Anode Material For Sodium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Cu@MOF based composite materials: High performance anode electrodes for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries

In order to satisfy the increasing demand for energy, it is essential to improve the efficiency of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) batteries. Metal selenides (MSes) have a high theoretical specific capacity, can be designed in a variety of ways, conduct electricity well, can change morphology easily, and have a multi-electron reaction mechanism. These characteristics make them very competitive as anode materials for LIBs and SIBs. Herein, we synthesise Cu@MOF and Cu@NH2-MOF as the precursor to prepare Cu1.95Se embedded into porous carbon matrix (Cu1.95Se@PC) and porous-N-doped carbon matrix (Cu1.95Se@NPC) via pyrolysis process of Cu@MOF and Cu@NH2-MOF, respectively. Cu1.95Se@PC and Cu1.95Se@NPC electrodes for half-cell LIBs and SIBs exhibit a high reversible capacity of 313.1, 480.9 (for LIBs), 216.3 and 303.8 (for SIBs) mAhg−1after 1000 cycles at 2 A g−1, respectively. We assess the electrochemical performance of the Cu1.95Se@PC and Cu1.95Se@NPC anodes by integrating them with commercially available LiFePO4 (LFP) into full-cell LIBs. The LFP//Cu1.95Se@PC and LFP//Cu1.95Se@NPC full-cells have discharge capacities of approximately 330 and 293 mAh g−1 at 0.3 A g−1 at the initial cycle. In order to explore the sodium storage mechanism of the Cu1.95Se composites, we conducted an in situ XRD test during the first charge/discharge cycle, considering their favourable cycling and rate performance. Our work provides a promising anode electrode material for both half-cell LIBs and SIBs with high volume utilization and superior electrochemical performances.

Polar Molecule Intercalation to Weaken P2─S Bonding in MnPS3 Toward Ultrahigh-Capacity Sodium Storage.

Layered transition metal trithiophosphates (TMPS3, TM = Mn, Fe, Co, etc.) with high theoretical capacity (>1300 mAh g-1) are potential anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the strong bonding between P2 dimers and S atoms in TMPS3 hinders the efficient alloying reaction between P2 dimers and Na+, resulting in practical capacities much lower than theoretical values. Herein, a polar molecule diisopropylamine (DIPA) is intercalated into MnPS3 for the first time to improve the sodium storage performance effectively. Theoretical calculations show that the electron transfer between DIPA and MnPS3 induces more delocalized S p states and weaker P─S bonds, significantly enhancing the electrochemical activity and sodiation/desodiation reaction kinetics. Moreover, the expanded interlayer spacing from 6.48 to 10.75 Å enables faster Na+ diffusion and more active sites for Na+ adsorption. As expected, the DIPA-MnPS3 exhibits an ultrahigh capacity of 1,023 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 and excellent cycling performance (≈100% capacity retention after 4200 cycles at 10 A g-1), far outperforming those metal thiophosphates anodes reported for SIBs. Interestingly, in situ and ex situ characterizations reveal a quasi-topological intercalation mechanism of DIPA-MnPS3. This work provides a novel strategy for the design of high-performance anode materials for SIBs.

Grid-Like Structured Sb@DNC Anode by Self-Sacrificial Etching for Fast and Durable Sodium Storage.

Alloying-type materials are promising anodes for sodium storage due to high specific capacities and appropriate redox potentials, but their practical application is impeded by rapid capacity decay from volume change during sodium ion insertion/extraction. Hence, a dual-type N-doped carbon-confined antimony (Sb) nanoparticle (Sb@DNC, where DNC contains an outer N-doped carbon armor and an inner N-doped grid-like carbon skeleton) anode material is fabricated via a self-sacrificial etching strategy to address this challenge. Specifically, the dual-type N-doped carbon matrix can prevent the agglomeration and precipitation of Sb particles, increase a large number of reactive active sites, alleviate severe volume expansion/contraction, and construct a highly interconnected electron/ion transport network. Benefiting from the exquisite structure, the Sb@DNC electrode exhibits excellent cycling stability (2400 cycles at 1.0 A g-1) and astonishing high-rate performance (331.0 mAh g-1 at 10.0 A g-1). Additionally, the state-of-the-art in/ex situ technologies reveals the sodium storage mechanism of the "battery-capacitance dual-mode" and the origin of the ability to withstand continuous volumetric strain for the Sb@DNC electrode. Finally, the derived sodium-ion full cell presents outstanding practical potential. This work emphasizes the great significance of rational structural engineering strategies in the field of alloy-type anode materials for high-performance sodium-ion batteries.

