Anodic Linear Sweep Voltammetry Research Articles

Adsorption and estimation of As (III) from wastewater using cross linked Chitosan-STPP nanoparticles with voltammetric analysis computrace, isotherms, and kinetic study

Chitosan (CS) is a naturally occurring polycationic linear amino polysaccharide produced commonly through the deacetylation of chitin. This study describes the synthesis of Chitosan (CS) modified with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) using an efficient coated Cross-linked method. The study investigated the efficacy of chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS-STPP) nanoparticles for the efficient adsorption of As (III) ions from a wastewater solution. The effect of initial Arsenic (III) ion concentration, solution pH, and temperature on adsorption efficiency was thoroughly investigated. The highest adsorption capacity of CS-STPP nano adsorbents for As (III) was found to be 39.8 mg/g and 39.6 mg/g, respectively, at pH 5.5, and a temperature of 30 °C. The FESEM, SEM, HRTEM, XRD, FTIR, DLS, and TGA results indicated that the adsorption process of As (III) was chemically dominating. As (III) Determine with the anodic linear sweep voltammetry 797 VA Computrace (Metrohm). The Langmuir parameters of 40.9 mg/g and 1000 L/mg were found for maximum adsorption capacity, which indicated monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous site, Freundlich isotherm is applicable for multilayer adsorption onto heterogeneous sites. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption of As (III) by CS-STPP was spontaneous, feasible, and exothermic at temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 50 °C. The kinetic model indicated that the adsorption processes persist well to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The reaction is suitable for a pseudo-second-order model, it indicates an inclination for chemisorption. Adsorption-desorption processes are determined efficiency of bio adsorbent by several physicochemical cycles. All results indicate that the prepared CS-STPP nanoparticles might be considered a cost-effective adsorbent for removing As (III) from wastewater.

Electrochemical Growth of Ag/Zn Alloys from Zinc Process Solutions and Their Dealloying Behavior

This study investigates the sustainable preparation of Ag/Zn alloys from a simulated zinc process solution (20 ppm Ag, 65 g/L Zn, and 10 g/L H2SO4) via electrodeposition-redox replacement (EDRR) and the electrochemical dealloying behavior of the Ag/Zn alloys. Results indicate that Ag/Zn deposits with diverse compositions and microstructures can be obtained at room temperature without any complexing agents, simply by varying EDRR parameters like deposition time, deposition potential, and redox replacement time. Two types of Ag/Zn intermetallics (Zn0.96Ag0.04 and Ag0.76Zn0.24) were identified by the combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and anodic linear sweep voltammetry. Mass-transfer limitations have significant effects on the growth process, and a nucleation-growth mechanism from Ag/Zn particles into dendrites with increased EDRR cycles is introduced: with EDRR parameters favoring mass-transfer limitations (higher overpotentials, longer deposition times, and shorter redox replacement times), a more dendritic morphology of Ag/Zn alloys is achieved. The selective dissolution of Zn (i.e. dealloying) allowed the formation of silver-rich surfaces with an enhanced surface plasmon resonance behavior, which can be readily tuned by EDRR and dealloying parameters. These results highlight the significant potential of the EDRR-dealloying route to produce different types of Ag/Zn alloys and optically functional materials directly from base metal process solutions.

Fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on copper waste wire recycling and its application

In this study we report the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor employing copper waste recycling product and its application for omeprazole determination. The electrode consists of carbon paste electrode (CPE) decorated with CuO-nanoparticles. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and anodic linear sweep voltammetry (ALSV) techniques were used to explore the competence of the first time reported sensor toward omeprazole under various experimental settings including the supporting electrolyte composition, pH, and scan rate. Comparison of CPE and CuO NPs/CPE electrodes reveals that this modified electrochemical sensor exhibits superior analytical performance of omeprazole. Two oxidation peaks were detected at ∼0.96 V and 1.07 with no corresponding reduction peaks. About ∼15 μA increase of anodic peak current was reported by the modified CPE in comparison to the unmodified one. The analytes concentration (0.1−2.0 μM) was found to vary linearly with the oxidation peak current and a detection limit of 0.013 μM was certified. Moreover, the newly designed electrode exhibited good reproducibility, high stability and selectivity to omeprazole in the presence of some interferences. Hence, it was successfully nominated to determine omeprazole in tablets and serum. The results revealed that the incorporation of CuO nanomaterials into the CPE significantly enhanced its electrochemical reactivity and voltammetric response to omeprazole along with speeding up the charge transfer process on its surface.

