Anode For Secondary Batteries Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Graphitization Characteristics in Bamboo and Oak Charcoals for Secondary Battery Anodes

When compared to natural graphite, artificial graphite has advantages such a longer cycle life, faster charging rates, and better performance. However, the process of producing it, which frequently uses coal, raises questions about the impact on the environment and the depletion of resources. Eco-friendly, wood-based graphite must be developed in order to solve these problems. This study assessed and investigated the characteristics of charcoals derived from bamboo and oak which were utilized to produce graphite. After heating to 1500 °C at 10 K/min, 86.87 wt% of oak charcoal and 88.33 wt% of bamboo charcoal remained, indicating a yield of more than 85% when charcoal was graphitized. Depending on the species of wood, different-sized pores showed different shapes as the graphitization process advanced, as revealed by SEM surface analyses. The carbon atoms seen in the XRD crystal development changed into graphite crystals when heated to 2400 °C, and the isotropic peaks vanished. Bamboo charcoal has a higher degree of crystallinity than other wood-based charcoals, such as oak charcoal, which is made up of turbostratic graphite, according to Raman spectroscopic research. Lithium-ion batteries employ bamboo charcoal as their anode material. At this point, the values for soft carbon were determined to be 196 mAh/g and for hard carbon to be 168 mAh/g at a current density of 0.02 A/g.

Alkali-etching Bi-MOF to create oxygen-deficient α-Bi2O3 nanobelt as high-capacity Ni-Bi battery anode

Bi2O3 has been recognized as a promising anode of aqueous secondary battery because of the high capacity, but the application is greatly hindered by the poor conductivity and limited actual capacity. Herein, for the first time, one dimensional (1D) α-Bi2O3 nanobelt is fabricated via alkali etching strategy using rod-shaped Bi-MOF (CAU-17) as the self-sacrificial template. Specifically, high-crystalline and oxygen-deficient α-Bi2O3 nanobelt with length and width of 6 μm and 300 nm are identified. The electrochemical results demonstrate the high specific capacity (247 mAh g−1@1 A g−1) and acceptable stability of α-Bi2O3 nanobelt. Such superior capacity is derived from the exposed electrochemical active sites, fast charge transfer and efficient ion diffusion in 1D high-crystalline and oxygen-vacancies enriched structure. The assembled Ni-Bi battery displays high capacity (78.3 mAh g−1) and high energy density of 100.2 Wh kg−1 (at power density of 2829.8 W kg−1). Our work provides rational guidance for architecting 1D high-capacitive electrodes for aqueous rechargeable alkaline battery.

Optimizing Hard Carbon Anodes from Agricultural Biomass for Superior Lithium and Sodium Ion Battery Performance.

Biomass-derived carbon materials are gaining attention for their environmental and economic advantages in waste resource recovery, particularly for their potential as high-energy materials for alkali metal ion storage. However, ensuring the reliability of secondary battery anodes remains a significant hurdle. Here, we report Areca Catechu sheath-inner part derived carbon (referred to as ASIC) as a high-performance anode for both rechargeable Li-ion (LIBs) and Na-ion batteries (SIBs). We explore the microstructure and electrochemical performance of ASIC materials synthesized at various pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 700 to 1400 °C. ASIC-9, pyrolyzed at 900 °C, exhibits multilayer stacked sheets with the highest specific surface area, and the least lateral size and stacking height. ASIC-14, pyrolyzed at 1400 °C, demonstrates the most ordered carbon structure with the least defect concentration and the highest stacking height and an increased lateral size. ASIC-9 achieves the highest capacities (676 mAh/g at 0.134 C) and rate performance (94 mAh/g at 13.4 C) for hosting Li+ ions, while ASIC-14 exhibits superior electrochemical performance for hosting Na+ ions, maintaining a high specific capacity after 300 cycles with over 99.5 % Coulombic efficiency. This comprehensive understanding of structure-property relationships paves the way for the practical utilization of biomass-derived carbon in various battery applications.

Co-synthesis and Electrochemical Investigation of the Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Layer with Metallic Nano Beads on the SiOx Anode for Lithium Secondary Batteries.