Constructing a Functional Fast‐Ion Conductor Interface for Vertically Aligned Titanium Boride Nanosheets to Achieve Superior Sodium‐Ion Storage Performances

AbstractDesigning excellent anode materials to enhance the sluggish interfacial kinetics of Na+ is a key challenge in improving the electrochemical performance of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, an ultra‐thin fast‐ionic conductor NaB5C coating TiB2 nanoflowers with vertically aligned nanosheet arrays to form yolk–shell TiB2@NaB5C (TBNBC) nanospheres as an anode material for SIBs. The unique structure creates direct and short ion/electron transfer pathways and reserves enough space to prevent the uneven electrochemical reactions from TiB2 nanosheets aggregation and stacking, thus ensuring the long‐term cycling stability of SIBs. Additionally, the NaB5C coating with fast‐ionic conductor functional interphase provides rapid Na+ transport channels and effectively reduces the Na+ de‐solvation barrier, accelerating Na+ reaction kinetics. Furthermore, a homogeneous and robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film including inorganic boron species and fluorine‐rich inner layer is constructed on the TBNBC electrode to delocalize stress and induce a uniform Na+ flux, further promoting fast Na+ interphase reaction kinetics. Consequently, the optimized composites achieve ultrastable cycling performances of 173 mAh g−1 over 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1. More importantly, they also exhibit an outstanding capacity of 182.2 mAh g−1 at −20 °C. This work offers opportunities for the energy storage use of transition metal borides under extreme conditions.

Construction of an Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries with an Ultrastable Structure.

The reserves of sodium resources are much larger than those of lithium resources, and they are widely distributed and easy to produce and can be widely used in photovoltaic energy storage and other industries on the premise of this advantage. However, how to produce hard carbon anodes at a low cost for the preparation of energy storage materials requires continuous exploration and experimentation to find the optimal solution. Here, we used waste sour date shell biomass as a precursor for a hard carbon anode obtained by simple acid treatment and two pyrolyses. It is shown that acid washing after prepyrolysis has a significant effect on the electrochemical performance of the sour date shell-derived hard carbon (ZJ), constructing a stable structure that makes it easier for sodium ions to be embedded and dislodged, and the carbon particles are homogeneous and free of bonding and electrode cracking. The ZJ-1500-HCl pyrolyzed at 1500 °C has a high reversible capacity of 329.1 mAh g-1, 94.1% initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), 90.54% capacity retention efficiency cycling 300 cycles at a current density of 300 mA g-1, and a resistivity below 10 Ω. It has good cycle stability and a good multiplier performance. It is expected to be used in practical production and photovoltaic energy storage in the future.

The Research About Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries are replacing lithium-ion batteries due to their lower cost and more abundant resources. The sodium-ion battery anode, including carbon-based materials, alloy materials, and organic materials, plays a key role in improving battery performance but also faces problems such as poor conductivity, which limits sodium storage capacity attenuation and irreversible volume expansion. To solve these problems, researchers have proposed a variety of solutions, such as chemical activation, element doping, micro-nanostructure design, composite material preparation, surface coating application, and buffer medium introduction. This article summarizes these strategies and points out the direction of future research, including the development of innovative anode materials with better conductivity and sodium storage capacity, and improved manufacturing processes. Further research and development of sodium-ion batteries anode is expected to make important contributions to the new energy field.

