Annual Production Volume Research Articles

Men’s Shirt in the Assortment of Embroidery Industry of Post-War Ukraine (1945–1949)

The purpose of the article is to characterize the functioning peculiarities of the embroidery industry of post-war Ukraine (1945–1949) exemplified by men’s embroidered shirts produced by artistic artels in Vinnytsia. The archival fund of the Vinnytsia Interregional Artistic Industrial Union serves as the primary source base for the research. It is emphasized in the published work on the fact that after the Second World War because of the lack of money for the restoration of all industrial production, the Soviet government has relied on the manual labour of cooperative artisans to ensure the production of widely used items. In particular, the embroidery industry has to produce clothes. The dynamics of production volume growth, assortment, cost and geography of distribution of men’s shirts is shown within one regional union of artistic artels. Several factors contributing to their popularity in the USSR are revealed: a) since the planned economy in Ukraine has a fixed specialization in the embroidery industry, therefore its products are distributed throughout the Soviet Union; b) the annual production volume is quite significant; c) simplicity of cut and its cost-effectiveness have made shirts competitive against factory-produced goods; d) using precious fabrics (silk and marquisette) has made embroidered shirts prestigious; e) the aesthetic appeal and brightness of the products have diversified men’s wardrobe; f) the trendsetting role of Mykyta Khrushchev has influenced the party-Soviet nomenclature elite, as well as affluent individuals who can afford prestigious items. Men’s embroidered shirts are more popular at this stage than women’s.

Techno economic analysis of the production of potato powder applying potato starch purification system in Japan

To implement the technology for producing potato powder, significant investment is required. This study evaluated the techno-economic feasibility of the dried potato powder production process, based on a scenario developed in a starch plant process in Japan. The simulation was performed with SuperPro Designer® software. The annual production volume and the unit production cost were estimated to be 15,786,585 kg and 1056 Japanese yen/kg, respectively. According to economic evaluation indicators—the gross margin, return on investment, payback time, internal rate of return, and net present value (at a 7% interest rate)—the scenario was profitable and investment worthwhile. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of the variable parameters (the purchasing price of raw potatoes, the selling price of potato powder, and labor and electricity costs) on the net present value (at the 7% interest rate). The analysis suggested that the purchasing price of raw potatoes and the selling price of potato powder had particularly large impacts on the net present value.

New combined absorption/1H NMR method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of PET degradation products

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a very valuable and beneficial material for industrial purposes, with various different applications. Due to the high annual production volume of over 50 million tons worldwide and the indiscriminate disposal by consumers, the polymers accumulate in the environment, causing negative effects on various ecosystems. Biodegradation via suitable enzymes represents a promising approach to combat the plastic waste issue so validated methods are required to measure the efficiency and efficacy of these enzymes. PETase and MHETase from Ideonella sakaiensis are suitable enzymes needed in combination to completely degrade PET into its environmentally friendly monomers. In this project, we compare and combine a previously described bulk absorbance measurement method with a newly established 1H NMR analysis method of the PET degradation products mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid and terephthalic acid. Both were optimized regarding different solvents, pH values and drying processes. The accuracy of the measurements can be confirmed with sensitivity limits of 2.5–5 µM for the absorption method and 5–10 µM for the 1H NMR analysis. The combination of the described methods therefore allows a quantitative analysis by using bulk absorption coupled with a qualitative analysis through 1H NMR. The methods established in our work can potentially contribute to the development of suitable recycling strategies of PET using recombinant enzymes.

A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TOWARDS THE PALM OIL INDUSTRY

Environmental, social, and policy issues have presented numerous obstacles affecting the production, product quality, development, and business operations of the palm oil industry. This paper presents a systematic review of past literature to identify significant environmental issues and challenges faced by the palm oil industry to comprehend their impact on palm oil production, quantity, and quality. The PRISMA protocol was used, which resulted in eight articles for further review. These articles reported that climate change, a lack of land resources, and palm oil plantation diseases have been hampering the operation and production processes within the palm oil industry. These environmental issues have resulted in negative effects such as decreased palm oil quantity and quality, deteriorated palm oil grade, and reduced annual production volume. Addressing these environmental threats requires joint efforts from the government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the community.