The high theoretical capacity (∼2000 mAh g-1) of silicon suboxide (SiOx, with 1 < x < 2) can solve the energy density issue of the graphite anode in Li-ion batteries. In addition, it has an advantage in terms of volume expansion or side reactions compared to pure Si or Li metals, which are considered as next-generation anode materials. However, the loading content of SiOx is limited in commercial anodes because of its low cycle stability and initial coulombic efficiency. In this study, a nitrogen-doped carbon layer with Cu beads (N-C/Cu) derived from copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) is applied to a SiOx electrode to improve its electrochemical performance. The SiOx electrode is simultaneously coated with a Cu- and N-doped carbon layer using CuPc. N-C/Cu synergistically enhances the electric conductivity of the electrode, thus improving its electrochemical performance. The SiOx/N-C/Cu composite has better cyclability and higher capacity (1095.5 mAh g-1) than the uncoated electrode, even after 200 cycles in the 0.5 C condition. In full-cell cycling with NCM811 cathodes, the SiOx (60 wt % of SiOx, with a n/p ratio of 1.1) and graphite-mixed (7.8 wt % of SiOx, with a n/p ratio of 1.1) anodes also show improved electrochemical performances in the same conditions.

Semi-Coherent Heterointerface Engineering via In Situ Phase Transition for Enhanced Sodium/Lithium-Ions Storage.

To improve ion transport kinetics and electronic conductivity between the different phases in sodium/lithium-ion battery (LIB/SIB) anodes, heterointerface engineering is considered as a promising strategy due to the strong built-in electric field. However, the lattice mismatch and defects in the interphase structure can lead to large grain boundary resistance, reducing the ion transport kinetics and electronic conductivity. Herein, monometallic selenide Fe3Se4-Fe7Se8 semi-coherent heterointerface embedded in 3D connected Nitrogen-doped carbon yolk-shell matrix (Fe3Se4-Fe7Se8@NC) is obtained via an in situ phase transition process. Such semi-coherent heterointerface between Fe3Se4 and Fe7Se8 shows the matched interfacial lattice and strong built-in electric field, resulting in the low interface impedance and fast reaction kinetics. Moreover, the yolk-shell structure is designed to confine all monometallic selenide Fe3Se4-Fe7Se8 semi-coherent heterointerface nanoparticles, improving the structural stability and inhibiting the volume expansion effect. In particular, the 3D carbon bridge between multi-yolks shell structure improves the electronic conductivity and shortens the ion transport path. Therefore, the efficient reversible pseudocapacitance and electrochemical conversion reaction are enabled by the Fe3Se4-Fe7Se8@NC, leading to the high specific capacity of 439mAhg-1 for SIB and 1010mAhg-1 for LIB. This work provides a new strategy for constructing heterointerface of the anode for secondary batteries.

Sustainable release of Mg(NO3)2 from a separator boosts the electrochemical performance of lithium metal as an anode for secondary batteries

A separator, which can sustainably release Mg(NO3)2 into the electrolyte to ensure dendrite-free and long cycling of lithium metal batteries, is reported. This method is simple and efficient.

Differential bonding behaviors of sodium/potassium-ion storage in sawdust waste carbon derivatives

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries, and thus have drawn intensive research attention. Porous carbon materials from different precursors have been widely used as anode materials owing to their compatible storage effectiveness of both larger radii sodium and potassium ions. However, the differential bonding behaviors of Na and K ions with porous carbon-based anode are the significant one worth investigating, which could provide a clean picture of alkali ions storage mechanism. Therefore, in this work, we prepare a porous carbon network derived from sawdust (SDC) wastes, to further analyze the differences on sodium and potassium ions storage behaviors in terms of bond-forming process. It is found that, as-prepared SDC anodes could deliver stable sodium and potassium storage capacities, however, there are notable distinctions in terms of electrochemical behaviors and diffusion processes. By virtue of ex-situ XRD and Raman spectroscopy, the phase transition reaction of potassium ions could be well-observed, and the results shows that the multiple intercalated compounds was formed in SDC network during ions insertion, further resulting in slower diffusion kinetics and larger resistance compared to non-bonded process of sodium ions storage. This study provides more insights into the differences between sodium and potassium ions storage, as well as the energy storage mechanism of porous carbon as anodes for secondary batteries.

Application of New COF Materials in Secondary Battery Anode Materials.