Study on the hard carbon anode from different precursors for sodium ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are commonly utilized in power storage applications. It can be used as alternatives to lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the development of SIBs is restricted by anode materials due to the high redox potential and large irreversible capacity. As a common anode material of SIBs, hard carbon exhibits a substantial interlayer spacing and a excellent reversible specific capacity, while the properties and costs are affected by its precursors. This article mainly describes the sodium storage principle of hard carbon and compares the performances as well as modification methods of hard carbon produced from various precursors. The hard carbon basing on coal has the advantages of low cost due to the abundant reserves of coal precursors and low redox potential. Biomass-based hard carbon has natural pores which can assist the sodium ions transport in carbon materials. We further explain the effects of modification strategies such as heteroatom doping, activation treatment and mechanical ball milling on electrochemical properties of hard carbon. Finally, this paper recognizes the existing problems and corresponding solutions of materials made of hard carbon and looks forward to the future research focus on hard carbon materials.

Designing Tin and Hard Carbon Architecture for Stable Sodium‐Ion Battery Anode

The lack of anodes stability is one among key barriers to the widespread commercialization of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). This is attributed to graphite, a well‐known common anode material for a range of commercial batteries including lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), which limits the insertion of sodium (Na) ions due to their large ionic size. Tin (Sn) has shown its potential as a suitable anode material because it exhibits high capacities in conversion and alloying reactions. However, it endures significant volumetric expansion and slower reaction rates during sodiation. To overcome these challenges, this work presents a novel anode material for SIBs where a 2D layered architecture of Sn with a hard carbon (HC) buffer layer is engineered using physical vapor deposition technique. This novel anode (SnHT/HC) exhibits a high initial capacity of 470 mAhg−1 and an exceptional retention of 438 mAhg−1 after 3000 cycles at 0.2C, with 99 % Coulombic efficiency. SnHT/HC testing at varying fast charge and discharge C‐rate of 5C, 10C, 15C, and 50C has shown promising results. Better electron transport and reduced volumetric changes are perceived to enhance the overall performance of SnHT/HC electrodes.

1T′-MoSP monolayer as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries with ultrahigh storage capacity and ultralow diffusion barrier

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have gained significant attention due to the abundant availability and low cost of sodium. However, the search for high-performance anode materials remains a critical challenge in advancing SIB technology. Based on first-principles swarm-intelligence structure calculations, we propose a metallic 1T′-MoSP monolayer as an anode material that offers a remarkably high storage capacity of 1011 mA h g−1, an ultralow barrier energy of 0.04 eV, and an optimal open-circuit voltage of 0.29 V, ensuring high rate performance and safety. Additionally, the monolayer presents favorable wettability with commonly used SIB electrolytes. Even after adsorbing three-layer Na atoms, the 1T′-MoSP monolayer retains its metallic nature, ensuring excellent electrical conductivity during the battery cycle. These desirable properties make the 1T′-MoSP monolayer a promising anode material for SIBs.

A DFT Study of Band-Gap Tuning in 2D Black Phosphorus via Li+, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ Ions.

Black phosphorus (BP) and its two-dimensional derivative (2D-BP) have garnered significant attention as promising anode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices, including next-generation fast-charging batteries. However, the interactions between BP and light metal ions, as well as how these interactions influence BP's electronic properties, remain poorly understood. Here, we employed density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the effects of monovalent (Li+ and Na+) and divalent (Mg2+ and Ca2+) ions on the valence electronic structure of 2D-BP. Molecular orbital analysis revealed that the adsorption of divalent cations can significantly reduce the band gap, suggesting an enhancement in charge transfer rates. In contrast, the adsorption of monovalent cations had minimal impact on the band gap, suggesting the preservation of 2D-BP's intrinsic electrical properties. Energetic and charge analyses indicated that the extent of charge transfer primarily governs the ability of ions to modulate 2D-BP's electronic structure, especially under high-pressure conditions where ions are in close proximity to the 2D-BP surface. Moreover, charge polarization calculations revealed that, compared with monovalent cations, divalent cations induced greater polarization, disrupting the symmetry of the pristine 2D-BP and further influencing its electronic characteristics. These findings provide a molecular-level understanding of how ion interactions influence 2D-BP's electronic properties during ion-intercalation processes, where ions are in close proximity to the 2D-BP surface. Moreover, the calculated diffusion barrier results revealed the potential of 2D-BP as an effective anode material for lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and magnesium-ion batteries, though its performance may be limited for calcium-ion batteries. By extending our understanding of interactions between ions and 2D-BP, this work contributes to the design of efficient and reliable energy storage technologies, particularly for the next-generation fast-charging batteries.