Green Adsorptive Stripping Electrochemical Methods for Determination of Vortioxetine Hydrobromide at Graphite Pencil Electrode

Vortioxetine hydrobromide is a recently developed antidepressant drug which is associated with a great concern of suicide attempts. Herein, eco-friendly, inexpensive and sensitive electrochemical methods were developed to help control vortioxetine hydrobromide (VOR) at clinical safe level. The methods are based on anodic stripping differential Pulse (ASDPV), square wave (ASSWV) and linear sweep (ASLSV) voltammetry utilizing the high adsorption affinity of VOR on a graphite pencil lead. Several experimental parameters affecting the electrochemical oxidation process including pH, supporting electrolyte, scan rate and accumulation time were investigated. Calibration curves exhibited linear responses with detection limits of $2.0\times 10^{-8}$ M for the ASDPV and ASSWV, and $1.4\times 10^{-8}$ for the ASLSW. Evaluation of within-day repeatability and day to day precision using two different concentrations of the drug substance showed satisfactory accuracy and precision. The three methods were used successfully for the assay of VOR in the finished product. Furthermore, the ASSWV method was employed for the selective measurement of VOR in human plasma and urine samples.

Evaluation of human macrophage functional state by voltammetric monitoring of nitrite ions.

The method for assessing the level of nitric oxide (II) (NO) by voltammetric monitoring of nitrite ions was carried out on models M1 and M2 of polarized macrophages induced from monocytes of human peripheral blood with the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), respectively. The model of induction of M1 and M2 macrophages was used in the work to achieve the corresponding shifts in the functional status of studied cells. Ethyl nitrite (EtONO) was used as a standard compound of nitrite ions for electrochemical measurements. Electrochemical determination of nitrite ions was performed by anodic linear sweep voltammetry in the first-order derivative mode (ALSV FOD) in Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer with pH4.02 on carbon ink modified graphite electrode. EtONO calibrations were linear over a concentration range from 2 to 9μmolL-1 with corresponding regression equation y = 0.768c - 0.048. Limit of detection (LOD) (S/N = 3) was 0.38μmolL-1. The results of the study showed the fundamental possibility of using voltammetry to assess indirectly the production of nitric oxide by cells in supernatants of the monocytic macrophage lineage. The level of nitric oxide metabolites (nitrite ions) in supernatants was associated with the functional state of macrophages.

The Anodic Behaviour of Bulk Copper in Ethaline and 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride

The anodic dissolution of bulk metallic copper was conducted in ionic liquids (ILs)—a deep eutectic solvent (DES) ((CH3)3NC2H4OH) comprised of a 1:2 molar ratio mixture of choline chloride Cl (ChCl), and ethylene glycol (EG)—and imidazolium-based ILs, such as C4mimCl, using electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, anodic linear sweep voltammetry, and chronopotentiometry.To investigate the electrochemical dissolution mechanism, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used. In addition to spectroscopic techniques, for instance, UV-visible spectroscopy, microscopic techniques, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), were used. The significant industrial importance of metallic copper has motivated several research groups to deal with such an invaluable metal. It was confirmed that the speciation of dissolved copper from the bulk phase at the interface region is [CuCl3]− and [CuCl4]2− in such chloride-rich media, and the EG determine the structure of the interfacial region in the electrochemical dissolution process. A super-saturated solution was produced at the electrode/solution interface and CuCl2 was deposited on the metal surface.

Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metals Detection in Gracilaria corticata using Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Electrochemical methods for heavy metals detection have attracted considerable attention due to their simplicity, rapidity and high sensitivity. Voltammetric methods are a valid and very effective alternative for the simultaneous determination of heavy metals. An independent atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis of the seaweed sample was carried out and the results were compared with the World Health Organization permissible limits. The sample was clearly observed in the atomic force microscopic images, characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The electrochemical behavior of heavy metals on a bare glassy carbon electrode and a multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep anodic voltammetry, square wave anodic voltammetry and differential pulse anodic voltammetry. Very good responses were observed for all the metals when the modified electrode was employed.

