synthesis Using NaOH and Application as Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Material

Research has been conducted in the pursuit of developing the performance of batteries. The increasing demand for electronic devices and electric vehicles has driven the development of high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Among the various anode materials, α-Fe2O3 has attracted significant attention due to its high theoretical specific capacity of 1007 mAh/g. However, its low conductivity and poor rate capability limit its practical application. To address these issues, this study investigates the addition of nickel (Ni) into α-Fe2O3 through a co-precipitation method. The synthesized materials were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The electrochemical performance was evaluated using an LCR meter and charge-discharge cycling. The results showed the addition of Ni improved the conductivity of the α-Fe2O3 material. The optimal Ni content was found as much as 18×10-4 mol which exhibits the highest conductivity and specific capacity. The synthesized α-Fe1.965Ni0.035O3 material demonstrated a specific charging capacity of 1.8433 mAh/g and a specific discharging capacity of 1.8388 mAh/g. These findings suggest that Ni-doped α-Fe2O3 has the potential to be a promising anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

Microscopy Investigation of Streblus asper Lour. Leaves-derived SiO2/C with Polypyrrole Nanocomposites as Sustainable Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries

Microscopy Investigation of Streblus asper Lour. Leaves-derived SiO2/C with Polypyrrole Nanocomposites as Sustainable Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries

Sn@C fiber prepared by electrospinning as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Sn@C fiber prepared by electrospinning as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Theoretical study on electrochemical and thermal behavior of GNP incorporated anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

In this paper, a theoretical investigation of the electrical and thermal performance of lithium-ion batteries employing an unexplored graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) incorporated lithium titanate (LTO-GNP) anode and lithium manganese oxide cathode is demonstrated by using the COMSOL Multiphysics modeling and simulation. The GNP proportions in the LTO active material matrix are varied from 0 to 3 wt%, to assess the improvements in cell potential, state of charge (SOC), variation in internal temperature, discharging capacity, and battery power density across four selected electrodes. The simulation results have indicated the positive effects of increasing the anode’s GNP concentration on the battery performance, alongside temperature-dependent open-circuit voltage (OCV) and SOC outputs of the battery. The analysis of the effects of thermal conductivity on heat accumulation and dissipation within the battery has indicated that the anode with 3 wt% of GNP consistently performed superior to the other electrodes by providing uniform temperature distribution and enhanced electrical performance by promoting better discharge capacity and power density. The LTO anode with 3 wt% GNP has shown 0.2V more cell potential and also has 12.5% improved thermal conductivity when compared to LTO anode without GNP, contributing to better heat distribution inside the battery. The simulation also emphasized the importance of optimal GNP loading in the Li-ion battery anode to attain more uniform temperature distribution with improved battery health and efficiency.

High Entropy Oxide Duplex Yolk-Shell Structure with Isogenic Amorphous/Crystalline Heterophase as a Promising Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Achieving composition and structure regulation on high entropy materials is a big challenge but will give this kind of new materials a huge boost in energy storage. Herein, a novel high entropy oxide ((CrMnFeCoNi)3O4) duplex yolk-shell structure (DYSHEO) with isogenic amorphous/crystalline heterophase are designed and successfully prepared through a simple microthermal solvothermal reaction followed by mesothermal calcination. The microthermal solvothermal reaction results in high entropy precursor with duplex yolk-shell structure, while the mesothermal calcination (annealing temperature at 450°C) realizes the precursor transformation to (CrMnFeCoNi)3O4 (DYSHEO-450) with isogenic amorphous/crystalline heterophase structure. The high entropy effect, the duplex yolk-shell structure, and the isogenic amorphous/crystalline heterophase endow DYSHEO-450 great advantages as lithium-ion battery anode including reducing ion migration obstruction, accommodating volume expansion, and alleviating the stress. Accordingly, DYSHEO-450 exhibits high capacities of 1721 mAh g-1@0.5A g-1, and 1356 mAh g-1@1 A g-1 after 500 cycles with a capacity retention rate of 90.3%. It also shows excellent performances in practical application as anode of a coin-type full cell. This work provides new ideas and directions for the structural regulation of high-entropy materials.