Fabrication of a Stable and Highly Effective Anode Material for Li-Ion/Na-Ion Batteries Utilizing ZIF-12.

Transition metal selenides (TMSs) are receiving considerable interest as improved anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their considerable theoretical capacity and excellent redox reversibility. Herein, ZIF-12 (zeolitic imidazolate framework) structure is used for the synthesis of Cu2Se/Co3Se4@NPC anode material by pyrolysis of ZIF-12/Se mixture. When Cu2Se/Co3Se4@NPC composite is utilized as an anode electrode material in LIB and SIB half cells, the material demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance and remarkable cycle stability with retaining high capacities. In LIB and SIB half cells, the Cu2Se/Co3Se4@NPC anode material shows the ultralong lifespan at 2000 mAg-1, retaining a capacity of 543 mAhg-1 after 750 cycles, and retaining a capacity of 251 mAhg-1 after 200 cycles at 100 mAg-1, respectively. The porous structure of the Cu2Se/Co3Se4@NPC anode material can not only effectively tolerate the volume expansion of the electrode during discharging and charging, but also facilitate the penetration of electrolyte and efficiently prevents the clustering of active particles. In situ X-ray difraction (XRD) analysis results reveal the high potential of Cu2Se/Co3Se4@NPC composite in building efficient LIBs and SIBs due to reversible conversion reactions of Cu2Se/Co3Se4@NPC for lithium-ion and sodium-ion storage.

Nano ZnO modified amorphous carbon materials enabling long-cycle performance and high-capacity for lithium/sodium-ion batteries

Zinc-modified carbon materials exhibit high specific capacity, good safety, and low self-discharge, making them promising anode materials for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. However, the high cost of raw materials, complex fabrication processes, and limited cycle life remain significant challenges to their further development. In this study, we elucidated a two-step process, simple in technique and suitable for large-scale production, for in-situ zinc modification of amorphous carbon. The synthesized carbon material exhibited superior reversible specific capacity (maintaining 780.27 mAh·g−1 capacity after 80 cycles at 50 mA·g−1 current density), high cycling stability (maintaining Coulombic efficiency at 100.06 % after 15,000 cycles at 10 A·g−1 current density), and good application value (achieving a capacity of 89.67 mAh·g−1 after 1000 cycles at 200 mA·g−1 current density for the assembled MFAC-Zn || NVP full cell). Through our investigation, we discovered that Nano ZnO not only directly participate in electrochemical reactions but also effectively improve the microstructure of amorphous carbon, increasing its three-dimensional axial stacking and providing more reaction sites. The enrichment of open pores significantly enhances the diffusion efficiency of ions within the carbon-based matrix. The superior diffusion ability of alkali metal-ion in the electrode is the reason for the excellent electrochemical performance of Zinc-modified amorphous carbon. Moreover, the incorporation of Nano ZnO aids in the formation of a robust and thin SEI layer. This significantly enhances the stability of the electrode materials during cycling and improves charge transfer efficiency during the charge-discharge process. Our study provides a new strategy for adjusting the internal microstructure of amorphous carbon materials to achieve high-performance lithium/sodium storage.

Progress of research on carbon-based anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Progress of research on carbon-based anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Analysis of interlayer dependency of MoS2/g-C3N4 heterostructure as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries

In this present work, we explore the effectiveness of layered molybdenum disulfide (2H-MoS2) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) heterostructure as anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs) by using first principles analysis. To study the anode properties, we varied the interlayer distance between 2H-MoS2/g-C3N4 as 3Å, 6Å, 9Å,12 Å, and 14 Å between MoS2 as substrate and g-C3N4 as top layer. The fundamental properties, such as structural stability and electronic structure were analysed for the respective systems. The adsorption kinetics of Na ion on the g-C3N4 layer were analysed by performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand the adsorption mechanism better. Our results showed that the interlayer distance of 6 Å with formation energy of −4.31 eV, the theoretical specific capacity value of 765.32 mAhg−1, the average electrode potential is between 0.8 and 1.3 V and the adsorption energy of −2.16 eV is suitable for MoS2/g-C3N4 based anodes for Na ion batteries.