Intelligent Algorithm-Driven Product Design Process Optimization: Intelligent Transformation of Product Design Processes

Abstract In this study, the Petri net model is initially employed to establish a framework for the product design process, subsequently enhanced by the integration of an ant colony algorithm to augment the intelligent capabilities of product design. Further refinement is achieved through the incorporation of a genetic algorithm, which optimizes the model by aligning the product design challenges more closely with real-world scenarios. This paper introduces a bespoke ant colony optimization algorithm tailored for discrete variable-oriented product design, focusing on optimizing the size and structural topology of products. A test enterprise is selected to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach. The analysis is conducted using a real case analysis method, assessing impacts on product manufacturing costs and input-output efficiency. Results from the implementation show a substantial reduction in the overall cost of intelligent product design by 15.819%. Following the adoption of smart product design strategies in 2017, there was a notable reduction in capital investment, amounting to 267,345,000 yuan, while maintaining the initial annual production volume. Over the period from 2016 to 2020, the employment of design engineers decreased by an average of 3,815 daily without compromising performance levels. The application of intelligent product process design not only achieved optimal input-output efficiency but also underscored the success of intelligent transformation in the product design process.

Basic research and clinical innovative treatment in patients with sudden mass phosgene poisoning

Phosgene is not only a dangerous asphyxiating chemical warfare agent, but also an important chemical raw material, which is widely used in chemical production. According to statistics, there are more than 1 000 phosgene production enterprises in China, with an annual production volume of more than 3 million tons and hundreds of thousands of employees. Therefore, once the leakage accident occurs during production, storage and transportation, it often causes a large number of casualties. In the past 20 years, phosgene poisoning accidents in China have occurred from time to time, and due to the weak irritation, high density, and high concentration of phosgene at the scene of the accident, it often results in acute high-concentration inhalation of the exposed, triggering acute lung injury (ALI), and is very likely to progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with a mortality rate up to 40%-50%. In view of the characteristics of sudden, mass, concealed, rapid and highly fatal phosgene, and the mechanism of its toxicity and pathogenicity is still not clear, there is no effective treatment and standardized guidance for the sudden group phosgene poisoning. In order to improve the efficiency of clinical treatment and reduce the mortality, this paper has summarized the pathophysiological mechanism of phosgene poisoning, clinical manifestations, on-site treatment, research progress, and innovative clinical therapies by combining the extensive basic research on phosgene over the years with the abundant experience in the on-site treatment of sudden mass phosgene poisoning. This consensus aims to provide guidance for the clinical rescue and treatment of patients with sudden mass phosgene poisoning, and to improve the level of treatment.

Effect of a new sustainable cooling system used during firming and brining on the microbiological, chemical, and sensory characteristics of buffalo mozzarella cheese.

The cooling applied during the firming and brining processes represents an important production step in mozzarella cheese-making. The temperature fluctuations of the cooling water can negatively affect the hygiene, composition, and quality of mozzarella. Some sustainable cooling systems can minimize this problem by using hot process fluids as heat sources to generate refrigerated energy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a new cooling system equipped with a water-ammonia absorption chiller (MA) on the characteristics of buffalo mozzarella through a comparative study with products cooled with a traditional ice water chiller (MT). The buffalo mozzarella cheese manufacture was monitored, and the samples were analyzed for chemical, nutritional, microbiological, and sensory characteristics. The MT samples showed an overall weight loss of 7.4% compared to an average of 2.8% for the MA samples. The MT samples were characterized by greater sapidity than the MA ones, which instead showed a higher moisture content that increased juiciness. The microbiological analysis showed a lower concentration of mesophilic bacterial load in the MA samples than in the MT ones [difference of 1 Log (CFU/g)], which is probably due to the low and constant temperatures that reduced the permanence time of the mozzarella in the vats (firming and brining). This study represents a preliminary positive evaluation of the use of this sustainable cooling system for mozzarella cheese, which is useful for dairy plants with an annual cheese production volume sufficient to justify the operating cost of the plant and the annual energy cost.