Electrodeposited AgPd alloy coatings as efficient catalysts for the ethanol oxidation reaction

The Pd and three AgPd alloy layers (AgPd1, AgPd2 and AgPd3) were electrodeposited onto Au disc electrodes from the solution containing high concentration of chloride ions (>12 M). All coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), anodic linear sweep voltammetry (ALSV), while their surface composition was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The AgPd1 and AgPd2 samples were electrodeposited at different constant current densities (−0.178 mA cm−2 and -0.415 mA cm−2 respectively) to the charge of −0.2 C cm−2 (thickness ∼ 0.18 μm) at a stationary disc electrode, while the sample AgPd3 was electrodeposited to the charge of −3.0 C cm−2 (thickness ∼ 2.8 μm) at a constant current density of −7.0 mA cm−2 under the conditions of convective diffusion. Samples AgPd1 and AgPd2 had similar morphologies of low roughness, while the morphology of AgPd3 was characterized by large crystals and higher roughness. The most active and the most poisoning tolerant coatings for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) are the AgPd3 and AgPd1 alloy samples, containing 72.6 at.% Ag – 27.4 at.% Pd and 84.7 at.% Ag – 15.2 at.% Pd respectively (XPS analysis). In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that the activity for the EOR at AgPd alloys was closely related to the amount of non-reduced Ag2O (most probably as Ag – hydroxide). Accordingly, all AgPd alloy samples had to be cycled in the potential region of Ag2O formation and reduction before the investigation of the EOR, in order to provide their catalytic activity towards the EOR.

Electrochemical deposition and characterization of AgPd alloy layers

The AgPd alloys were electrodeposited onto Au and glassy carbon disc electrodes from the solution containing 0.001 mol dm-3 PdCl2 + 0.04 mol dm-3 AgCl + 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl + 12 mol dm-3 LiCl under the non-stationary diffusion (quiescent electrolyte) and convective diffusion (? = 1000 rpm) to the different amounts of charge and at different current densities. Electrodeposited alloy layers were characterized by the anodic linear sweep voltammetry (ALSV), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The compositions of the AgPd alloys determined by the EDS were almost identical to the theoretically predicted ones, while the compositions obtained by XPS and ALSV analysis were similar to each other, but different from those obtained by EDS. Deviation from the theoretically predicted values (determined by the ratio jL(Pd)/j(Ag)) was more pronounced at lower current densities and lower charges of AgPd alloys electrodeposition, due to the lower current efficiencies for alloys electrodeposition. The ALSV analysis indicated the presence of Ag and Pd, expressed by two ALSV peaks, and in some cases the presence of the additional peak, which was found to correspond to the dissolution of large AgPd crystals, formed at thicker electrodeposits (higher electrodeposition charge), indicating, for the first time, that besides the phase structure, the morphology of alloy electrodeposit could also influence the shape of the ALSV response. In addition to Ag and Pd, the XPS analysis confirmed the presence of AgCl at the surface of samples electrodeposited to low thicknesses (amounts of charge).

Voltammetric determination of N-hydroxysuccinimide at conductive diamond electrodes.

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes were used to investigate the possibility of detecting N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) by linear sweep anodic voltammetry. By increasing the pH the peak potential corresponding to NHS oxidation gradually decreases, suggesting that the electroactive species are the deprotonated ones. An exponential enhancement of the peak current with increasing pH was also observed, indicating that the overall process involves OH--mediated regeneration of these species. The sweep rate effect, together with digital simulation, allowed ascribing the anodic peak to a mechanism consisting of a slow uptake of an electron from the deprotonated NHS species, followed by their catalytic regeneration through a fast chemical reaction. It was also found that in alkaline media the voltammetric response is suitable for analytical applications. A method was proposed for the determination of NHS in the concentration range 5 μM to 10 mM. The good analytical performance characteristics and the wide dynamic range of analytically useful response are also meaningful as they might come in useful in providing a basis for new, electrochemical, approaches for NHS quantification.