Self-assembly of polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework with trefoil sign structural feature as efficient anode for lithium ion batteries

To extend the practical applications of polyoxometalates (POMs) based metal–organic frameworks (POMOFs) in the most cut-ting-edge (lithium ion batteries) LIBs, a new crystalline POMOFs, [Ag6(H2trz)6]·[H4SiW12O40]·6H2O (SiW12-Ag-trz), was successfully synthesized and well characterized in the work. Crystal analysis reveals that Keggin-typed POMs [H4SiW12O40] (SiW12) are inserted into the Ag-trz helical chain to construct 3D POMOFs with open pore channels with trefoil sign structural feature, in which SiW12 polyoxoanion exhibiting the most diverse coordination modes in the reported crystalline POMOFs, to the best our knowledge. Because the pore channels facilitate the storage and release of lithium ions, and the SiW12 polyoxoanion growing on the framework serves as an excellent electron sponge, crystalline SiW12-Ag-trz as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exhibits highly reversible capacity and rate capability. Moreover, to illustrate the lithium storage, the impedance spectra and cyclic voltammetry (CV) with different scan rates during the first and 50th charge process were studied in details.

P-Type Cross-Linked Silicon Nanocomposites for Improving the Lithium-Ion Deinsertion from Anode Materials of Lithium-Ion Batteries

P-Type Cross-Linked Silicon Nanocomposites for Improving the Lithium-Ion Deinsertion from Anode Materials of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Designing 2D Janus Zr[formula omitted]CTX MXenes for anode materials in lithium-ion batteries

Background:Recently, 2D MXenes have shown great potential for use as electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries because of their unique layered structures and superior mechanical properties. Methods:Density functional theory (DFT) was utilized to explore the potential applications of 2D Janus Zr-based MXenes with various surface atoms, including O, S, Se, and Te, as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Significant Findings:The results showed that ▪ possesses excellent capacity and mechanical properties except for its non-metallic nature, limiting its application as the anode material. By selectively substituting O on one side of the ▪ surface by Se and Te, resulting in ▪ and ▪ , respectively, the materials exhibit metallic characteristics. Both ▪ and ▪ were found to have high capacities (with values of 370.41 and 317.12 mAhg−1, respectively) and be capable of adsorbing multiple Li layers on both sides. In addition, lower diffusion barriers were found on Se and Te sides compared with the O side. This study demonstrated that the creation of Janus structures enhances the electronic properties of Zr-based MXenes while maintaining their superior mechanical properties, rendering the materials more suitable for use as electrodes in lithium-ion batteries.

Slow Voltage Relaxation of Silicon Nanoparticles with a Chemo-Mechanical Core-Shell Model.

Silicon presents itself as a high-capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries with a promising future. The high ability for lithiation comes along with massive volume changes and a problematic voltage hysteresis, causing reduced efficiency, detrimental heat generation, and a complicated state-of-charge estimation. During slow cycling, amorphous silicon nanoparticles show a larger voltage hysteresis than after relaxation periods. Interestingly, the voltage relaxes for at least several days, which has not been physically explained so far. We apply a chemo-mechanical continuum model in a core-shell geometry interpreted as a silicon particle covered by the solid-electrolyte interphase to account for the hysteresis phenomena. The silicon core (de)lithiates during every cycle while the covering shell is chemically inactive. The visco-elastoplastic behavior of the shell explains the voltage hysteresis during cycling and after relaxation. We identify a logarithmic voltage relaxation, which fits with the established Garofalo law for viscosity. Our chemo-mechanical model describes the observed voltage hysteresis phenomena and outperforms the empirical Plett model. In addition to our full model, we present a reduced model to allow for easy voltage profile estimations. The presented results support the mechanical explanation of the silicon voltage hysteresis with a core-shell model and encourage further efforts into the investigation of the silicon anode mechanics.

Metalation of porphyrin units in a porous organic polymer stabilizing its anodic cycling performance in lithium-ion battery

Organic materials have attracted tremendous interest as electrodes materials for lithium-ion battery, however, they still suffer from intractable problems including inherent low electronic conductivity, poor cycling stability and high solubility in electrolyte etc. Herein, a porphyrin-based porous organic polymer (POP) is employed to serve as anode material by virtue of its good insolubility, unique π-π interaction and abundant active sites. The POP electrode exhibits a high specific capacity of 584 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 originated from fast redox activity while unfortunately undergoes a severe capacity fading during long-term cycles. It is found that the metalation of porphyrin moiety in POP by Ni2+ (Ni-POP) enables an excellent cycling stability of 380 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 99 % for 500 cycles. We revealed that porphyrin unit is decomposed from the cleavage of the C-N/C=N bonds in porphyrin units, while Ni coordination stabilizes porphyrin units during fast redox process as affirmed by ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The easy fabrication, low-cost and excellent performance make Ni-POP great potential as anode material for lithium-ion battery.