Push and Pull Hybridization Manufacturing Strategy in Medical Diagnostic Equipment Industry

Abstract: The global manufacturing industry employs two main strategies for production: push and pull manufacturing systems. Each strategy has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. However, in this paper, a hybrid push and pull system model is proposed, aiming to capitalize on the strengths of both strategies while mitigating their weaknesses. The proposed model specifically focuses on the medical diagnostic equipment industry, where the annual production volume is relatively low, typically under 200 products. The objective of the proposed model is to improve various aspects of the production system compared to the current approaches used in the industry. These improvements primarily revolve around optimizing production line efficiency, reducing the lead time between customer orders and product delivery, and enhancing overall productivity. By incorporating elements from both push and pull systems, the hybrid model aims to achieve these goals more effectively. The results of the study indicate that the proposed hybrid model outperforms the existing production system in terms of time optimization in the production line, minimizing the lead time between customer orders and product delivery, and increasing the productivity of the production line. These findings suggest that the hybrid model can offer significant advantages and improvements over traditional production approaches in the medical diagnostic equipment industry.

Post-Pandemic Steel Production Scenarios for Poland Based on Forecasts of Annual Steel Production Volume

Abstract The paper presents the results of forecasts made for the volume of steel production in Poland based on actual data for the period from 2006 to 2021 with forecasting until 2026. The actual data used for the forecasts included annual steel production volumes in Poland (crude steel) in millions of tons. Basic adaptive methods were used to forecast the volume of steel production for the next five years. When selecting the methods, the course of the trend of the studied phenomenon was taken into account. In order to estimate the level of admissibility of the adopted forecasting methods, as well as to select the best forecasts, the errors of apparent forecasts (ex post) were calculated. Errors were calculated in the work: RMSE Root Mean Square Error being the square root of the mean square error of the ex-post forecasts yt for the period 2006-2021; ? as the mean value of the relative error of expired forecasts y*t (2006-2021) – this error informs about the part of the absolute error per unit of the real value of the variable yt. Optimization of the forecast values was based on the search for the minimum value of one of the above-mentioned errors, treated as an optimization criterion. In addition, the value of the point forecast (for 2022) obtained on the basis of the models used was compared with the steel production volume obtained for 3 quarters of 2022 in Poland with the forecast for the last quarter. Forecasting results obtained on the basis of the forecasting methods used, taking into account the permissible forecast errors, were considered as the basis for determining steel production scenarios for Poland until 2026. To determine the scenarios, forecast aggregation was used, and so the central forecasts were determined separately for decreasing trends and for increasing trends, based on the average values of the forecasts obtained for the period 2022-2026. The central forecasts were considered the baseline scenarios for steel production in Poland in 2022-2026 and the projected production volumes above the baseline forecasts with upward trends were considered an optimistic scenario, while the forecasted production volumes below the central scenario for downward trends were considered a pessimistic scenario for the Polish steel industry.

Pyroprocessing unit cost estimation for a commercial facility using PRIDE actual costs in Korea

This study presents the process unit cost for a pyroprocessing commercial facility with an annual 400-ton production volume. The pyroprocessing unit cost was calculated as 1723 USD/kgHM. There are mainly-three elements in the cost of the pyroprocess: capital investment, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning and disposal. It is proven that the operation and maintenance cost is the key cost driver, taking up approximately 77% of pyroprocessing costs. This cost is the value estimated based on the actual cost of the PyRoprocess Integrated inactive DEmonstration (PRIDE) facility, which the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute is currently operating. Accordingly, accuracy level and reliability are judged to be higher than the pyroprocessing unit cost estimated with the engineering estimation method based on the conceptual design published in the existing literature. In addition, the accurate pyroprocessing unit cost will determine the economic viability of the reprocessing option for sustainable nuclear power generation.

Analysis of Load Matching and Grid Interaction of a Zero Energy Building

Zero energy buildings apply energy efficiency measures and renewable energy systems to maintain a zero energy consumption balance over a specific time. Renewable energy systems installed in zero energy buildings produce energy to cover their energy demand, and the surplus energy can be transmitted to the grid. Conversely, the building can receive power from the grid when the energy consumption is greater than the energy production. However, the greater fluctuation of transmitted and received power in the transfer process results in lower grid stability. Therefore, for zero energy buildings, it is necessary to evaluate the load matching rate and power transmission between the building and the grid. However, in the case of zero-energy building certification in Korea, it is impossible to evaluate the load matching rate because it only considers the building's annual energy consumption and production volume. This study investigated the energy balance of a zero energy building-certified case in terms of load matching and grid interaction evaluation indicators. Based on the results, the Load Cover Factors (LCF) analyzed at intervals of 10 minutes, 1 day, and one month were 0.421, 0.929, and 0.996, and, correspondingly, the Supply Cover Factors (SCF) were 0.228, 0.544, and 0.536 under the same analysis conditions. In addition, the variabilities of the amount of transmitted and received power were confirmed to be 0.203, 0.286, and 0.305, respectively.