Effect of Fe and Co co-deposited separately with Zn-Ni by electrodeposition on ASTM A624 steel

A comparison between the Zn-Ni, Zn-Ni-Fe and Zn-Ni-Co coatings was performed in this study. The co-deposition process was obtained by electrodeposition on ASTM A624 steel using sulphate baths in acid media and low current density. The characterization of the coatings by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP OES), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Anodic Linear Sweep Voltammetry (ALSV) allowed a detailed analysis of the phases formed and its amounts in the coatings, which enabled to verify the influence of the Fe and Co co-deposited separately with Zn/Ni. The co-deposits showed different characteristics in relation to the deposition efficiency and film thickness, in addition of the topography and surface roughness, which were measured by a confocal optical microscope and of the hardness determined by an ultra-microhardness tester. Finally, the corrosion tests analyzed by open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) determined the corrosion characteristics of each co-deposit in saline solution. Results showed that Zn-Ni-Co was superior to the others co-deposits in relation to the deposit efficiency and corrosion protection, in contrast, the Zn-Ni-Fe coating showed uniformity and the greater compaction of the surface grains, resulting in lower roughness and higher hardness between the co-deposits studied.

Electrodeposited Pd and PdNi coatings as electrodes for the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol in alkaline media

Electrodeposition of Pd and PdNi coating samples of different thicknesses, depending on the coating composition and current efficiency, was achieved galvanostatically on the rotating Au disc electrode from the plating bath containing 0.01 M PdCl2 + 0.6 M NiCl2 + 2 M NH4Cl. Determination of the alloy coating composition was performed by the anodic linear sweep voltammetry (ALSV) analysis, as well as by the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The coating samples were tested for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in alkaline solution using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Among the CVs for the EOR of investigated samples, all alloy samples showed higher current densities for the EOR than pure Pd coating after correction for the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), actually the roughness factor (Rf). The current density increased with increasing the amount of Pd in the PdNi alloy. The most active one was found to be Pd0.74Ni0.26, with the current density of the forward peak being approximately 1.6, 1.8, and 3 times higher than that for Pd0.50Ni0.50, Pd0.28Ni0.72, and Pd, respectively. Improved catalytic activity of investigated binary coatings was achieved through the optimization of the Ni content and appropriate surface morphology.

The effect of pH of plating bath on electrodeposition and properties of protective ternary Zn–Fe–Mo alloy coatings

Abstract Ternary Zn–Fe–Mo alloy coatings electrodeposition in a sulphate bath with tri-sodium citrate in the pH range 4.8–6.0 was studied. The increase of the plating bath pH from 4.8 to 6.0 leads to the iron content increase from 1.5 up to 7.9 wt% and it is accompanied by a significant decrease in the current efficiency from 76 to 51%. It was demonstrated that molybdenum co-deposition starts at pH > 4.8, because binary Zn–Fe alloy coating without a significant amount of molybdenum was obtained from the plating solution at pH 4.8. The Mo content increases from 0.8 wt% at pH 5.1 to 2.7 wt% at pH 5.7 and 6.0. X-ray diffraction analysis as well as anodic linear sweep voltammetry measurements showed that within the considered plating solution pH range molybdenum modifies zinc microstructure to a very large extent. The deposited at pH 5.4–6.0 Zn–Fe–Mo coatings contain a solid solution of iron and molybdenum in zinc and probably FeZnx phase, where 6.67

Electrochemical behavior and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited nano-particles Zn-Co-Fe alloy

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to compare the electrodeposition behavior and corrosion resistance of ternary and binary alloys. Design/methodology/approach – Potentiodynamic polarization resistance measurement and anodic linear sweep voltammetry techniques were used for the corrosion study. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the deposits were examined using scanning electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively. The phase structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. Electrodeposition behavior was carried out using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic techniques. Findings – It was found that the obtained ternary alloy exhibited better corrosion resistance and a more-preferred surface appearance compared to the binary alloys that were electrodeposited under similar conditions. Research limitations/implications – The ternary alloy showed better anticorrosion properties compared to binary deposits that were electroplated successfully from the plating baths. The Zn-Co-Fe alloy could be used advantageously in industry because the ternary alloy exhibits the collective properties of the binary alloys in one alloy via the electrodeposition of Zn-Ni-Co alloy. Social implications – Increasing the corrosion resistance implies to social economic increases. Originality/value – To date, the electrodeposition of Zn-Co-Fe alloy was studied in only a small number of articles. It was found that the presence of Co or Fe could provide a useful coating on the steel that would reduce its susceptibility to corrosion attack.

