Annual Mean Concentrations Of PM10 Research Articles

The Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergy in Children Living in an Urban Agglomeration-Is There a Current Relationship?

Atopic dermatitis (AD) prevalence in Poland is more frequent in individuals who live in a city. There are more studies demonstrating that long-term exposure to air pollutants is an independent risk factor for developing AD. The aim of the study was to assess the epidemiology of AD and food allergy (FA) in school children and adolescents living in Krakow, and to find a potential relationship between the incidence of atopic dermatitis with exposure to polluted air. In this paper, we presented the incidence of AD and FA between 2014 and 2018. We analyzed data collected from nearly 30,000 children aged 7-8 and adolescents aged 16-17 from the population of children and youth in Krakow. We correlated it with annual mean concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, which indicated a gradual improvement in the air quality in Krakow. As our research results show that the prevalence of atopic dermatitis decreased with food allergy prevalence depending on the age group. We can suspect that this is the result of children growing out of a food allergy. It may be also influenced by more consequential eating habits in a group of adolescents and the elimination of allergenic foods from the diet. The decreasing incidence of atopic dermatitis appears to be also related to improvement in air quality.

Spatiotemporal variations and trends of air quality in major cities in Guizhou

Tracking the evolution of air pollutants has a critical impact on our ability to further improve air quality, which have been extensively studied in the North China Plain (NCP), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions, but remain poorly characterized in Guizhou located in the east of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Here, we analyzed spatiotemporal variations and trends of six criteria air pollutants, i.e., inhalable particles (PM10), fine particle (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3), from 2016 to 2020 in the focus major cities in Guizhou, taking advantage of the extensive network data available since 2016. The annual mean concentrations of the six criteria air pollutants were substantially lower than China’s national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS-II), confirmed a significant improvement of air quality in Guizhou. The annual mean concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, CO and NO2 all decreased year by year during 2016–2020 in the focus major cities, and the highest decrease occurred in fall or winter. By contrast, O3 increased with a rate ranged from 0.85 μg·m−3 yr−1 (95% CI: 0∼1.78) to 3.71 μg·m−3 yr−1 (95% CI: 2.54∼5.13), and the highest increase occurred in spring or summer, revealing a strong impetus for reducing O3 pollution. Correlations among the six criteria air pollutants unveiled that the correlation coefficients between PM2.5 and NO2 were higher than those of between PM2.5 and SO2 in most focus major cities, mirroring a priority to control NOx to further reduce PM2.5 pollution in Guizhou. The focus of curbing O3 pollution in Guizhou should be redesigned to mitigate multiple precursors from multiple sectors, and efficient control strategies to mitigate warm seasons O3 pollution should also be implemented in cold seasons. Our results will benefit for our knowledge about current air pollution situation and police makers for future air pollution control in Guizhou.

Source apportionment and health impact assessment of atmospheric particulate matter in the city of São Carlos, Brazil

In this study, positive matrix factorization method was used for source apportionment of PM10 in the city of São Carlos from 2015 to 2018. The annual mean concentrations of PM10, 15 PAHs, 4 oxy-PAHs, 6 nitro-PAHs, 21 saccharides, and 17 ions in these samples were in the ranges 18.1 ± 6.99 to 25.0 ± 11.3 μg m−3 for PM10, 9.80 × 10−1 ± 2.06 to 2.03 ± 8.54 × 10−1 ng m−3 for ΣPAHs, 83.9 ± 35.7 to 683 ± 521 pg m−3 for Σoxy-PAHs, 1.79 × 10−2 ± 1.23 × 10−1 to 7.12 ± 4.90 ng m−3 for Σnitro-PAHs, 83.3 ± 44.7 to 142 ± 85.9 ng m−3 for Σsaccharides, and 3.80 ± 1.54 to 5.66 ± 4.52 μg m−3 for Σions. For most species, the concentrations were higher in the dry season than in the rainy. This was related not only to the low rainfall and relative humidity characteristic of the dry season but also to an increase in fire spots recorded in the region between April and September every year from 2015 to 2018. A 4-factor solution provided the best description of the dataset, with the four identified sources of PM10 being soil resuspension (28%), biogenic emissions (27%), biomass burning (27%), and vehicle exhaust together with secondary PM (18%). Although the PM10 concentrations were not above the limit established by local legislation, the epidemiological study showed that by reducing PM2.5 concentrations to the level recommended by the WHO, approximately 35 premature deaths per 100,000 population could be avoided annually. The results revealed that biomass burning continues to be one of the main anthropic sources of emissions to the atmosphere in the region, so it needs to be incorporated into the existing guidelines and policies to reduce the concentration of particulate matter to within the limits recommended by the WHO, in order to avoid premature deaths.