Research on Bayer Red Mud Slurry Electrolysis.

The Bayer red mud is the solid waste generated during the production of alumina by the Bayer process. At present, the stock of red mud in China exceeds 1.1billion tons, covering an area of more than 120,000 mu, and the annual production volume is increasing by 100million tons. The comprehensive utilization of red mud is still a difficult problem. Therefore, it is of great significance to actively explore new methods for removing sodium from red mud. In this study, the traditional red mud desalination process and the slurry electrolysis process are combined, and the influence of three different leaching agents on the leaching and sodium removal of red mud slurry in the presence of an electric field is explored. In the slurry electrolysis experiment, it was found that the sodium removal rate obtained by different leaching agents was CaO > CaCl2 > HCl. The red mud leached with pure dilute hydrochloric acid has the highest Na removal rate, which is 93.11%. In view of this situation, a pre-slurry-electrolysis cycle process with HCl as leaching agent was proposed. The core of slurry electrolysis is electrolyzing NaCl solution, and HCl only participates in the process as circulating medium. The design of this process reduces cost and increases efficiency.

Camels, Camel Milk, and Camel Milk Product Situation in Kenya in Relation to the World

Kenya is the leading camel milk producer globally, with an annual production volume of 1.165 MMT, followed by Somalia (0.958 MMT) and Mali (0.271 MMT). In Kenya, pastoral tribes in North-Eastern parts rear about 4.722 million camels accounting for about 80% of all camels. Camels offer locals various benefits, including transportation of goods across the deserts, meat, fur, and milk. Camel milk contains natural therapeutically and immunity-boosting properties due to the higher concentration of lactoferrin, lactoglobulins, and lysozyme than bovine milk. Camel milk has been shown to have hypoallergenicity properties compared to bovine milk. Camel and human milk are similar in nutritional composition and therapeutic properties. Camel milk is known to fight various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, autism, hypertension, and skin diseases. Despite the standing of Kenya in the world in terms of camel milk production, Kenya lags considering the camel milk products, industries, and marketing. This paper reviews recent literature on camels and camel milk production trends in Kenya in relation to the world. The review also discusses various camel milk properties (nutritional and therapeutic) as well as the camel milk sector situation in Kenya.

Industrial Production of Organophosphate Flame Retardants (OPFRs): Big Knowledge Gaps Need to Be Filled?

Since the phase-out of traditional halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), interests of research are gradually being shifted to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and this can be reflected by the increasing number of publications on OPFRs year by year. Here, an extensive survey is conducted in an attempt to generate a list of OPFRs that are being produced in factories, and to investigate the annual production volume (APV). This survey suggests that at least n = 56 OPFR monomers and n = 62 OPFR mixtures are being currently produced in 367 factories around the world, and 201 out of them are in Mainland China. APV of OPFRs was estimated as 598,422 metric tons, and this number could be underestimated due to the limitation of available information. We also notice that current researches are confined to a limited number of OPFRs, especially for OP esters (OPEs), and other OPFRs with different structures from OPEs has been rarely studied. Based on all the collected datasets, we provide five recommendations for how to proceed with future research to more comprehensively understand the currently-produced OPFRs in the environment.

Cover Picture: Geomechanics and Tunnelling 6/2021

AbstractThe Borth underground salt mine with an annual production volume in the range of 2 m t of halite is amongst the largest underground mines in Central Europe. All mined halite is transported to the central hoisting shaft with belt conveyor systems. To ensure a safe and efficient operation of the main conveyor belt, precautionary support measures in geotechnically stressed areas of various stopes were necessary. For the rehabilitation measures, an innovative anchoring system was applied using 3.7 to 5.7 m long hollow bar anchors which were first anchored mechanically in a borehole, pre‐stressed and then fully grouted with resin.