Covalent organic framework materials (COFs), as a new type of organic porous material, not only have the characteristics of flexible structure, abundant resources, environmental friendliness, etc., but also have the characteristics of a regular structure and uniform pore channels, so they have broad application prospects in secondary batteries. Their functional group structure, type, and number of active sites play a crucial role in the performance of different kinds of batteries. Therefore, this article starts from these aspects, summarizes the application and research progress of the COF anode materials used in lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and potassium-ion batteries in recent years, discusses the energy storage mechanism of COF materials, and expounds the application prospects of COF electrodes in the field of energy storage.

Li–Bi and Li–In alloys-based composite anode for lithium metal batteries

Lithium (Li) metal anode for high-energy-density secondary batteries has gained increasing attention in recent years due to its ultra-high specific capacity and the lowest redox potential. However, the Li anode suffers from severe issues including dimensional instability, Li dendrite growth, and low Coulombic efficiency (CE). In this work, a composite Li electrode (Li–Bi–In) with lithium–bismuth (Li–Bi) and lithium–indium alloys (Li–In) as the lithium host is fabricated to address the dimensional instability of the Li anodes. During Li stripping from the electrode, a porous structure composed of Li3Bi and Li13In3 alloys is formed and sustains the structural integrity. During Li plating, the Li3Bi alloy with high Young's modulus keeps stable, while the Li13In3 alloy with high lithiophilicity and ionic conductivity facilitates Li nucleation and uniform Li plating. Because of the synergistic effect of the two alloys, Li–Bi–In shows remarkable electrochemical performance. The symmetrical cell can stably cycle for more than 1200 h at a high current density of 5 mA cm−2. A full cell with Li–Bi–In anode and Li4Ti5O12 cathode stably runs for 200 cycles. This work provides a facile and effective strategy for fabricating lithium alloy-based composite anodes for lithium metal secondary batteries.

Inner–outer dual space protection of free-standing MoS2 anodes via electrospinning for stable lithium-ion storage

Although significant achievements in improving the stability of MoS2 anodes have been made, the cycling life in most studies is still less than 1000 cycles. This is because MoS2 anodes directly contact the electrolyte and generate byproducts, leading to the loss of active mass and capacity decay. Herein, the inner–outer dual space protection of MoS2 fibers is realized by regulating the surface and interface structure of electrospinning precursors (noted as X-MoS2/CNFs). Inside the fibers, Mo–N covalent bond is constructed to anchor the active material, preventing MoS2 from falling off the matrix after multiple cycles. Simultaneously, surface of the fibers, a stable solid electrolyte interface layer is induced to prevent contact between active materials and electrolytes. In addition, the initial Coulombic efficiency is enhanced as high as 84.4%. The profound investigations of morphological evolution and internal real-time resistance confirm the double structural protection of 800-MoS2/CNFs. As a result, a decent cycling performance (408.9 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 for 2000 cycles) and the satisfied rate capacities (100–1000 mA g−1) are achieved. This work provides a new idea for the preparation of stable anodes for alkali metal ion secondary batteries.

Synthesis of Carbon Nano Silicon Composites for Secondary Battery Anode Materials Using RF Thermal Plasma

Synthesis of Carbon Nano Silicon Composites for Secondary Battery Anode Materials Using RF Thermal Plasma

Ag Plumes Grown on Cu for Li-Lean Anode of High Energy Density Li-Metal Batteries

Li metal combines the advantages of low redox potential and high theoretical specific capacity, being an ideal candidate anode for high energy density secondary batteries. However, Li-metal anode tends to grow dendrites that are highly reactive to electrolyte and cause issues such as fast capacity decaying and safety risk. To address these issues, we propose a Li-lean anode featuring Ag plumes on Cu substrate. The Ag plumes are grown on Cu substrate by immersing Cu foil in AgF aqueous solution, and the Li-lean anode is fabricated by depositing Li on the grown Ag plumes. Thanks to the large specific surface area and the low Li depositing/stripping overpotential of the Ag plumes, the as-fabricated Li-lean anode allows the cell to match with LiFePO4 cathode with excellent cyclic stability. Compared with the bare Cu electrode, the as-fabricated Li-lean anode improves the capacity retention of the cell with a LFP loading of 0.4 mAh cm–2 from 9 to 81% after 300 cycles at 1 C between 2.0 and 4.0 V. The facile formation of Ag plumes makes it possible for high energy density Li-metal batteries to be applied in a large scale.