An electrochemical study on the influence of sodium molybdate on electrodeposition process and phase composition of ternary Zn–Ni–Mo alloy coatings

Ternary Zn–Ni–Mo alloy coatings were deposited from a citrate-sulphate bath at pH 5.7 containing different amounts of sodium molybdate. The content of molybdenum in the coatings (from 0.3 to 5.2 at.-%) can be easily controlled by increasing sodium molybdate concentration in the plating bath from 0.0025 to 0.05 mol dm− 3, which results also in deposition of smoother deposits. An increase in molybdate concentration leads to the shift of reduction potentials towards more negative values and to the decrease in current efficiency of deposition process. XRD analyses and anodic linear sweep voltammetry (ALSV) measurements demonstrated that at least two phases are formed in the Zn–Ni–Mo alloy: a hexagonal zinc phase or solid solution of nickel in zinc and Ni5Zn21 intermetallic compound. Furthermore, the XRD analyses revealed a third phase, which could be assigned to the oxidised species of molybdenum or other alloying metals.

Optimized Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells Anodes

Efficient direct electro-oxidation of liquid fuels, such as methanol and formic acid for portable fuel cell applications, remains a challenge limiting commercialization. The major performance detractors are (1) the formation of strongly adsorbed reaction intermediates, (2) fuel crossover through the membrane depolarizing the cathode, and (3) mass transport for fast fuel delivery into the anode catalyst layer and gaseous product removal. Direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) have the advantage over direct methanol fuel cells in that it is possible for formic acid to be electro-oxidized via a direct non-strongly adsorbed reaction intermediate pathway.[1] In addition to being less susceptible to fuel crossover due to anionic repulsion of the polarized formic acid dipole by the anionicly charged sulfonic groups in the proton exchange membrane (PEM).[2] However, catalyst selection is pivotal for enhanced performance as show by the low onset of formic acid electro-oxidation in Fig 1 for bismuth decorated Pt/C catalyst layer. The bismuth at 54wt% coverage promotes the direct electro-oxidation pathway by the ‘third-body’ effect and adsorption in the CH-down orientation. Fig 1. Anodic linear sweep voltammetry (40°C) with 5M formic acid (2.5 ml min-1) at 10 mV sec-1 for catalyst layers of PtRu alloyed and Pt/C-Bi (54% of a monolayer). The next component of anode catalyst layer optimization is selective structuring. This will be done in two ways (i) ionomer content and (ii) catalyst layer porosity. Ionomer content (NafionTM) in the catalyst layer has thus far been probed from 20wt% - 40 wt%. Optimal performance ca. 32wt% NafionTM. It has been shown that DFAFC performance is strongly impacted by catalyst layer porosity via either swelling of the catalyst layer[3] or using a pore former to create larger pore structures in the catalyst layer[4]. The pore-forming templating agent selected for these initial studies was micron-sized lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), due to facile removal upon acid treatment.[5] Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge support of this work by the NSF-funded TN_SCORE program, NSF EPS-1004083, under Thrust 2 and the Center for Manufacturing Research at Tennessee Tech University.

Preparation and Characterization of Electrodeposited Cadmium and Lead thin Films from a Diluted Chloride Solution

Cd-Pb thin films were electrodeposited from a diluted chloride solution using stainless steel rotating disc electrode. The linear sweep voltammograms of the single metallic ions show that electrodeposition of these ions was mass transfer control due to the plateau observed for different rotations at concentration (50 and 200 ppm). The voltammograms of binary system elucidate that electrodeposition process always start at cathodic potential located between the potential of individual metals. Currents transients measurements, anodic linear sweep voltammetry (ALSV) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the electrocryatalization process and morphology of thin films. ALSV profiles show a differentiation for the dissolution process of individual metals and binary system. Two peaks of dissolution Cd-Pb film were observed for the binary system with different metal ion concentration ratios. The model of Scharifker and Hills was used to analyze the current transients and it revealed that Cd-Pb electrocrystalization processes at low concentration is governed by three – dimensional progressive nucleation controlled by diffusion, while at higher concentration starts as a progressive nucleation then switch to instantaneous nucleation process. AFM images reveal that Cd-Pb film electrodeposited at low concentration is more roughness than Cd-Pb film electrodeposited at high concentrated solution. Keywords: Electrodeposition, Anodic dissolution, Chronoamperometry, Cd-Pb thin film, Electrocrystalization