610 EMERGING TRIGGERS OF ARRHYTHMIC EVENTS IN REMOTE MONITORED PATIENTS

Abstract Background and aims Worldwide, air pollution is the fourth leading cause of death. Both brief and long-term exposures to air pollution have been associated with marked increases in cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have focused on the short-term influence of particulate pollutants on ventricular arrhythmia (VA) development, primarily expressed as 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring arrhythmic burden or as presentation as life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between air pollutant exposure and VA burden in remotely-monitored patients. Methods We enrolled retrospectively 86 patients carriers of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), loop recorders (ILR) or pacemaker devices with remote monitoring via CarelinkTM Medtronic or Merlin.netTM PCN Abbott softwares. Intracavitary and ILR tracings were reviewed by EP personnel at our centre to define VA burden and the number of appropriate shocks and ATPs occurred in 2021. Demographic and clinical characteristics (e.g. cardiovascular history, ejection fraction, smoking, antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs)) were collected through telephone interviews. Each patient's residential and working address were used to obtain information on pollutant exposure in the years 2017-2021 in terms of annual mean concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, ozone, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and benzene, as determined by European Environmental Agency air quality reports. The primary endpoint was a composite of ventricular fibrillation, sustained and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, appropriate ATP or shocks in patients with various levels of air pollutants exposure. Results Of 86 patients (58 male, mean age 63.2±18.7 years) enrolled in this study, 44 (51.6%) had received an ICD, 32 of whom (37.2%) with a primary prevention indication. 31 patients (36.1%) had been receiving at least one AAD. History of coronary artery disease (CAD) was present in one third of the study population and baseline mean EF was 49.8±13.8%. VA events occurred in 17 patients (19.8%), all with a significantly lower baseline EF (40.3±12.2% vs 51.5±13.5% p=0.005). Average mean values of benzene concentration in the previous 4 years were significantly higher in patients suffering from a VA event (1.64±0.82 μg/m3 vs 1.12±0.48 μg/m3, p=0.001), as were PM2.5 values (11.64±1.98 vs 10.74±1.28 μg/m3, p=0.023). A weak but positive correlation was found between median PM2.5 concentration, benzene and VAs (p=0.023, p=0.001 respectively). A multivariate regression model was built, including long-term exposure to benzene and PM2.5 and baseline EF, and it would explain 29.8% of the variance in VAs, correctly classifying 78.1% of cases. Conclusions This study was the first to evaluate the relationship between long-term exposure to a wide array of air pollutants and VAs in a European population. In our sample, we found a weak but significant correlation between a higher chronic exposure to benzene and recorded VA events. Possible mechanisms may include oxidative stress and a direct, nonspecific membrane action due to benzene lipophilic properties. Hence, we highlighted the possible role of outdoor benzene exposure in ventricular arrhythmogenesis for the first time, a finding that requires validation through subsequent studies aimed at elucidating the role of air pollution as a ubiquitous, potentially modifiable, population-based risk factor.

