Annual Electricity Bill Research Articles

The Assessment of Solar Powered Green Campus vs The Conventional Approach: A Case Study at the Main Campus of Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

As a guarantee that Malaysia practices sustainable development, this matter is important to be approached in detail and proactively as it guarantees a better future change. The concern of many people including educational institutions is not only to be able to preserve the environment but also to be able to manage the institution's budget expenses and provide satisfactory well-being to the people of Universiti Sains Malaysia. Achieving stability is an important endeavor, encompassing both private and public structures, with a particular focus on educational institutions. This study aims to understand in detail about the effectiveness of solar use in energy saving efforts compared to the use of conventional approaches to meet the term green campus in educational institutions. This objective is in line with the aim of this research which is to evaluate the annual electricity bill in Ringgit Malaysia (RM) main campus of Universiti Sains Malaysia, to analyze the difference in electricity before and after the use of solar energy is practiced on buildings at Universiti Sains Malaysia and the final objective is to give recommendations for productive and efficient electricity saving measures that can be done on campus. This research uses qualitative as a data collection technique to obtain information about electricity and energy consumption at USM. The results of this study will increase the understanding of the effectiveness of solar use in reducing the cost of electricity in a building and give a larger and specific picture of the energy savings that need to be done to maintain the term of green building in the aspect of energy efficiency in educational building.

Enhanced DC Building Distribution Performance Using a Modular Grid-Tied Converter Design

This work quantifies the techno-economic performance of AC and DC residential building distribution. Two methods, utilising software and hardware configurations, are showcased to improve DC distribution: (i) a novel rule-based battery dual-objective operation (DOO) and (ii) a modular Master/Slave design of the grid-tied converter (GC). Both methods use the GC’s load-dependent efficiency characteristic, eliminating partial-load operation and enhancing energy efficiency. The work uses measured annual PV and load data to evaluate the performance of the methods compared to AC and DC references. The techno-economic analysis includes the annual net electricity bill and monetised battery degradation. The results show that the DOO eliminates GC partial-load operation at the cost of increased battery usage, resulting in marginal net savings. In contrast, the modular converter design significantly reduces losses: −157 kWh/a (−31%) and −121 kWh/a (−26%), respectively, relative to the DC and AC references. For a parametric sweep of electricity price and discount rate, the Lifetime Operating Cost (LOC) comparison shows savings from DC of up to USD 575 compared to AC.

The economics of public transport electrification: The charging dilemma

The electrification of public transport has the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and support the electricity system, however this potential depends on how intraday charging interfaces with grid emissions and wholesale prices. Our paper explores these trade-offs by using boundary analysis to evaluate a least-cost tariff-based aggregate bus fleet charging strategy and comparing it to charging strategies that either minimise indirect greenhouse gas emissions or wholesale price exposure, based on the metropolitan Melbourne bus network. We develop a novel two-state fleet charging optimisation model, that allows us to perform a counterfactual analysis across 5 years of historical (2017–2021) and 5 years of modelled (2022–2026) changes to wholesale electricity prices and emission intensities in Australia's National Electricity Market, in response to the three charging strategies. We find that current Australian commercial tariff structures with high daytime volumetric usage and demand charges mute climate and wholesale market signals. By charging to minimise greenhouse gas emissions over bill savings, the fleet can achieve (on average) a further 33.4% reduction in indirect emissions but incurs a 103% increase in annual electricity bills. Alternatively, by charging to minimise wholesale price exposure, the fleet can achieve (on average) a 13.4% reduction in indirect emissions while incurring a 69% increase in electricity bills. Improving the temporal alignment of commercial electricity tariffs with wholesale prices should thus simultaneously reduce indirect emissions and wholesale electricity costs. This necessitates urgent tariff reforms to allow relevant wholesale price signals to pass through to commercial EV operators.

Techno-Economic Assessment of Solar–Grid–Battery Hybrid Energy Systems for Grid-Connected University Campuses in Kenya

This paper presents the techno-economic feasibility of using grid-connected PV hybrid systems to supply power in large grid-dependent academic institutions. The study was conducted using the administration building of Moi University in Kenya. The power consumption profile of the building was collected using a PCE-360 power analyzer. The peak load demand was found to be 60 kW. Using random variability constants of 4% for day-to-day and 4% time-step load variability, a peak demand of 70.58 kW was obtained, which was used in our simulation. The solar radiation and temperature data for this site were collected from the weather station of the university. The hybrid system was simulated using HOMER Pro software. It was found from the simulation results that the optimal system was the solar PV/grid without battery storage, which had a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of KSH 8.78/kWh (USD 0.072), net present cost (NPC) of KSH 27,974,492 (USD 230,813), capital expenditure (CAPEX) of KSH 26,300,000 (USD 216,997), and a simple payback period (SPBP) of 5.08 years for a 25-year life span. This system, when compared to the existing grid, showed an 83.94% reduction in the annual electricity bill of the administration building. These results demonstrate a reduction in energy cost by a renewable energy fraction of 67.1%.

Demand-Side Management Method for Households with Self-Generation and Storage of Electricity

The main objective is to propose a calculation method for assessing the benefits of individual domestic prosumers in self-consumption and economic savings when managing their own energy resources. The paper applies the demand-side management concept in the residential sector from the individual domestic perspective so that customers can understand the value of their own sustainable energy resources, conducting self-generation and demand management. The novelty lies in allowing the prosumer to manage their own energy resources to their benefit at a reasonable cost, instead of participating in automated large residential demand-side-management programmes that respond to the means of the grid system operator or other energy service companies, such as aggregators. A methodology for calculating the self-consumption rate and the economic benefit for the consumer is proposed, including three different cases: consumer demand is higher than self-generation, and consumer demand is equal to self-generation, and consumer demand is lower than self-generation. The methodology is validated with actual data from a household in Valencia (Spain) during a complete year, obtaining an average reduction in the annual electricity bill of 70% and a demand coverage with the self-renewable system reaching values of 80% throughout the year. The significance of this methodology goes beyond the economic revenue of the individual consumer; it also aims to guide consumers towards efficient practices in the use of their available energy resources and raise awareness on their energy behaviour.

Grid tariff designs to address electrification and their allocative impacts

This paper investigates volumetric grid tariff designs considering different pricing mechanisms and resulting in cost-allocative impacts across socio-techno-economic consumer categories. In a case study of 1.56 million Danish households divided into 90 socio-techno-economic categories, we compare three alternative grid tariffs and investigate their impact on annual electricity bills. The results of our design, consisting of a time-dependent threshold penalizing individual peak consumption and a system peak tariff, show (a) a range of different allocations that distribute the burden of additional grid costs across both technologies and (b) strong positive outcomes, including reduced expenses for lower-income groups and smaller households.

Techno-economic analysis of a hybrid heat recovery-renewable energy system for enhancing power reliability in cement factories in Pakistan

Pakistan is among the top twenty cement producing countries in the world, with an annual capacity of over 44 million tons. The growth of the cement industry in Pakistan is expected to be around 14% over the next five years. Nonetheless, this growth could lead to increased use of fossil fuels, contributing to global warming. This research proposes a novel grid-tied hybrid power supply scheme that can offer a more reliable source of electricity for the cement manufacturing process in Pakistan. The proposed hybrid power system stands out for its unique aspect of using both renewable energy sources and waste heat by integrating a solar thermal power cycle with heat recovery from exhaust gases and wind power turbines. The detailed simulation of the proposed hybrid waste heat recovery-renewable energy (WHR-RE) system is performed in the Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS18) Tool. The objective of the simulation is to identify the optimal size and configuration of the system that can fulfill the required electrical load of the Pakistan Cement factory located in the Kalar Kahar district of Chakwal, Pakistan. The techno-economic analysis indicates that the proposed WHR-RE is economically feasible, providing 40% of the total electricity demand with an annual generation of 109.2 GWh and a net present value of USD 25.69 million. Moreover, this system will reduce the factory's annual electricity bill by USD 19.66 million and mitigate CO2 emissions by 52.7 thousand tCO2e/year.

Optimal energy management, technical, economic, social, political and environmental benefit analysis of a grid-connected PV/WT/FC hybrid energy system

The global energy consumption is increasing every day owing to the economic growth, urbanization, population growth, high standard of living and high income level. The conventional power plants cannot satisfy the world energy needs without some noticeable challenges such as greenhouse gas emissions, acid rain, health challenges, global warming, climate change and air pollution. The feasible alternative solution to meet ever increasing energy consumption in residential, commercial and industrial sectors of the economy is renewable energy sources (RESs) owing to the technical, political, societal, financial and environmental benefits. The hybrid energy system (HES) that is made up of wind turbine (WT), fuel cell (FC), photovoltaic (PV) and utility grid is proposed in the study to meet the energy needs of distinctive users in Cape Town, South Africa. The study's goal can be accomplished by making use of fmincon optimization technique to minimize the life cycle emission (LCE) of greenhouse gas (GHG), life cycle cost (LCC) and monetary value of energy purchased from the grid and maximize the job creation (JC), human development index (HDI), annual benefit (AB) and usage of PV, WT and FC. The effectiveness of the simulation technique applied in the paper can be assessed by comparing the HSE results with those from the base system. The outcomes of the HES offer a better performance with a payback period of 2.75 years, annual benefit of $329530, annual energy cost saving of $6899.3, annual electricity bill of $62747, potential energy saving of 52.37% and LCC of $419300. The annual energy purchased from the grid has reduced from 146,190 kWh to 59,593 kWh; this translates to 59.24% reduction when compared to the base system. The proposed HES with a non-renewable energy usage (NREU) of 40.78% and a renewable energy usage (REU) of 59.22% is financially feasible with a cost of energy (COE) of 0.0122 $/kWh and ecologically friendly with CO2, SO2 and NOx LCE reductions of 58.85%, 58.81% and 58.29% when compared with the base system. This indicates that PV, FC and WT can be used in the traditional power system to lower the annual electricity bill, energy purchased from the utility grid and GHG emissions. The results obtained from the assessment of the proposed HES serve as crucial decision-supporting tools that can be used by designers and operators in choosing the right parts for their power systems. The outcomes of the study can be utilized to enhance sustainability of electricity supply and minimize poverty in the developing countries.

Smart power management strategy controlling domestic solar solutions in sub-Saharan countries

AbstractLimitations such as maximum power consumption during peak hours, scheduled load shedding and unplanned brownouts are problems of weak and stressed electricity grids. To compensate for such shortage of energy, the usage of renewable energies is a solution delivering increased reliability for consumers. Although sub-Saharan African countries suffer from unreliable grids, they benefit from large amounts of solar radiation throughout the year. Therefore, domestic solar systems including photovoltaic panels, battery storage and solar water heating are attractive solutions to supply affordable and reliable energy and hot water for consumers. However, to deliver the best management of the electrical loads in the face of unplanned brownouts, a smart power management strategy is required. Consequently, the proposed strategy relies on the predicted values of power generation and power consumption to autonomously control the system in both on-grid and off-grid modes. This method is evaluated using a case study relying on the measured electrical load and the hot water consumption data of a low-income house in Botswana. Results show that in addition to delivering sustainable support for the utility grid by decreasing the power consumption in peak hours, the proposed method reduces annual consumer electricity bill by 64% and increases the reliability of electricity supply from 95.5 to 99.5%. Thereby providing affordable and reliable solution to unreliable power supply due to stressed grids.

Building Envelope Retrofitting Strategies for Energy-Efficient Office Buildings in Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is working to establish cities based on the economy and attract investments such as Neom and The Line. Moreover, at the beginning of 2021, the Saudi government announced that it will stop dealing with foreign companies that establish regional offices outside the country, starting from the beginning of the year 2024. These acts will contribute to strengthening the presence of office buildings significantly. However, the biggest challenge is the inefficient energy design and operation of the existing office buildings in an overheated environment. Therefore, improving the thermal performance of existing office buildings has become a priority for sustainable development. This study aims to evaluate the current scenario of energy performance in Saudi governmental office buildings. One of the most important strategies of the Kingdom’s vision 2030 regards energy conservation. In support of the aim of this research, the annual electric energy bill of the Agricultural Development Fund building in Najran has been collected and analyzed. Accordingly, the analyses were carried out to evaluate the improvement in energy consumption through retrofitting the building envelope. DesignBuilder simulation program was used to investigate the effects of different retrofitting strategies of the building envelope in terms of changing the type of window’s glass, adding thermal insulation layers, and applying egg-crate shading devices. The results reported that applying a combination of those strategies reduced total energy consumption by 26.81% compared with the current base case.

A Study and Assessment of the Status of Energy Efficiency and Conservation at School Buildings

The building sector consumes a significant portion of global energy use. In this regard, this work was undertaken to study the status of energy efficiency and conservation at a large school building in the northern part of United Arab Emirates (UAE). The annual electrical consumption at the school was analyzed and an awareness survey among the students and teachers was conducted to measure the level of awareness as well as to assess the current energy consumption practices. In order to identify energy saving opportunities, an energy audit was carried out wherein the school energy consuming systems, particularly the lighting and air-conditioning systems, were assessed. Furthermore, thermography scanning of the school building envelope was conducted to examine the building insulation and identify air leakage locations. The building electricity supply and distribution systems were assessed using power analyzer and thermography devices. The energy conservation measures identified include removing the extra lighting, installing motion sensors in classrooms and labs, as well as integrating a Networked Optimization Software with the current HVAC (heating, ventilating and air conditioning) system. The methodology consists of seven fundamental steps: (1) case study data collection (analysis of buildings and utility data); (2) survey of real operation conditions; (3) understanding of building behavior; (4) analysis of energy conservation measures; (5) estimation of energy-saving potential; (6) economic assessment; and (7) proposing Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs). In this regard, the school energy consuming systems (lighting, building envelope, and air conditioning (AC)) were examined to identify possible ways to reduce the school energy consumption. The results indicate that the cost of installing motion sensors in classrooms, and labs is approximately AED 20,000 (United Arab Emirates Dirham), which yields an annual energy saving of AED 93,691. Furthermore, with all energy saving measures, a total annual saving of AED 364,000 is anticipated, which is approximately 16% of the annual electricity bill.

Integration of PCM as an external wall layer in reducing excessive heat of building walls

Innovative building approaches, which take advantage of heat energy in buildings, have recently appeared as part of a global effort to save energy. Incorporating phase change material (PCM) into the building envelope helps in reducing energy consumption and regulating energy demand by managing the thermal inertia of designed PCM thermal characteristics. A study was conducted to assess the performance benefits provided by the latent heat of the concrete wall combined with PCM. This study focuses on developing and testing heat barrier performance by incorporating PCM into wall external finishing, i.e. cement plaster and gloss paint. The effect of PCM inclusion in building wall were investigated by experimental work. The results indicate that incorporating PCM into the building wall reduced the surface temperature by up to 9 °C. Furthermore, the application of the PCM in the plaster layer is more reliable in reducing the internal wall surface temperature by a value of 8.1 °C when compared to the PCM in a painted coating. Painted wall panels experienced more significant temperature reduction differences than other wall panels, i.e. 9.2 °C and 9.5 °C, respectively. However, painted wall panels experienced higher internal surface temperatures than external surface temperatures compared to plastered wall panel at night. This could be due to the paint reactions, which are ineffective at releasing internal heat from the building at night. The yearly energy demand is decreased by 64.3% by incorporating PCM to the building wall, with a total annual electricity bill savings of 42.3% (8695.8 kWh yr−1). Therefore, it was concluded that wrapped PCM integrated into plaster layers on external surface building walls could decrease the indoor building temperature and thus contribute to conserving the energy required for an air conditioning system.

Net-zero energy management and optimization of commercial building sectors with hybrid renewable energy systems integrated with energy storage of pumped hydro and hydrogen taxis

This study develops net-zero energy management and optimization approaches for the commercial building sector in cities powered by renewable energy systems integrated with energy storage of pumped hydro and hydrogen taxis, based on the estimated installation potential of solar photovoltaics and offshore wind power. A novel time-of-use energy management strategy of hybrid renewable energy and storage systems is proposed considering the future-oriented application scenario with high renewable energy generation and shifted peak power periods. Multi-objective optimizations are conducted to find the techno-economic-environmental optimum sizing configurations of the pumped hydro storage. Research results indicate that most of Pareto optimal solutions are achieved with large pumped hydro sizes applied in net-zero energy commercial building sectors. The proposed future-oriented time-of-use strategy significantly improves the system supply and economic performance, in terms of the renewable energy self-consumption (+9.24%), load coverage (+6.10%) and annual electricity bill (-25.21%) compared with the current time-of-use case. Obvious decarbonisation benefits of the renewable power supply and renewable hydrogen mobility are achieved with carbon emission reduction of 95.14% (14713.49 M kg CO2) compared with the traditional grid power supply and 80.74% (293.91 M kg CO2) compared with the traditional petroleum taxis under the future-oriented time-of-use strategy. The proposed net-zero energy planning framework for urban building sectors integrating decarbonized transportation can be applied in similar coastline cities in the globe as important references and guidelines to policymakers for achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.

Optimal allocation of photovoltaic energy storage on user side and benefit analysis of multiple entities

A bi-level optimization configuration model of user-side photovoltaic energy storage (PVES) is proposed considering of distributed photovoltaic power generation and service life of energy storage. The upper layer takes the user’s lowest annual comprehensive cost as the objective function to optimize the capacity of photovoltaic & energy storage and power of energy storage considering the user’s annual electricity bill, basic electricity bill, and investment, operation and maintenance cost of PVES. The lower level takes the minimum daily operation scheduling cost as the objective function to optimize the charging and discharging control strategy of energy storage. The YALMIP solver is used to solve the optimization model, and the effectiveness of the model is verified through an example, which shows that reasonable configuration of photovoltaic & energy storage can reduce the user’s overall annual cost. In the context of the current national electricity price adjustment policy, by analyzing the impact of different time-of-use (TOU) electricity prices and basic electricity charges on the configuration capacity of user-side PVES to find the break-even point of the user’s PVES investment return rate in order to provide guidance to users for installing PVES systems. By analyzing the impact of different TOU electricity prices and basic electricity rates on the benefits of multiple entities, and taking into account the benefits of users, power grids and society at the same time to provide a theoretical basis for formulating a reasonable electricity price system.

Valuing energy poverty costs: Household welfare loss from electricity blackouts in developing countries

Supply of electricity is not keeping up with the rapidly increasing demand due to industrialization as well as electrification of rural areas in many developing countries. This study adds to the scarce literature on valuing the welfare loss to households in developing countries from energy poverty in terms of access only to intermittent or unreliable electricity networks. We conducted a Contingent Valuation (CV) survey of households in both urban (city of Mekelle) and rural areas (village of Ashegoda) in Northern Ethiopia to estimate households' willingness-to-pay (WTP) to avoid electricity blackouts. On average, the households experienced 160 blackouts per year with an average duration of four hours; and were on average willing to pay 499 Ethiopian birr (18 USD) per household per year. This corresponds to a 34% increase in their annual electricity bill and represents 1% of their mean annual income. Thus, this type of energy poverty represents significant welfare losses in developing countries. The households´ WTP to avoid blackouts increases significantly both with annual income and expenditure as a proxy for income; and with the annual number of experienced blackouts, the average length of these blackouts, and the number of damage categories experienced. These results are all as expected and support the validity and reliability of CV surveys to assess household welfare loss from this type of energy poverty in a developing country context.

Passive Design Strategies for Energy Efficient Buildings in the Arabian Desert

This study aims to assess passive design features through the extensive modifications of building envelopes to affect the energy efficiency of residential buildings in hot arid climates. In support of the aim of this research, the annual electric energy bill of a typical residential building in Sharurah was collected and analyzed. Then, the DesignBuilder simulation program was used to investigate how different modifications of building envelopes could affect the energy consumption of the residential buildings under common scenarios. Varied thermal insulation, different types of glass, shading devices, and green roof were investigated with this perspective. The simulation results show that thermal insulation can significantly reduce annual energy consumption by as high as 23.6%, followed by green roofs. In contrast, shading devices and glazing system types were fewer superiors. The results also indicate that the effective combination of certain strategies can reduce total energy consumption by 35.4% relative to the base case (BC) of this research.

Feasibility Study of the Technical and Economic Performance of Grid-Connected PV System for Selected Rooftops in UTHM

This paper presents the feasibility study of the technical and economic performances of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system for selected rooftops in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). The analysis of the electricity consumption and electricity bill data of UTHM campus show that the monthly electricity usage in UTHM campus is very high and expensive. The main purpose of this project is to reduce the annual electricity consumption and electricity bill of UTHM with Net Energy Metering (NEM) scheme. Therefore, the grid-connected PV system has been proposed at Dewan Sultan Ibrahim (DSI), Tunku Tun Aminah Library (TTAL), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam dan Alam Bina (FKAAS) and F2 buildings UTHM by using three types of PV modules which are mono-crystalline silicon (Mono-Si), poly-crystalline silicon (Poly-Si) and Thin-film. These three PV modules were modeled, simulated and calculated using Helioscope software with the capacity of 2,166.40kWp, 2,046.20kWp and 1,845kWp respectively for the total rooftop area of 190,302.9 ft². The economic analysis was conducted on the chosen three installed PV modules using RETScreen software. As a result, the Mono-Si showed the best PV module that can produce 2,332,327.40 kWh of PV energy, 4.4% of CO₂ reduction, 9.3 years of payback period considering 21 years of the contractual period and profit of RM4,932,274.58 for 11.7 years after payback period. Moreover, the proposed installation of 2,166.40kWp (Mono-SI PV module) can reduce the annual electricity bill and CO2 emission of 3.6% (RM421,561.93) and 4.4% (1,851.40 tCO₂) compared to the system without PV system.

Impact of electric vehicle charging on the power demand of retail buildings

• Fast charging for electric vehicles will be more common at retail sites in the future. • Electric vehicle stations with high power levels can dwarf a building's power demand. • Electric vehicles may arrive at sites to charge when building AC loads are high. • Electricity bills increase most for cold climates and in high-demand-charge scenarios. As electric vehicle penetration increases, charging is expected to have a significant impact on the grid. Electric vehicle charging stations will greatly affect a building site's power demand, especially with the onset of fast charging with power levels as high as 350 kW per charger. Here, we assess how electric vehicle charging stations would impact a retail big box grocery store, exploring numerous station sizes, charging power levels, and utilization factors in various climate zones and seasons. We measure the effect of charging by assessing changes in monthly peak power demand, electricity usage, and annual electricity bill, computed using three distinct rate structures. We find that an electric vehicle station has the potential to dwarf a big box building's power demand if behind the same meter, increasing monthly peak power demand at the site by over 250%. Cold-climate areas paired with rate structures incorporating high demand charges are most susceptible for significant changes to the annual electricity bill, with increases as high as 88%.

Oman rural grid extension employing renewable energy technology

Today, the electrification of various locations is a significant challenge for governments in several countries because of many challenges, especially in desert areas far from the national grid. The paper discusses employing renewable energy sources as an alternative solution for the national grid to feed rural areas in Oman because air pollution is escalating due to the fast growth and the industrialization. The research has taken the load estimation in an Omani desert village called Yanqul, which necessitates about 40 MW. The paper has finalized that installing 12 units of the wind turbine 36 MW with 30 MW Solar Panels is feasible. The approach has included the module sizing calculations using the Power World Simulator, and HOMER Pro software for economic consideration and operational costs. The paper has encouraged using renewable energy as an alternative method over the traditional transmission system due to the technical issues connected with losses, power factor, synchronization, and pollution. The Levelized cost of renewable energy was found $1,366.56, which is cheaper than extending the national grid. This reduction has appeared on annual electricity bill per capita, which dropped to $581.3. Environmentally, the study has shown a reduction in CO 2 emissions by 22 tons, making value to air quality. The future study will discuss the reactive power compensation of the wind turbine technologies to improve power transmission.

The Power Reclamation of Utilizing Micro-Hydro Turbines in the Aeration Basins of Wastewater Treatment Plants

Abstract Upgrading the aeration basin technology can improve the oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE), while keeping the energy consumption at its minimum level. Therefore, this paper introduces a new idea of installing micro-propeller turbines in the aeration basin of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to extract power from the high-velocity location in the water column. This extracted power can be used to operate a mixer at the top of the membrane to induce the mixing in that region, which will drive the less oxygenated wastewater into the water column. The rest of the extracted power will rotate microturbine rotors for electric power generation. By applying the proposed microturbines to the 13 audited facilities, it was demonstrated to achieve a gross annual energy-savings of 3,836.9 MWh, a gross annual cost-saving of $260,497, and total CO2 emissions that would be reduced by 2,714 metric tons/year. Generally, the addition of the proposed microturbines can save up to 15.7% of the annual plant electricity consumption (1.3–12.8% of the plant annual electricity bills).