Anodic Oxidation of COads Derived from Methanol on Pt Electrocatalysts Linked to the Bonding Type and Adsorption Site

A newly formulated four-component modified Butler-Volmer model has been developed to evaluate global oxidation kinetic parameters for the various types of carbon monoxide adsorbates (COads) on a nanoparticle Pt surface determined by the type of bonding as well as the local structure of the adsorption site. Partial coverages of COads were prepared by potentiostatic adsorption of methanol followed by potentiostatic partial oxidation at various elevated potentials and for various durations. Anodic linear sweep voltammetry was then performed, and the COads oxidation peaks were fitted with the model to analyze the kinetics. According to the model, preferential oxidation with respect to COads bonding and Pt substrate structure can be achieved dependent upon the potential and extent of oxidation. Partial oxidation at 450mV vs. RHE for 60min. resulted in a majority population of linearly bonded COads on cubic-packed Pt sites; whereas partial oxidation at 650mV vs. RHE for 220sec. resulted in a majority population of bridged-bonded COads on close-packed Pt sites.

Corrosion resistance and electrodeposition behavior of electrodeposited nickel‐cobalt‐iron alloys

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the corrosion resistance and the electrodeposition behavior of electrodeposited nickel‐cobalt‐iron alloys. Also, to compare the electrodeposition of ternary nickel‐cobalt‐iron alloy from acidic sulfate bath onto a steel substrate with the characteristics of Co‐Fe electrodeposits.Design/methodology/approachThe investigation of electrodeposition was carried out using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic techniques, while potentiodynamic polarization resistance and anodic linear sweep voltammetry techniques were used for corrosion study. The phase structure was characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction analysis. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the deposits were examined by using scanning electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively.FindingsThe obtained results revealed that the Ni‐Co‐Fe alloys consisted of a mixture of iron (Fe10.8Ni) and (FeCo) phases. It was found that the obtained Ni‐Co‐Fe alloy exhibited a more‐preferred surface appearance and better corrosion resistance, compared to the Co‐Fe alloy that was electrodeposited under similar conditions.Practical implicationsNi‐Co‐Fe alloy was successfully electroplated from a sulfate bath. This alloy showed better anticorrosion properties compared to Co‐Fe deposits. The Ni‐Co‐Fe alloy could be used advantageously in industry, e.g. the automotive industry. The coating also has particular interest due to it is ability to exhibit stable magnetic properties.Originality/valueThe paper evaluates the effect of electrodeposition of the ternary alloy on the corrosion behavior of electroplated steel. To date, there has been little research on this issue. It was found that the presence of Ni could increase the corrosion resistance of steel.

Effect of pH and current density on the electrodeposition of Zn–Ni–Fe alloys from a sulfate bath

An investigation was done on the influences of current density and pH on the electrodeposition behavior of Zn–Ni–Fe alloys using a sulfate bath. The bath consisted of 0.1 M ZnSO4, 0.1 M NiSO4, 0.1 M FeSO4, 0.2 M Na2SO4, 0.2 M H3BO3, and 0.01 M H2SO4. The results of Zn–Ni–Fe alloys’ codeposition revealed that the significant inhibition of Ni and Fe deposition takes place because of the presence of Zn2+ in the plating bath. A transition current density was noticed above wherein a transition from normal to anomalous deposition took place. Bright and uniform surface appearance deposits of Zn–Ni–Fe were the results obtained at pH range 2–5, and the deposits showed high corrosion resistance. During the investigation, the usage of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic techniques for electrodeposition were utilized, while linear polarization resistance and anodic linear sweeping voltammetry techniques were used for the corrosion study. Characterization of morphology and the chemical composition of the deposits were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy.