Annual CO2 Emission Reduction Research Articles

Dynamic performance forecast analysis of MHP-PV/T-IDXSAHP system during heating season

MHP-PV/T is a novel PV/T with phase change heat transfer, uniform flow of working medium and good anti-freeze performance. The excellent year-round performance of MHP-PV/T has been demonstrated in previous studies and is more suitable for winter heating in northern China. In this work, we further combine MHP-PV/T with dual source heat pump to form an experimentally validated indirect expansion-solar assisted heat pump (IDX-SAHP) system and simulates the overall performance of the heating system in winter based on TRNSYS in Lanzhou, China. The component type50b of TRNSYS was modified to make it closer to the actual results of MHP-PV/T. Research shown that the thermal efficiency of MHP-PV/T heat pump system can be maintained well throughout the heating season at the SAHP/ASHP switching temperature is 7 ℃ in winter. The net system energy efficiency ratio (NSEER) during heating season is range from 3.28 to 5.42, which can achieve highly efficient and low cost heating. For this system, the photovoltaic power generation is sufficient to meet the operation of three water pumps. By connecting surplus electricity to the grid, a total of 1806.25 ¥ of electricity revenue can be obtained around the year. The PEUR of the system is 72.26 %, the DPP taking 5.133 years, and the annual CO2 emission reduction is 13486.5 kg. Significant energy, economic, and environmental benefits of the system. This study demonstrates the application prospects of PV/T heat pumps and provides a reference basis for subsequent research on MHP-PV/T heat pump systems in cold regions.

Renewable process heat from solar thermal: Poultry slaughterhouse processes

Jordan faces pressing energy challenges, characterized by a substantial dependence on imported resources. This paper addresses these challenges by examining the potential integration of solar thermal energy systems into poultry slaughterhouses, using a representative case study. The study starts by providing a brief background on Jordan's energy challenges and the rationale for exploring solar thermal applications in the poultry industry. The methodology involves a meticulous analysis of existing processes in the slaughterhouse, followed by the necessary calculations for integrating a solar thermal flat plate collector. Validation is performed through T*SOL and Polysun simulations, accompanied by a comprehensive economic analysis. The proposed flat plate collector-based system demonstrates the capacity to cover approximately 72% of the facility's annual energy requirements, resulting in substantial savings of 1,926,396 kWh per year, equivalent to 330,318 L of diesel. Simulation results indicate a concise payback period of 3.8 years and net profits approximately 6.6 times the initial investment over a 25-year span. Beyond economic benefits, the adoption of solar technology leads to an 84% reduction in annual CO2 emissions, underscoring its environmental advantages. The study also sheds light on a notable lack of awareness about solar thermal technology, emphasizing the need for knowledge dissemination to foster global renewable energy adoption.

Performance analysis and multi-objective optimization of a novel CCHP system integrated energy storage in large seagoing vessel

To advance sustainable development and emission reduction efforts within the maritime industry, a novel combined cooling, heating, power, and storage (CCHPS) system is proposed. This system comprises a cogeneration system (ORC + ARC) and a thermal energy storage (TES) system. Initially, optimal working fluids are selected for the ORC and TES discharge systems. Subsequently, an analysis is conducted regarding the correlation between sensitivity parameters and system performance. Then, the cogeneration system's optimum design parameters are determined utilizing the multi-objective grey wolf optimization (MOGWO) algorithm. Finally, the TES system is analyzed and matched with the diesel generators to meet the ship's electricity demand. The CCHPS system achieves optimal thermal efficiency, payback period, annual CO2 emission reduction, and annual fuel savings of 30.07%, 6.22 years, 8910.49 tons, and 2791.74 kL, respectively. In contrast to the TES-absent system, the CCHPS system exhibits a 12.88% increase in thermal efficiency, along with a 25.48% improvement in annual fuel savings and annual CO2 emission reduction.

Performance of the air source heat pump assisted solar heating system combined with PCM floor

In the last decade, the utilization of solar heating has been investigated due to its effect on decreasing energy consumption and CO2 emissions. This paper focuses on the performance of air source heat pump assisted solar heating system with phase change material (PCM) floor. The solar heating systems with PCM floor and conventional radiant floor, are simulated by TRNSYS considering each of the components (solar collector, air source heat pump, heat storage tank, circulating pump etc.). A residential building in Tianjin is selected as a simulation case to evaluate the energy consumption, heating capacity and economic effect. Compared with building without PCM floor, the energy consumption of solar heating system throughout the heating season decreases by 35.7 % and the annual CO2 emission reduction increases from 1535 kg to 2762 kg. The solar fraction of the system increases from 34.3 % to 60.2 %. The COP of solar heating system increases from 3.49 to 5.43 due to reduction of energy consumption. Furthermore, PCM floor contributes to economic benefit with 28.5 % operation cost saving.

An efficient multi-criteria decision making for assessing the optimization of reactive extractive distillation in terms of economy, environment and safety

In order to effectively separate complex azeotropic mixtures, it is crucial to consider economic, environmental, and safety factors during the process design and optimization. This study presents a systematic approach to separate a ternary azeotropic mixture of tetrahydrofuran, methanol, and water by employing multi-objective optimization and multi-criteria decision making. Two energy-efficient configurations, i.e., double-column reactive extractive distillation and reactive-extractive dividing wall column, are proposed by integrating reaction and extractive distillation in a single unit. The developed processes are then optimized using a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm, considering the aforementioned factors. Finally, a multi-criteria decision making technique is applied to rank the Pareto frontier solutions obtained from the optimization process, using a combination of gray relational analysis and entropy weight method. Compared to the base case, the double-column reactive extractive distillation process exhibits a significant reduction in total annual cost (59.39 %) and CO2 emissions (61.75 %). Through comprehensive evaluation, the double-column reactive extractive distillation process is found to be the most effective separation solution among the proposed and existing processes. This systematic approach can be extended to other complex aqueous azeotropic systems for their design, optimization, and decision making.

Techno-economic assessment and exergy analysis of iron and steel plant coupled MEA-CO2 capture process

In the interest of mitigating global warming and climate change, the steel industry urgently needs to take measures to reduce CO2 emissions. In the context, this study is to evaluate the application value and feasibility through the techno-economic assessment and exergy analysis of the iron and steel industry coupled MEA-CO2 capture process. The integrated process, successfully implemented in Aspen Plus v12®. Considering the influence of heat integration and capture scale, scenarios 1–4 are designed: 1. Full-flow carbon capture, using outsourced steam; 2. Full-flow carbon capture with heat recovery and outsourced steam mixed use; 3. Partial-flow carbon capture only using surplus steam; 4.100,000 tons of CO2/year of capture scale, using outsourced steam. The process can achieve an effective gas capture rate of 90% and a CO2 product purity of 98.3%. The maximum annual CO2 emission reduction is about 7.65 million tons in scenarios 1 and 2. Compared with scenario 1, the CO2 capture cost of scenario 3 decreased by 22.1%, 29.0%, 23.9% and 21.2%, while that of scenario 4 increased by 44.1%, 39.5%, 25.3% and 18.0%. Through exergy analysis, the total exergy efficiency is calculated to be 38.04%, and the components that need attention and improvement in the process are diagnosed. TTAShis provides a reference for the performance analysis and application feasibility of the coupling process of CO2 capture and waste heat utilization from steel plant.

Investigating energy saving and climate mitigation potentials in cement production – A case study in Ethiopia

The cement industry is one of the most energy and emission-intensive sectors, accounting for approximately 7% of total-industrial energy use and 7% of global CO2 emissions. This study investigates the potential energy savings and CO2 abatement in the cement plants of Ethiopia. A Benchmarking and Energy Saving Tool for Cement is used to compare the energy use performance of the individual cement plants to best practices. The study reveals that all the surveyed plants are less efficient, with an average energy saving potential of 36% indicating a significant potential for energy efficiency improvement. Then, twenty-eight energy efficiency measures are identified and analyzed using a bottom-up energy conservation supply curve model. The results show that the cost-effective electrical energy and fuel-saving potentials of these measures are estimated to be 99 Gigawatt hours per year which is about 11.5% of the plants’ annual electrical energy consumption and, 2.7 Petajoules per year which is to be 12.5% of the plants’ annual fuel consumption, respectively. The cost-effective fuel measures have an annual average CO2 emission reduction potential of 254 kilo-tonnes per year which covers about 5% of the total CO2 emission. Sensitivity analysis is conducted using the key parameters that show some discrepancy in the base case results. This study could be used as a reference for policymakers to understand the potential for energy savings and CO2 abatement. It could also be used to design policies in improving energy efficiency in the cement sector.

Performance analysis and optimization of combined heat and power system based on PEM fuel cell and [formula omitted] type Stirling engine

In this study, a new arrangement of a combined heat and power (CHP) system is proposed, which is designed based on a dual-prime mover of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell and β type Stirling engine. By using this CHP system based on Stirling engine and fuel cell in hybrid form, the potential of performance improbvement of the system can be analyzed and the appropriate operation condition compared to using the CHP system based on one prime mover can be achieved.Also, two suitable thermodynamic models have been used for modeling the fuel cell and Stirling engine from energy, environmental and economic issues. In addition, the effects of Stirling engine speed, temperature, and fuel cell current density on power, electrical efficiency, CHP efficiency, fuel cost savings, the amount of annual CO2 emission reduction (ACO2ER) and payback period have been investigated for the CHP system. Then, an optimization method has been performed with the help of a two-objective genetic algorithm and the TOPSIS methods, and several optimal cases from different viewpoints of the CHP system are presented. The modeling results showed that to increase the CHP system's efficiency, the engine speed should be in the range of 1500 rpm and to increase the system's capacity, a higher engine speed should be used. Also, based on the payback period analysis, the system has higher economic performance at a higher rotational speed.I addition, increasing the fuel cell's temperature increases the system's power and electrical efficiency. The system's capacity increases with the current density, but the system's efficiency decreases. The optimization results showed that the engine speed, the fuel cell temperature, and the current density are recommended to be 3000 rpm, 94.5 °C, and 0.67 A cm−2, respectively. Suppose the main goal is to maximize the CHP efficiency and ACO2ER simultaneously, the CHP system should be started with a slightly lower engine speed of around 2126 rpm, a lower temperature of around 70.11 °C and a higher current density of around 0.93 A cm−2.

Techno-enviro-economic analysis of hydrogen production via low and high temperature electrolyzers powered by PV/Wind turbines/Waste heat

The current study presents techno, economic and environmental assessment of hydrogen production systems using low (PEM, Proton exchange membrane) and high temperature electrolyzers (SOEC, solid oxide electrolyzer cell) powered by different energy sources. These sources are PV panels, wind turbines, Rankine cycle based on waste heat recovery, and electricity from grid. The mathematical model of the whole system is constructed and solved using MATLAB/Simulink based on actual data: climatic conditions and waste heat streams. The system efficiency and hydrogen production rate are evaluated for all systems. A sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the Levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) and Levelized cost of compressed hydrogen (LCOCH) under three factors: interest rate, inflation rate, and degradation rate. Additionally, economic risk evaluation based on payback period, internal rate of return, and net present value are conducted to investigate the investment opportunity. The results indicate that the highest overall efficiency is obtained using waste heat systems at 22.91%, and the low efficiency is 11.6% for PV systems. The LCOH varies from 1.19 to 12.16 $/kg, while the LCOCH varies from 5.03 to 17.1 $/kg. The lowest value is obtained when waste heat is employed, followed by the grid, PV panels, and wind turbines. Wind turbine systems are not recommended at selling prices of 8 and 10 $/kg, but the waste heat system shows good potential for an investment opportunity. Finally, according to the system configurations, annual CO2 emissions reduction ranges from 4.81 to 1365 tons and carbon credit gain (CCG) from 192 to 54,600 $.

Thermo-economic-environmental optimization design of dual-loop organic Rankine cycle under fluctuating heat source temperature

Fluctuating heat source temperature leads to off-design operation of organic Rankine cycle systems, which is a challenge for its optimal design. For a dual-loop organic Rankine cycle, this study proposed a multi-objective optimization design framework, which integrates off-design optimization into design optimization to determine the optimal design point of the system under heat source temperature fluctuations. In the optimization design framework, we developed a multi-objective optimization model to maximize the exergy efficiency and annual CO2 emission reduction of the dual-loop organic Rankine cycle and minimize its payback period. Then, the effects of design heat source temperature Td,h on the lifetime performance of dual-loop organic Rankine cycle were investigated. To balance the conflict between different indexes, we proposed a comprehensive evaluation index based on the entropy method. The results show that the influence of actual heat source temperature on the performance of dual-loop organic Rankine cycle is greater than the Td,h. Compared with traditional research that ignore the off-design performance, the proposed design method can avoid 35.8% annual CO2 emission reduction overestimation and 58.7% payback period underestimation at Td,h of 573.1 K. In addition, the optimal Td,h is significantly influenced by the selected index. The optimal Td,h is 513.1 K for the dual-loop organic Rankine cycle to minimize its lifetime payback period. To maximize the comprehensive index, the optimal Td,h for the dual-loop organic Rankine cycle is 573.1 K, which is the temperature at 0.9 of the cumulative distribution curve of the heat source. The average exergy efficiency and annual CO2 emission reduction in the lifetime of the dual-loop organic Rankine cycle at the optimal Td,h of 573.1 K is 4.1% and 6.0% higher than that at the average Td,h of 529.1 K, respectively.

Boosting intermodal rail for decarbonizing freight transport on Java, Indonesia: A model-based policy impact assessment

This paper assesses the impact of a modal shift action program aimed at reducing CO2 emissions from surface freight transport on Java - Indonesia's center of economy and population. The action program combines fiscal measures and infrastructure development strategies which are designed through consultation with policy makers and relevant stakeholders. I test three ambition levels of the action program -basic, moderate, strong on CO2 emissions, using a 4-step freight transport demand model and a fleet emission model. For each of the ambition levels, I estimate the shift from road to rail freight and savings in CO2 emissions attained. I found that a significant transport demand could be shifted from road to rail where rail freight share could reach up to 20% of the total cargo transported by 2030. This shift to rail will also lead to a considerable reduction in the total annual CO2 emissions, up to 21.6% under the strong ambition scenario. In terms of economic benefits, the shift will also reduce total transport costs up to 7.6% under the most ambitious scenario.The high effectiveness of the measures to abate emissions substantiates the need for a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis to further assess the cost-effectiveness of the action program. Based on the modelling, several following key policy measures are identified to improve the share of rail freight: (1) improving service quality of rail freight, (2) building sufficient rail infrastructure capacity, and (3) setting up dedicated funding program for intermodal rail infrastructure.

Performance Modulation of S-CO2 Brayton Cycle for Marine Low-Speed Diesel Engine Flue Gas Waste Heat Recovery Based on MOGA.

(1) Background: the shipping industry forced ships to adopt new energy-saving technologies to improve energy efficiency. With the timing modulation for the marine low-speed diesel engine S-CO2 Brayton cycle, the waste heat recovery system is optimized to improve fuel economy. (2) Methods: with the 6EX340EF marine low-speed diesel engine established in AVL Cruise M and verified by the bench test data, the model of the S-CO2 Recompression Brayton Cycle (SCRBC) system for the low-speed engine flue gas waste heat recovery was developed in EBSILON, and verified by SANDIA experimental data. On this basis, the effects of injection timing and valve timing parameters on the comprehensive performance of the main engine and the waste heat recovery system were investigated. By optimizing the timing modulation parameters through multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) and evaluating the flue gas waste heat recovery from the perspective of thermodynamic performance and emission reduction, the research on the performance modulation method of the S-CO2 Brayton Cycle for flue gas waste heat in marine low-speed engines has been completed. (3) Results: the SCRBC with waste heat modulation will further increase the total power and efficiency, which in turn brings about a reduction in the fuel consumption rate. The efficiency of the SCRBC system with the addition of waste heat modulation increases by 2.28%, 1.04% and 2.07% at 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively. After adding the residual heat modulation, the maximum annual CO2 emission reduction of 748.51 × 103 kg·a-1 occurred at 50% load; with the exergy analysis, the cooler has the largest system exergy loss of 165 kW, with the exergy loss efficiency of 2.06% under 100% load. (4) Conclusions: the research on the performance modulation method of S-CO2 Brayton cycle for flue gas waste heat in the marine low-speed engine has been completed, which further improves the efficiency of the system and can be extended to other engines.

A cost-effective and reliable pipelines layout of carbon capture and storage for achieving China's carbon neutrality target

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a crucial technology for global climate mitigation. To implement large-scale CCUS, decisions about where and how to build a CO2 transportation network are urgently required. However, previous studies are limited in proposing the economical transportation network for CCUS that considered comprehensive risks from socio-economic, geographical and geological factors. Here, we develop a pipeline layout planning model to investigate the cost-effective and reliable transportation network for CCUS. Results show that to meet the annual CO2 emission reduction target of 654 million tons for CCUS in the coal-fired power sector under China's carbon neutral goal, pipelines with a total length of 17,589 km need to be constructed. The emission sources can be transported in pipelines with an average radius of 58 km, and with diameters of 8, 12, and 16 inches. Northeast, north, and northwest China are the main areas suitable for pipeline construction.