Science Interventions for Sustainable Marine Products Production: The Case of Sardines and Seaweeds

This paper presents two cases of scientific interventions to address pressing sustainable production of marine products in the Philippines such as the sardine fishery and seaweed production. The Philippine sardine fishery accounts for about 25% of commercial and 11% of municipal fisheries. Due to dwindling catch, the biology, ecology, fish catch and environmental factors were investigated in Northern Zamboanga Peninsula where upwelling during the northeast monsoon supports a significant sardine population. The study resulted in a resource management program that remains adaptive and spatially explicit to ensure sustainability of the sardine fishery. On the other hand, the Philippine seaweed production contributes about 50% of the annual fishery production volume, of which 70% comes mainly from carrageenophytes or carrageenan-bearing seaweeds. Production of these seaweeds made the Philippines the world’s top supplier of the raw dried seaweed for carrageenan production until 2007 after which seaweed production for the carrageenan industry placed second only to a neighboring country. Government agencies and academic institutions, thus, initiated studies to improve the productivity of this marine plant. For sustainability, tissue culture techniques were developed, and gene and seedlings banks were established in strategic parts of the country to ensure continued supply of quality seaweed seedlings to the farmers. Philippine standard specifications for raw material and carrageenan were formulated to comply with international standards. Continued science interventions to marine fishery industries are called for and should be intensified to promote further the country’s progress.

Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins Have Reached the Arctic

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) were analyzed in marine wildlife from Greenland, Iceland, and the Swedish west coast. CPs up to C29 were detected in the samples from the Arctic, indicating long-range transport of an industrial chemical group with a 2-million-ton annual production volume. CP concentrations were generally higher in biota from the Swedish west coast. The Sweden/Arctic concentration ratios for very-short-chain (vSCCPs, C<10), short-chain (SCCPs, C10–13), medium-chain (MCCPs, C14–17), and long-chain CPs (LCCPs, C>17) in cetacean and bivalve species were in the range of 3.6–150, 5–29, 3–11, and 11–450, respectively. For the first time, fetal accumulation of four CP classes was found, whereby concentrations were 3.4 to 4.5 times lower in the fetus relative to the pregnant female minke whale. Cetacean blubber contained a higher proportion of higher chlorinated CPs compared to muscle tissue, while muscle contained higher lipid-normalized concentrations of longer chain CPs than blubber tissue. LCCPs predominated (52% of total CPs) in the muscle of a killer whale from Swedish waters, which is the first report where concentrations of LCCPs surpassed those of other CPs in marine mammals. This study shows that, like other CP classes, LCCPs are Arctic contaminants that may adversely affect biota in this remote region.

Conversion of brewers' spent grain into proteinaceous animal feed using solid state fermentation.

Brewers' spent grain (BSG) represents the 85% of the total residue produced during the beer brewing process, with a global annual production volume exceeding 30 Mtons. The current study concerns the application of solid state fermentation (SSF) as a bioprocess where the nutritional value of BSG is improved for further use as animal feed with increased value. The investigated SSF procedure was initiated by the edible fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, which constitutes a natural source of proteins, β-glucans, and various metabolites (vitamins, nutrients, etc.). Herein, the SSF of BSG resulted in a significant increase of protein content by 49.49%, a 10-fold increase of 1,3-1,6 β-glucans, and a respective reduction of cellulose by 11.42%. The application of this method is expected to provide some useful information on the utilization of BSG as substrate for fungi-initiated SSF, a bioprocess allowing the significant reduction of the environmental impact caused by the beer brewing industry and simultaneously producing animal feed with higher protein content and improved nutritional characteristics. Such studies contribute to confront the unavailability of proteinaceous animal feed observed in the last decade.

Cost and price projections of synthetic active materials for redox flow batteries

Synthetic organic and organometallic active materials for flow batteries offer a large design space in terms of solubility, redox potential, kinetic activity, and stability. Price is also a key metric. Here we focus on the estimated cost of manufacturing and sales price for synthetic organic negolytes based on anthraquinones and posolytes based on ferrocyanides. We find that derivatives of anthraquinones with simple production processes have an estimated sales price of ~25 $/kWh at an annual production volume of ~10 GWh/y. We also considered contract manufacturing of AQDS at ~200 MWh/y for early-stage commercialization; this results in an estimated sales price of ~40 $/kWh. We find that ferrocyanides, produced in a variety of ways and with several different cations, also result in an estimated sales prices of ~25 $/kWh at ~10 GWh/y. Because low-cost precursors and simple processing result in a couple price of ≥50 $/kWh for synthetic reactants, research should focus on active material equivalent weights of <100 g/eq, an average cell potential of >1.5 V, the avoidance of organic solvents, and precursors that cost no more than a few $/kg. It is also clear that integration with existing production of upstream precursors is the preferred route to cost-effective synthetic active materials.

Cost Projections of Synthetic Active Materials for Redox Flow Batteries

Inexpensive electrical-energy storage is critical for successful transformation of the electric grid [1]. Redox-flow batteries (RFBs) possess compelling attributes for cost-effective grid-scale storage [2]. Aqueous-soluble organics and organometallics have recently received attention as high-performance, non-flammable, non-toxic, and non-corrosive energy carriers for RFBs [3]. The primary goal of this work is to develop an improved understanding of whether these types of active materials can meet the price targets set by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for stationary electricity storage. To achieve this goal, we use a bottom-up approach to determine if cost of manufacturing and sales price targets can be met with select families of organic and organometallic molecules. We also identify desirable characteristics of RFB active materials and their production processes which are critical for achieving economic feasibility.Synthetic organic and organometallic active materials for flow batteries offer a large design space in terms of solubility, redox potential, kinetic activity, stability, and other performance attributes. In addition to these performance metrics, price is an additional key metric for any new flow battery active material. Here we develop cost and price analyses (expressed on the $/kg and $/kWh basis) for synthetic organic negative electrolytes based on anthraquinones, and positive electrolytes based on ferrocyanides. We focus on two key economic metrics: the cost of manufacturing (which is helpful for comparing among production process options) and the estimated sales price (which is the full accounting of what a product will be sold for and is the metric which a redox flow battery company must consider). Plant construction capital costs for the synthetic active materials considered here are estimated using analogy with an existing plant where sufficient information is available or a step-counting method when no such information is available. We find that simple derivatives of anthraquinones, e.g., anthraquinone disulfonic acid (AQDS)[4],[5], which have simple production processes and use no organic solvents in their production, have an estimated sales price of ~25 $/kWh (assuming 1.5V cell potential) at an annual production volume (40-50 kMTA) equivalent to supply a flow battery capacity of ~10 GWh/y (which would require > $100M in capital to build a dedicated factory), while more elaborate functionalization and additional processing results in higher values. We also considered contract manufacturing of AQDS at ~200 MWh/y equivalent capacity, which results in an estimated sales price of ~40 $/kWh, a relatively modest increase compared to a large dedicated plant, and reflective of simple processing. We find that ferrocyanides produced in a variety of ways, and with several different cations (Na+, K+, NH4 +), also result in estimated sales prices of ~25 $/kWh for a dedicated production facility producing sufficient material for ~10 GWh/y. For reference, the sales price today of both of the Li-ion active materials (graphite plus the metal oxide cathode) is ~50 $/kWh, while that of a vanadium flow battery is about 50 to 60 $/kWh. The fact that even low-cost precursors and simple processing result in a couple price of ³50 $/kWh for synthetic reactants with a 1.5V cell potential has several clear implications for the pursuit of new synthetic reactants, including a focus on: (1) developing couples with a cell potential as high as possible, (2) developing redox active organics with low equivalent weights, preferably <100 g/equiv, and certainly less than the hundreds of g/equiv for some of the actives analyzed here, (3) analyzing the existing production of all raw material and intermediate inputs and whether they can all be procured at low expense, (4) avoiding use of significant amounts of organic solvents, which drive up processing costs even if they can be recycled. This analysis highlights the price advantages of elemental actives (e.g., transition metal salts, halide salts) that have low equivalent weights, very low-cost precursors, and simple processing. It is also clear that integration with existing production of upstream precursors to the desired active materials is the preferred route to cost-effective actives. Acknowledgements The information, data, or work presented herein was funded in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), U.S. DOE, under Award Number DE-AR000994.