COVID-19 Outbreak Related to PM10, PM2.5, Air Temperature and Relative Humidity in Ahvaz, Iran

AbstractIn this study, we assessed several points related to the incidence of COVID-19 between March 2020 and March 2021 in the Petroleum Hospital of Ahvaz (Iran) by analyzing COVID-19 data from patients referred to the hospital. We found that 57.5% of infected referrals were male, 61.7% of deaths by COVID-19 occurred in subjects over 65 years of age, and only 2.4% of deaths occurred in younger subjects (< 30 years old). Analysis showed that mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were correlated to the incidence of COVID-19 (r = 0.547, P < 0.05, and r = 0.609, P < 0.05, respectively) and positive chest CT scans (r = 0.597, P < 0.05, and r = 0.541, P < 0.05 respectively). We observed that a high daily air temperature (30–51 °C) and a high relative humidity (60–97%) led to a significant reduction in the daily incidence of COVID-19. The highest number of positive chest CT scans were obtained in June 2020 and March 2021 for daily air temperature ranging from 38 °C and 49 °C and 11 °C and 15 °C, respectively. A negative correlation was detected between COVID-19 cases and air temperature (r = − 0.320, P < 0.05) and relative humidity (r = − 0.384, P < 0.05). In Ahvaz, a daily air temperature of 10–28 °C and relative humidity of 19–40% are suitable for the spread of coronavirus. The highest correlation with the number of COVID-19 cases was found at lag3 (r = 0.42) and at lag0 with a positive chest CT scan (r = 0.56). For air temperature and relative humidity, the highest correlations were found at day 0 (lag0). During lockdown (22 March to 21 April 2020), a reduction was observed for PM10 (29.6%), PM2.5 (36.9%) and the Air Quality Index (33.3%) when compared to the previous month. During the pandemic period (2020–2021), the annual mean concentrations of PM10 (27.3%) and PM2.5 (17.8%) were reduced compared to the 2015–2019 period.

Spatiotemporal impact of COVID-19 on Taiwan air quality in the absence of a lockdown: Influence of urban public transportation use and meteorological conditions.

The unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19 significantly improved the atmospheric environment for lockdown-imposed regions; however, scant evidence exists on its impacts on regions without lockdown. A novel research framework is proposed to evaluate the long-term monthly spatiotemporal impact of COVID-19 on Taiwan air quality through different statistical analyses, including geostatistical analysis, change detection analysis and identification of nonattainment pollutant occurrence between the average mean air pollutant concentrations from 2018–2019 and 2020, considering both meteorological and public transportation impacts. Contrary to lockdown-imposed regions, insignificant or worsened air quality conditions were observed at the beginning of COVID-19, but a delayed improvement occurred after April in Taiwan. The annual mean concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO and O3 in 2020 were reduced by 24%, 18%, 15%, 9.6%, 7.4% and 1.3%, respectively (relative to 2018–2019), and the overall occurrence frequency of nonattainment air pollutants declined by over 30%. Backward stepwise regression models for each air pollutant were successfully constructed utilizing 12 meteorological parameters (R2 > 0.8 except for SO2) to simulate the meteorological normalized business-as-usual concentration. The hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model simulated the fate of air pollutants (e.g., local emissions or transboundary pollution) for anomalous months. The changes in different public transportation usage volumes (e.g., roadway, railway, air, and waterway) moderately reduced air pollution, particularly CO and NO2. Reduced public transportation use had a more significant impact than meteorology on air quality improvement in Taiwan, highlighting the importance of proper public transportation management for air pollution control and paving a new path for sustainable air quality management even in the absence of a lockdown.

Assessment of Ambient Particulate Matter Concentrations- PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 at Rinchending in Phuentsholing, Bhutan

This paper presents the analysis and interpretation of daily, monthly and seasonal cycle of 1- minute average Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) concentrations measured in Rinchending, located on the hilltop, 4 km away from Phuentsholing, the second largest city in Bhutan between the period of March 2018 to March 2019. In diurnal cycle, the highest concentrations of PM were observed between 9AM – 10 AM in the morning and 5PM-7PM in the evening corresponding to the peak traffic hours. The concentrations of PM showed highest in the post-monsoon season, corresponding to October to February in Bhutan (PM10=57.36 μg/m3, PM2.5=33.73 μg/m3 and, PM1=29.28) compared to monsoon season corresponding to June-September (PM10=22.70 μg/m3, PM2.5=15.51 μg/m3 and, PM1=11.35) and pre-monsoon season corresponding to March-May (PM10=54.9 μg/m3, PM2.5=30.58 μg/m3 and, PM1=24.36). The frequency distribution of PM10 showed that upto 25% of the time, the concentration was upto 20.8 μg/m3, 50% of the time, the concentration was upto 35.3 μg/m3 and 75% of the time, the concentration was upto 59 μg/m3.Similarly, the frequency distribution of PM2.5 showed that upto 25% of the time, the concentration was upto 13.5 μg/m3, 50% of the time, the concentration was upto 22 μg/m3 and 75% of the time, the concentration was upto 38 μg/m3.The annual mean concentrations of PM10 (45.08 μg/m3) were violating the Annual WHO ambient air quality standard (20 μg/m3). The annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 (26.83μg/m3) were also violating the Annual WHO ambient air quality standard (10 μg/m3). The wind analysis done through the wind rose diagram found a dominant south and south-west wind pattern.

Monitoring of PM10 Concentration and Evaluation of its Effect on Respiratory Diseases in Aizawl City, Mizoram

Particulate matter (PM), a primary component of air pollution has been implicated in various respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and was found to be the 13th leading cause of mortality worldwide by the World Health Organisation. The concentration of PM10 (Coarse particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5–10 μm ) was assessed for Aizawl City, Mizoram for a period of two years from June 2014–May 2016. The annual mean concentration of PM10 was found to fall within the permissible limit of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard and was highest in Khatla station (71.67 µg/m3) followed by Bawngkawn station (39.75 µg/m3) and Laipuitlang station (33.25 µg/m3) and the lowest annual mean concentration was seen in Mizoram University station (0.85 µg/m3). Seasonal variations have been observed in the mean concentration of PM10 with the highest concentration in winter season (51.3µg/m3±28.27)and the lowest in monsoon season (22.58 µg/m3 ±2.37). Despite the low concentration of PM10, a strong association was found between PM10 exposure and three types of respiratory diseases namely Corrosion of respiratory tract (CORT), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and vasomotor rhinitis (VR).

Assessment of metals in PM10 filters and Araucaria heterophylla needles in two areas of Quito, Ecuador

The reliability of Araucaria heterophylla needles as a biomonitor was evaluated by analyzing the concentration of metals in PM10 filters and in Araucaria heterophylla needles. The sampling campaign was carried out at two sites in the city of Quito, Ecuador, in 2017–2019. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, K, Mn, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, Al and Mg were determined in PM10 filters and in Araucaria heterophylla needles using an Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The annual mean concentrations of PM10 ranged between 24.9 and 26.3 μg m−3, exceeding the limit established by the World Health Organization (20 μg m−3). Statistical analyses, performed for the PM10 filters, showed that dust resuspension and anthropogenic activities were important sources for PM10 emissions in the city. Metals related to natural emissions (Ca, Mg, K, Al and Fe) dominated in both types of samples, while the minor metals were those related to anthropogenic emissions (Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb). The former were positively associated with the needle samples, while the latter were associated with PM10 filters. This work not only improved scientific knowledge on the concentrations of PM10 and metals in the Andean city of Quito, but also greatly contributed to the progress of research on the use of Araucaria heterophylla needles as a biomonitor.

Spatiotemporal variations and risk assessment of ambient air O3, PM10 and PM2.5 in a coastal city of China.

Rapid industrialization and urbanization has created significant air pollution problems that have recently begin to impact the lives and health of human beings in China. This study systematically investigated the spatiotemporal variations and the associated health risks of ambient O3, PM10 and PM2.5 between 2016 and 2019. The relationships between the target air pollutants and meteorological conditions were further analyzed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient method. The results demonstrated that the annual mean concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 experienced a decreasing trend overall, and PM2.5 significantly decreased from 1.54 μg/m3 in 2016 to 1.48 μg/m3 in 2019. In contrast, the annual mean concentrations of O3 were nearly constant during the study period with a slight increasing trend. The pollutants exhibited different seasonal variations and cyclical diurnal variations. The most highest O3 pollution was seen in spring and summer, while spring and winter were the seasons with the most PM10 and PM2.5 pollution. The highest concentrations of O3 appeared in periods of strong solar radiation intensity and photochemical reactions. The highest concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 appeared at commuting time. The pollutant concentrations were significantly affected by meteorological conditions. Finally, the non-carcinogenic risks from exposure to O3, PM10 and PM2.5 were at an acceptable level (HI < 0.96) and O3 accounted for ~50% of the total non-carcinogenic risks. However, PM2.5 posed highly carcinogenic risks (2.5 × 10-4 < CR < 1.6 × 10-1) and O3 exposure showed high potential ecological impacts on vegetation (AOT40: 23.3 ppm-h; W126: 29.0 ppm-h).

Interactions between Ambient Air Particles and Greenness on Cause-specific Mortality in Seven Korean Metropolitan Cities, 2008-2016.

This study aims to investigate the association of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm (PM10) and greenness with cause-specific mortality and their interactions in seven Korean metropolitan cities. We obtained the annual standardized cause-specific mortality rates, annual mean concentration of PM10, and annual Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for 73 districts for the period 2008–2016. We used negative binomial regression with city-specific random effects to estimate the association of PM10 and greenness with mortality. The models were adjusted for potential confounders and spatial autocorrelation. We also conducted stratified analyses to investigate whether the association between PM10 and mortality differs by the level of greenness. Our findings suggest an increased risk of all causes examined, except respiratory disease mortality, with high levels of PM10 and decreased risk of cardiovascular-related mortality with a high level of greenness. In the stratified analyses, we found interactions between PM10 and greenness, but these interactions in the opposite direction depend on the cause of death. The effects of PM10 on cardiovascular-related mortality were attenuated in greener areas, whereas the effects of PM10 on non-accidental mortality were attenuated in less green areas. Further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Effects of abdominal visceral fat compared with those of subcutaneous fat on the association between PM10 and hypertension in Korean men: A cross-sectional study

We assessed whether visceral adipose tissue (VAT) compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) has modifying effects on the cross-sectional association between ambient air pollution and hypertension in Korean men. This study included 1,417 adult men who visited a health checkup center. Abdominal fat depots were measured by computed tomography, and we used the annual average concentrations of ambient air pollutants such as particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤10 μm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide (CO). The annual mean concentrations of PM10 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12–1.52) and CO (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.03–1.39) showed a positive association with hypertension. In particular, modifying effects on hypertension were found between PM10 and VAT-related traits such as VAT and visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio (VSR). The association between PM10 and hypertension was much stronger in the high-VAT (OR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.12–2.71) and high-VSR groups (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.23–1.91). However, the strength of association across levels of SAT was not observed (Pint = 0.4615). In conclusion, we found that association between PM10 exposure and hypertension is different by abdominal fat distribution.

中国碳排放权交易政策对地区清洁生产意愿的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 中国碳排放权交易政策对地区清洁生产意愿的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201808061670 作者: 作者单位: 浙江大学,浙江大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 浙江省自然科学基金重点项目（LZ13G030002） The effect of carbon emissions trading market on the clean production in various regions in China Author: Affiliation: Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, Zhejiang University,School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Fund Project: Major projects of Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation (LZ13G030002) 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:碳排放权交易政策的实施对于企业开展清洁生产，推动地区经济、社会、环境的可持续发展具有重要意义。基于2011-2017年中国省际面板数据，针对国家发改委"两省五市"碳排放权交易试点政策，运用双重差分法实证分析碳排放权交易对中国各地自愿开展清洁生产的影响。研究结果表明：（1）试点地区企业自愿开展清洁生产的比例平均比非试点地区要高出22个百分点；（2）碳排放权交易政策对当前自愿开展清洁生产比例较低的地区影响程度更显著；（3）碳排放权交易试点有利于地区环境的改善，试点地区PM10、S02和NO2的年平均浓度与比非试点地区相比，分别平均下降了0.0288、0.0170和0.0105 mg/m3。这些结论有助于我国政府科学有序地实施碳排放权交易政策，提升各地企业开展清洁生产的意愿，改善地区空气环境质量。 Abstract:The implementation of carbon emissions trading policy is important so that enterprises can both carry out cleaner production and promote the sustainable development of regional economies, societies, and environments. The present study used the trial carbon emissions trading market (CETM) policies of five provinces and two cities, which had been proposed by the National Development and Reform Commission in 2012, and a Difference-in-Differences approach to analyse the effect of the CETM on voluntary clean production by enterprises in various regions of China. This pilot project, which established an account of carbon emission in total volume control and quota trading, will facilitate the formulation of scientific, targeted, and differentiated carbon emission reduction policies and estimation of appropriate emission reduction space throughout China. The findings of this study indicate that 22% more enterprises willingly conduct clean production in pilot areas than in non-pilot areas. The annual mean concentrations of PM10, SO2, and NO2 in pilot areas were 0.0288, 0.0170, and 0.0105 mg/m3 lower, respectively, than those of the non-pilot areas. In addition, quantile regression and differential decomposition analyses indicated that CETM trial policies are more effective in regions where lower proportions of enterprises voluntarily carry out cleaner production. These conclusions will help the Chinese government implement CETM policy in a scientifically and orderly manner, so as to promote the will of enterprises to conduct clean production and improve air quality. These findings support several suggestions. First, priority should be given to the promotion of Clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in more populated areas (e.g., Sichuan, Yunnan, inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Hebei). Second, in areas where relatively fewer enterprises carry out cleaner production (e.g., Hainan, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Guizhou, and Shanxi), the government should improve the enterprise awareness of energy conservation, environmental protection, and cooperation with developed industrial countries about the propaganda of CDM projects. Finally, each region should accelerate its industrial and economic restructuring, alter the mode of its economic growth, optimize the energy structure, reduce energy consumption, and increase investments in environmental governance, in order to promote sustainable development. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Association between exposure to ambient air pollution and renal function in Korean adults

BackgroundAmbient air pollution has a negative effect on many diseases, such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Recent studies have reported a relationship between air pollution and renal function, but the results were limited to exposure to particulate matter (PM). This study was to identify associations between various air pollutants and renal function among Korean adults.MethodsNationwide survey data for a total of 24,407 adults were analyzed. We calculated the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for each individual to assess their renal function and used this to categorize those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). To evaluate exposure to ambient air pollution, we used the annual mean concentrations of four ambient air pollutants: PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO).ResultsWe identified significant inverse relationships between the air pollutants PM10 and NO2 and eGFR in all statistical adjustment models (all p < 0.05). In the full covariate model, interquartile range increases in the annual mean concentrations of PM10 and NO2 were associated with decreases in eGFR levels of 0.46 (95% CI = − 0.87, − 0.04) and 0.85 (95% CI = − 1.40, − 0.30), respectively. Three of the ambient air pollutants were significantly related to an increased risk of CKD in the unadjusted model (p < 0.0001), but all significant associations disappeared after adjusting for covariates (all p > 0.05).ConclusionsExposures to PM10 and NO2 were significantly associated with decreases in eGFR levels, but not CKD, in Korean adults.

Characteristics, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements in PM10 at an Urban Site in Chengdu, Southwest China

To investigate trace element pollution of PM10 in urban Chengdu, a Southwest megacity of China, as well as to assess the human health risks caused by exposure to PM10, we analyzed ambient PM10 samples collected at an urban site in Chengdu from November, 2014 to October, 2015. The annual mean concentration of PM10 in the sampling period was 173.6 ± 77.9 µg m–3, which is 2.5 times higher than the national recommended standard of 70 µg m–3. The mean metals content in PM10 was in the following order: iron (Fe) > zinc (Zn) > titanium (Ti) > copper (Cu) > manganese (Mn) > lead (Pb) > barium (Ba) > chromium (Cr) > strontium (Si) > nickel (Ni) > arsenic (As) > vanadium (V) > antimony (Sb) > cobalt (Co) > cadmium (Cd) > bismuth (Bi). The concentration of As in PM10 was observed to be 2.9 times higher than the secondary level recommended by the China National Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012), whereas the concentrations of other metals were within the limit. Enrichment factor analysis indicated that As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Sb mainly originated from anthropogenic sources. Five factors were identified by positive matric factorization (PMF) model. The sources identified were soil dust (48.4%), road dust (19.4%), fossil fuel combustion (14.9%), electroplating industry (13.8%), and metallurgy industry (3.5%). Particle morphology and chemical composition analysis revealed six major particle types, namely aluminosilicate, sulfur-containing, carbon-containing, chlorine-containing, biomass burning, and metal particles. The results of the health risk assessment indicated that Cr can be carcinogenic to both children and adults, and other trace elements were determined to be below the legislation threshold (Environmental Protection Agency limit values), except for As, which was observed to be above the threshold.

The association between inhalable particulate matter and YLL caused by COPD in a typical city in northern China

BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become the fourth-leading cause of death. The association between air pollution and years of life lost (YLL) caused by COPD is currently a hot topic; however, few studies have been published regarding COPD YLL around the world, especially in China, a highly polluted area. AimWe investigated the exposure-response association between ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10) and COPD YLL. MethodsWe applied a generalized additive model (GAM) to estimate the short-term effects of PM10 on COPD YLL and mortality from 2002 to 2010 in Tianjin. ResultsThe annual mean concentration of PM10 was 111.6 μg/m3. An increase in PM10 was significantly associated with daily YLL and mortality in a single pollutant model. A 10 μg/m3 increase in the two-day moving average of PM10 was associated with the maximum YLL increment of 0.30 (95% confidence interval: 0.06, 0.54) person-years and an excess risk (ER) of mortality of 0.60% (0.20%, 1.01%). For YLL increases, the association is stronger in elderly (0.27 (0.06, 0.48), the cumulative effect) populations than in younger populations. ConclusionsAn increment of COPD YLL is associated with an increased PM10 concentration. Elderly groups are more susceptible to air pollution. Strict air pollutant emission control is needed to protect public health.

Assessment of hospitalization and mortality from exposure to PM10 using AirQ modeling in Ilam, Iran.

The aims of this study were to assess the health impact of PM10 on inhabitants and to investigate the trend of PM10 concentrations in Ilam, Iran, from 2012 to 2015. For these aims, daily average concentration of PM10 was obtained from continuous monitoring stations in the study area. Mortality and morbidity due to PM10 were assessed by AirQ software developed by World Health Organization (WHO). Based on the results, the annual mean concentrations of PM10 in all of years were more than WHO guideline and PM10 concentration had a decreasing trend in this study period. Total mortality attributed to PM10 was found to be 49 cases in 2012, 25 in 2013, and 33 in 2014. Hospital admission due to respiratory diseases was the most impact due to PM10. Increase in relative risk (RR) with every 10μg/m3 increase in PM10 from 2012 to 2015years for total mortality, respiratory disease hospitalization, and hospital admissions were 0.6, 0.8, and 0.9%, respectively. The results of this study indicated that air pollution is one of the major problems in this urban area and AirQ model as simple tool can help to design preventive and controlling programs in order to reduce human health effects of pollutants.

Human health impact assessment of exposure to particulate matter: an AirQ software modeling.

The aim of this study was to assess the health impacts related to particulate matter less than 10μm (PM10) exposure in the city of Yazd, Iran. For this aim, AirQ 2.2.3 software was used to model relationship between short-term exposure to PM10 and disease cases proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The annual mean concentration of PM10 was 97μg/m3. The maximum concentration value of PM10 was measured during the summer (731μg/m3). 4.988% (95%CI: 3.381-6.542%) of the total mortality, 7.3% (95%CI; 4.19-10.21%) of cardiovascular mortality, and 10.21% (95%CI; 4.19-14.89%) of respiratory mortality were related to the PM10 concentrations. Consequently, the AirQ software can provide valuable information about the importance of air pollution and the substantial impacts of PM10 on the society for policymakers.

PSCF 모델을 활용한 부산지역 PM10의 발생원 추정

The purpose of this study is to find out the air flow patterns affecting the PM10 concentration in Busan and the potential sources within each trajectory pattern. The synoptic air flow trajectories are classified into four clusters by HYSPLIT model and the potential sources of PM10 are estimated by PSCF model for each cluster from 2008 to 2012. The potential source locations of PM10 are compared with the distribution of PM10 anthropogenic emissions in east Asia developed in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission. The annual mean concentrations of PM10 in Busan decreased from 51 ug/m 3 in 2008 to 43 ug/m 3 in 2012. The monthly mean concentrations of PM10 were high during a spring season, March to May and low during a summer season, August and September. The cluster2 composed of the air trajectories from the eastern China to Busan through the west sea showed the highest frequency, 44 %. The cluster1 composed of the air trajectories from the inner Mongolia region to Busan through the northeast area of China showed the second high frequency, 26 %. The cluster3 and 4 were composed of the trajectories originated in the southeast sea and the east sea of Busan respectively and showed low frequencies. The concentrations of in each cluster were 47 ug/m 3 in cluster1, 56 ug/m 3 in cluster2, 42 ug/m 3 in cluster3 and 37 ug/m 3 in cluster4. From these results, it was proved that the cluster1 and 2 composed of the trajectories originated in the east and northeast area of China were the causes of high PM10 concentrations in Busan. The results of PSCF and CWT model showed that the potential sources of the high PM10 concentrations were the areas of the around Mongolia and the eastern China having high emissions of PM10 from Beijing, Hebei to Shanghai through Shandong, Jiangsu.

Evaluation of air quality in Chengdu, Sichuan Basin, China: are China's air quality standards sufficient yet?

Air quality evaluation is important in order to inform the public about the risk level of air pollution to human health. To better assess air quality, China released its new national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS-2012) and the new method to classify air quality level (AQL) in 2012. In this study, we examined the performance of China's NAAQS-2012 and AQL classification method through applying them, the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, and the US AQL classification method to evaluate air quality in Chengdu, the largest city in southwestern China. The results show that annual mean concentrations of PM₁₀, PM₂.₅, SO₂, NO₂, and O₃ at the seven urban sites were in the ranges of 138-161, 87-98, 18-32, 54-70, and 42-57 μg/m(3), respectively, and the annual mean concentrations of CO were in the range of 1.09-1.28 mg/m(3). Chengdu is located in one of the four largest regions affected by haze in China, and PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ were the top air pollutants, with annual concentrations over 2 times of their standards in NAAQS-2012 and over 7 times of the WHO guidelines. Annual mean concentrations of the pollutants were much lower at the background site (LYS) than at the urban sites, but the annual mean concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ at LYS were 3.5 and 5.7 times of the WHO guidelines, respectively. These suggest that severe air pollution in Chengdu was largely associated with local emissions but also related to regional air pollution. The compliance rates of PM₁₀ , PM₂.₅, SO₂, and O₃ met China's NAAQS-2012 standards four times more frequently than they met the WHO guidelines, as NAAQS-2012 uses the loosest interim target (IT) standards of WHO for these four pollutants. Air pollution in Chengdu was estimated and stated to be less severe using China's classification than using the US classification, as China uses weaker concentration breakpoints and benign descriptions of AQL. Furthermore, China's AQL classification method does not capture the cumulative effects of multiple pollutants, and the risk assessment is mainly based on the exposure-response relationship between air pollutant and human health quantified in the North America and West Europe; these can bring some uncertainties into evaluating the risk to human health in China. In summary, although China greatly improved its NAAQS and AQL classification method in 2012, further improvements are still needed.