Sodium Storage Performance and Mechanism of MnO2 with Different Phase Structures (α, β, γ, δ) as Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

An in-depth understanding of the links between the phase structure and electrochemical property is crucial for the advancement of high-performance anode materials. Herein, the sodium storage performance and mechanisms of MnO2 with four distinct phase structures (α, β, γ, and δ) as anodes are systematically investigated. Among the four materials, the layered δ-MnO2 nanoflowers exhibit the best sodium storage performances, characterized by a specific capacity of 303.6 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at 200 mA g-1, cyclability of 247.3 mA h g-1 after 500 cycles at 1000 mA g-1, and high-rate performance of 184.5 mA h g-1 at 3000 mA g-1. Furthermore, δ-MnO2 shows the most pronounced pseudocapacitance behavior during discharge/charge processes among the four materials. Ex situ XRD and TEM analyses reveal that the sodium storage reactions of α-, β-, and γ-MnO2 proceed via a conversion reaction mechanism, while the sodium storage reaction of δ-MnO2 is controlled by an insertion/deinsertion mechanism. The findings presented in this study may offer insights into the structure regulation and performance promotion of MnO2-based anode materials for SIBs.

Design and Synthesis of Sb-Doped CuS@C Hollow Nanocubes as Efficient Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Battery.

Copper sulfide has received widespread attention for application as anode materials in sodium-ion batteries due to their potent capabilitiess and eco-friendly properties. However, it is a challenge to achieve a high rate capability and long cycle stability owing to the heterogeneous transfer of sodium ions during charge-discharge, the interior poor electron conductivity and repeated volumetric expansion of copper sulfide. In this study, Sb-doped copper sulfide hollow nanocubes coated with carbon shells (Sb-CuS@C) was designed and constructed as anode nanomaterials in sodium-ion batteries. Thanks to the intrinsic good electron conductivity and chemical stability of carbon shells, Sb-CuS@C possesses a higher overall electron transfer as anode material, avoids agglomeration and structural destruction during the cycling. As a result, the synthesized Sb-CuS@C achieved an excellent reversible capacity of 595 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g-1 and a good rate capability of 340 mA h g-1 at a higher 10 A g-1. DFT calculations clarify that the uniformly doped Sb would act as active sodiophilic nucleation sites to help adsorbing sodium-ion during discharging and leading uniform sodium deposition. This work provides a new insight into the structural and componential modification for common transition-metal sulfides towards application as anode materials in sodium-ion battery.

Innovative Multielement Modification of Pitch-Derived Two-Dimensional Carbon Nanosheets as Anodes for Superior Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries.

The development of advanced anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) using pitch-based carbon materials has the advantages of low cost, high electrical conductivity and easy structural modification. In this research, various well-established modification techniques for petroleum pitch are integrated, including the use of recrystallized NaCl as molten salt template, pretreatment and high-temperature carbonization under a pure oxygen atmosphere, and the introduction of heteroatoms (N and S) by hydrothermal methods. The resulting two-dimensional carbon nanosheets with multielement modification exhibit enhanced Na+ storage properties, thereby bringing higher cycling stability and superior rate performance. Due to its specific structure and chemical composition, NS-P-OPDC exhibited a high reversible capacity of 406.77 mAh g-1 at a current density of 100 mA g-1 and a superior rate performance of 193.20 mAh g-1 at a current density of 3 A g-1 after being applied to the anode of SIB half-cell. Especially, a capacity retention of 97.7% was still achieved after 4000 cycles. Meanwhile, the full-cell assembled by Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cathode and NS-P-OPDC anode could provide a reversible capacity of 235.30 mAh g-1 at a current density of 300 mA g-1. This application proves to advance petroleum pitch-based high-performance electrodes toward greater efficiency in electrochemical energy storage.

Synergistic Bimetallic Effects of BiSb Anodes Enable Long‐Stable Sodium Storage

AbstractAlloy‐type anodes are of interest for their resource‐rich and high theoretical capacity performance in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, severe volume expansion may lead to rapid capacity decay and electrode pulverization. In this work, metallic Bi with better structure stability is rationally selected as a skeleton to form a 2D BiSb alloy to alleviate the volume expansion. Interestingly, by combining in‐situ XRD and ex‐situ TEM characterizations, a reversible multi‐step alloying sodium storage mechanism of BiSb ↔ Na(Bi, Sb) ↔ Na3(Bi, Sb) in Bi0.4Sb0.6 anode is elucidated, and the partial amorphization and expanded interlayer spacing of BiSb alloy is also revealed, which greatly alleviate volume expansion thereby enhancing electrochemical stability. Furthermore, density functional theory and kinetic calculations demonstrate that Bi0.4Sb0.6 demonstrates lower Na+ adsorption energy and Na+ diffusion energy barriers, ensuring fast electron and ion transportation during sodium storage. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of binary alloy, Bi0.4Sb0.6 exhibits a high reversible capacity and cycling stability of 446 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and 70% high capacity after 1100 cycles at 0.5 A g−1. This work provides new insights and opportunities to develop advanced precise alloy‐type anode materials for SIBs.

Optimized architectural engineering and interface modulation in metallic-phase selenide for exceptional sodium-storage performance

Transition metal selenides (TMSs) exhibit promise as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high specific capacity and diverse electronic properties. However, practical implementation faces challenges such as structural deterioration, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) instability, and diminished coulombic efficiency, especially at the nanoscale. Here, we introduce a novel approach that combines surface engineering of Fe3Se4 with an interface engineering strategy (Fe3Se4@NC) to effectively address these issues. By incorporating engineered void spaces and an electrolyte-blocking layer within micrometer-sized secondary clusters, Fe3Se4 nanoparticles gain the ability to expand and contract freely during cycling, thereby preserving interparticle connections and enhancing the structural integrity. The synergy of surface engineering with a nitrogen-doped carbon layer and interface engineering through electrolyte modulation leads to an outstanding 95.1 % initial Coulombic efficiency in the Fe3Se4@NC electrode. Even after 2000 cycles at 5 A g−1, the electrode retains over 89.2 % of its initial capacity with an average specific capacity of 450 mAh g−1. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shed light on the structural evolution and sodiation dynamics during charge/discharge process. Experimental investigations and DFT calculations provide a comprehensive understanding of the SEI composition and the structural stability of the composite.

Structure-directing agent mediated synthesis of SnS2 coupled with UltrapheneTM as highly stable anode material for sodium-ion battery

Sodium-ion battery (SIB) with abundant resources has been intensively developed as the efficient energy storage device. Tin disulfide (SnS2) is one of the attractive anode materials due to its high capacity and two-dimensional structure. Nevertheless, volume expansion and low conductivity result in the poor rate performance and stability. In this study, three strategies are applied to design efficient SnS2-based anode materials for the SIB. Two precursor solvents of deionized water (DIW) and ethanol and one structure-directing agent of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) are incorporated to synthesize SnS2. The commercial UlrapheneTM is further mixed with SnS2 to design composites (U/s-SnS2) with different ratios. The optimal SnS2 and U/s-SnS2 anodes respectively show the specific capacities of 187.7 and 326.3 mAh/g at 1.6 A/g. After 100 cycles, the U/s-SnS2 anode still attains specific capacities of 308.7 and 438.9 mAh/g at 1.0 and 0.1 A/g corresponding to capacity retentions of 74.5% and 80.1%, respectively. The excellent rate performance and cycling stability of the U/s-SnS2 anode are attributed to the smaller charge-transfer resistance and the larger Na+ diffusion coefficient. This work successfully brings a blueprint for adopting several useful strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of SnS2. The effects for all parameters are also carefully explained.