Mediating Lithium Plating/Stripping by Constructing 3D Au@Cu Pentagonal Pyramid Array

Lithium (Li) metal is perceived as the “holy grail” of anodes for secondary batteries due to its innate merits. Regrettably, the commercial application of Li metal anodes (LMAs) has been hampered by problems derived from the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites, which could result in formation of short-circuits, thereby leading to fatal safety accidents. Here, a three-dimensional lithiophilic gold (Au)-coated copper (Cu) pentagonal pyramid array (Au@CuPPA) is constructed on planar Cu foil via electrodeposition followed by a chemical reduction method. Owing to the features of the lithiophilic layer and 3D porous structure, the proposed Au@CuPPA can not only facilitate Li-ion migration and charge transfer, but also effectively diminish the nucleation overpotential. Consequently, an even and steady Li plating/stripping process for up to 460 h and with a charge capacity of 3 mAh cm−2 is accomplished by using the Au@CuPPA current collector. The Li@Au@CuPPA|LiFePO4 full cell achieves a high Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.4% for 150 cycles at 0.5 C with a capacity retention of 92.4%.

Probing the Mechanically Stable Solid Electrolyte Interphase and the Implications in Design Strategies.

The inevitable volume expansion of secondary battery anodes during cycling imposes forces on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The battery performance is closely related to the capability of SEI to maintain intact under the cyclic loading conditions, which basically boils down to the mechanical properties of SEI. The volatile and complex nature of SEI as well as its nanoscale thickness and environmental sensitivity make the interpretation of its mechanical behavior many roadblocks. Widely varied approaches are adopted to investigate the mechanical properties of SEI, and diverse opinions are generated. The lack of consensus at both technical and theoretical levels has hindered the development of effective design strategies to maximize the mechanical stability of SEIs. Here, the essential and desirable mechanical properties of SEI, the available mechanical characterization methods, and important issues meriting attention for higher test accuracy are outlined. Previous attempts to optimize battery performance by tuning SEI mechanical properties are also scrutinized, inconsistencies in these efforts are elucidated, and the underlying causes are explored. Finally, a set of research protocols is proposed to accelerate the achievement of superior battery cycling performance by improving the mechanical stability of SEI.

Advances in functional organic material-based interfacial engineering on metal anodes for rechargeable secondary batteries.

Metal anodes with the merits of high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential are promising candidates for the construction of high-energy-density rechargeable secondary batteries. However, metal anodes with high chemical reactivity are likely to react with traditional liquid electrolytes, leading to the growth of dendrites, side reactions, and even safety issues. In this case, metal plating/stripping electrochemistry is associated with an enhanced ion transfer rate and homogeneous ion distribution on the metal surface. Herein, functional organic material (FOM)-based interfacial engineering on metal anodes is systematically presented, focusing on the effects of forming uniform solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, homogenizing ion flux, accelerating ion transport, etc. This main content addresses the advances of FOMs in terms of SEI modification, 3D skeleton construction, and gel/solid-state electrolytes in multiple metal batteries, providing in-depth insights into the exploration of high-performance metal batteries. Moreover, other applications and outlooks for FOMs are further summarized, paying potential ways for the practical applications of FOM-based rechargeable secondary batteries.

N,S-Doped Porous Carbon Nanobelts Embedded with MoS2 Nanosheets as a Self-Standing Host for Dendrite-Free Li Metal Anodes.

Metallic Li is one of the most promising anodes for high-energy secondary batteries. However, the enormous volume changes and severe dendrite formation during the Li plating/stripping process hinder the practical application of Li metal anodes (LMAs). We have developed a sulfate-assisted strategy to synthesize a self-standing host composed of N,S-doped porous carbon nanobelts embedded with MoS2 nanosheets (MoS2 @NSPCB) for use in LMAs. In situ measurements and theoretical calculations reveal that the uniformly distributed MoS2 derivatives within the carbon nanobelts serve as stable lithiophilic sites which effectively homogenize Li nucleation and suppress dendrite formation. In addition, the hierarchical porosity and 3D nanobelt networks ensure fast Li-ion diffusion and accommodate the volume change of Li deposits during the plating/stripping process. As a result, a Li-Li symmetric cell using the MoS2 @NSPCB host operates steadily over 1500 h with an ultralow voltage hysteresis (≈24.2mV) at 3mA cm-2 /3 mAh cm-2 . When paired with a LiFePO4 cathode, the current collector-free LMA endows the full cell with a high energy density of 460Wh kg-1 and good cycling performance (with a capacity retention of ≈70% even after 1600 cycles at10C).

Ultra-small few-layered MoSe2 nanosheets encapsulated in nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers to create large heterointerfaces for enhanced potassium-ion storage

MoSe2 has recently attracted great interest in the development of high-performance potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) anode materials because of its high theoretical capacity. However, the practical application of MoSe2 in PIBs is still hampered by its low conductivity and large volumetric expansion upon cycling. In this work, ultra-small few-layered MoSe2 nanosheets are encapsulated in N-doped porous carbon nanofibers (N-PCNFs) by an electrospinning and in situ carbonization/selenization process to form MoSe2/N-PCNFs nanocomposites. The morphology of nanocrystalline MoSe2 is fine-tuned to maximize the heterointerfaces of dichalcogenide/carbon matrix that function as active sites for potassium-ion storage. Benefitting from the effective confinement of MoSe2 in the carbon matrix and the robust chemical bonds (CSe and CMo) formed at the heterointerfaces, the structure stability and charge transfer kinetics of MoSe2/N-PCNFs are significantly improved. Moreover, the one-dimensional structure of N-PCNFs accelerates ions/electrons-transfer kinetics. The optimized MoSe2/N-PCNF with a moderate MoSe2 content exhibits excellent electrochemical performance for PIBs. The electrochemical storage mechanism of MoSe2/N-PCNFs is investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction measurements. Density functional theory calculations verify the enhanced adsorption of potassium-ion and electron transport at the heterointerfaces. This work provides new insights into the design of MoSe2 based anodes for high-performance PIBs and other advanced secondary batteries.

Initial Stage of Galvanostatic Li Electrodeposition in PC Electrolyte

Lithium with an atomic number of 3 has a small electrochemical equivalent of 6.9 g per Faraday, and a standard electrode potential of -3.045 V, the lowest among metals. For this reason, batteries using lithium as the anode are lightweight and have a high operating voltage. Li/MnO2 batteries and Li/(CF) n batteries have been commercialized using lithium anode, but they are all primary batteries. Lithium metal anodes are prone to generate dendrite during charging. The key to their practical use as anodes for secondary batteries is whether or not dendrite formation can be suppressed. The success technique of dendrite suppression will be indispensable for not only the realization of liquid electrolyte type battery with high energy density such as Li-S batteries and Li-air batteries but also all solid-state lithium metal battery. Thus, it is urgently required to interdisciplinary accumulate our profound understanding of the lithium metal nucleation and growth phenomena.Since Li metal is conventionally electrodeposited in organic electrolytes because of electrochemical window restriction, Li deposition essentially accompanies the adsorption or decomposition of the organic species on the substrate and deposited Li metal. In galvanostatic or constant current electrolysis, the electrolyte decomposes prior to Li deposition and so-called SEI is formed. Therefore, the nucleation and growth of Li is naturally affected by the existence of SEI layer. Characteristics of SEI strongly influences the charge and/or mass transfer kinetics, which affects the nucleation and growth process followed by the morphological variations. Recent work revealed that Li deposition proceeded underneath SEI(1). Also, TEM observations indicated SEI microstructure(2) and the competitive deposition on tip and root of Li dendrite(3).In this study, constant current electrodeposition of Li was carried out in common organic electrolyte instead of ionic liquid(4) to focus on the effect of current density in the initial stage of the electrodeposition. The electrolyte composed of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and PC. A typical three electrode cell was used in Ar glove box (dew point < -90 ℃), varying current density, salt concentration and temperature. The working electrode was Ni wire 500 μm in diameter (Nilaco Corp.). It was coated with FEP fluoroplastic tube as a sleeve so that the portion in contact with the electrolyte was 10 mm in depth. A lithium foil (200 μm in thickness, Honjo Metal Co., Ltd.) was used as the counter electrode and the reference electrode. The cell was mounted in the temperature-controlled aluminum block. The working electrode was immersed in dimethyl carbonate to rinse the surface and dried in vacuum after electrochemical measurements, followed by XPS and UPS analysis, and SEM observation of deposits.Fig. 1 shows the potential behavior for 0 – 10 mC cm-2 immediately after starting at 0.04 - 60 mA cm-2. In all the current densities, the potential did not immediately jump into the equilibrium potential of Li. The coulomb quantity passing before Li precipitation decreases from 8 to 4 mC cm-2 as the current density increases under the lower current densities of 0.04 - 4 mA cm-2. On the other hand, under the higher current densities of 4 - 60 mA cm-2, it is about 4 mC cm-2 which does not change much with the current density. It is deduced that the SEI formed prior to Li precipitation under constant current conditions shows differences depending on the current density and there may be a transition point around 4 mA cm-2.The typical SEM images of the electrode surface after the electrolysis of 100 mC cm-2 at 0.2 and 8 mA cm-2 are demonstrated in Fig. 2. The appearance is quite different between lower and higher current densities. At 0.2 mA cm-2, both whiskers with several micrometers in length and granular precipitates of 300 - 400 nm in size can be seen. On the other hand, at 8 mA cm-2, no granular shapes are noticed and substantially only whiskers of around 500 nm in length are homogeneously distributed.Li nucleation and growth behaviors will be further examined to focus the effect of not only current density but also salt concentration and temperature. Nucleation & growth behavior of Li electrodeposited in PC electrolyte may be compared with conventional metal electrodeposition researches in aqueous solution system in order to find out any similarity or dissimilarity between both systems.References Jana, R. E. García, Nano Energy, 41, 552–565 (2017).Li, Y. Cui et al., Joule, 2, 2167−2177 (2018).Li, Y. Yu et al., Science, 358, 506–510 (2017).Nishida, K. Nishikawa, M. Rosso and Y. Fukunaka, Electrochim. Acta, 100, 333-341 (2013). Figure 1

Porous ZnO Nanosphere Inherently Encapsulated in Carbon Framework as a High-Performance Anode For Ni-Zn Secondary Batteries.

Nickel–zinc (Ni-Zn) secondary battery that is environmentally friendly and inexpensive has been regarded as a promising rechargeable battery system. However, the generation of deformation and dendrites of the traditional zinc anode during the cycling can cause capacity degradation and impede its practical application. Herein, we design a hierarchical ZnO nanosphere coated with an inherently derived ZIF-8 porous carbon shell (ZnO@CZIF-8) using a simple controllable method. The conductive carbon shell and porous ZnO core can provide more active sites, allow the fast transfer of electrons, and buffer the volume expansion of the electrode effectively. Benefiting from the synergistic effect amid the inherently ZIF-8–derived carbon shell and ZnO core, ZnO@CZIF-8 nanospheres exhibit a satisfying capacity of 316 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 after 50 cycles and an outstanding rate capacity when acting as the anode for a Ni-Zn secondary battery with merchant agglomerative Ni(OH)2 as the cathode. These results imply that the ZnO@CZIF-8 nanosphere is a hopeful anode for a high-energy Ni-Zn secondary battery.

Stable lithium anode enabled by biphasic hybrid SEI layer toward high-performance lithium metal batteries

Lithium (Li) metal has been proposed as the most promising anode for secondary lithium batteries with high energy density due to its considerable theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g−1) and lowest electrochemical potential (-3.04 V vs standard hydrogen electrode). However, the uncontrollable dendrite Li issues over repeated plating/stripping process results in huge volume change, low Coulombic efficiencies (CEs), and poor cycling performance. Here, a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer mainly consisting of biphasic hybrid Li3Sb and LiF has been successfully in situ constructed on Li surface by spontaneous chemical reaction between Li and SbF3. The modified SEI can induce Li ions depositing on the linked-particle layer resulting from the relative low lithium diffusion coefficient of SEI layer component. The Li/Li symmetric cells with SbF3-modified Li (SF-Li) anodes show stable cycling over 400 h at 3.0 mA cm−2 for 3.0 mAh cm−2. The Li-S batteries with SF-Li anodes and ether-based electrolyte can achieve steady long-term cycling performance and high CEs. Particularly, the high voltage LiCoO2 (LCO)/Li batteries with SF-Li anodes and carbonate-based electrolyte also deliver excellent electrochemical properties even at harsh conditions. This work offers a new strategy to regulate Li ion deposition and benefits for the further development of safe Li metal batteries (LMBs).