Energy Performance Certificate Classes Rating Methods Tested with Data: How Does the Application of Minimum Energy Performance Standards to Worst-Performing Buildings Affect Renovation Rates, Costs, Emissions, Energy Consumption?

Energy renovations of the building stock are a paramount objective of the European Union (EU) to combat climate change. A tool for renovation progress monitoring is energy performance certificate (EPC) labelling. The present study tested the effect of different EPC label classifications on a national database, which comprises ~25,000 EPC values from apartment buildings, detached houses, office buildings, and educational, commercial, and service buildings. Analysing the EPC classes labelling resulting from four different EU methods, we estimated the annual renovation rates, costs, energy savings, and CO2 emissions reduction that would affect the national building stock if each of them was adopted, to fulfil the European Climate Target Plan by the year 2033. The ISO 52003-1:2017 two-point and one-point methods determined a very uneven distribution of renovation rates, from 0.45% to ~9%. Conversely, the Directive 15% recently proposed in COM/2021/802 with uniform rates determined smaller differences and standard deviation, not pushing renovations above 3.70%, namely a rate that once fine-tuned can stimulate realistic, yet effective renovation campaigns. The major differences in renovation rates provided by the studied methods show the need for a harmonized strategy such as the Directive proposal to enable achievement of European targets.

Determination of the best air space value for installation of a PV façade technology based on 4E characteristics

Impact of changing the air gap, as the main geometrical characteristic of a PV façade (BIPV/T) system, is investigated to find the optimal value. It is done by considering annual CO2 emission reduction and annual useful exergy from the environmental and exergy sides, while annual electricity production and annual recovered heat are also investigated as representatives of energy aspect. In addition to the mentioned performance criteria, three key economic indicators, namely the overall fund saving, levelized cost of electricity, and payback time, are investigated, which results in conducting a comprehensive energy, exergy, environmental, and economic (4E) analysis. The conducted 4E analysis demonstrates that BIPV/T performance is heavily dependent on the air gap. Based on the results, for the investigated building, located in Tehran, Iran, 5.45, 5.68, 19.89, and 37.86% changes in the total fund saving, annual useful exergy, annual CO2 emission reduction, and annual heat recovered are seen when air gap varies from 0.05 to 0.25 m. Payback time is also found to be in the range of 2.2–3.5 years, which reveals that the system is completely economically viable. In addition, the conducted 4E analysis shows that the optimum value of the air gap is around 0.15 m.

Typical case of carbon capture and utilization in Chinese iron and steel enterprises: CO2 emission analysis

The CO2 emission intensity of the iron and steel industry has reached 2.0 tCO2/t steel, whereas the CO2 emission of the global iron and steel industry has exceeded 3.6 billion tons. Reduction of the CO2 emissions of the iron and steel industry is therefore the focus of this study. Based on the first set of tail gas captured from the CO2 converter smelting process of a lime kiln in China, this study compares the CO2 emissions of CO2-capture converter smelting processes after converter gas combustion, devises two system boundaries, and formulates four CO2 capture process paths. Through detailed calculation and analysis, the CO2 emission of chemical absorption is determined to be greater than that of pressure swing adsorption. Furthermore, the participation of CO2 in converter smelting is demonstrated to be able to reduce CO2 emission. An increase in CO2 concentration in the feed gas is conducive to reducing the CO2 emission of the CO2-capture converter smelting process. When the CO2 mixing ratio is 9.68%, a CO2 emission reduction of 25.32 kg CO2/t steel can be achieved. In 2020, China's long industrial processes will produce 954 million tons of crude steel; if the flue gas (80% CO2) is subjected to pressure swing adsorption after converter gas combustion, an annual CO2 emission reduction of 242 million tons can be reached.

A 4E analysis of a novel coupling process of syngas purification and CO2 capture, transcritical CO2 power and absorption refrigeration

To achieve the goal of CO2 emission peak and carbon neutrality, a novel process coupling syngas purification and CO2 capture, transcritical CO2 power and absorption refrigeration is proposed. The purpose is to realize energy conservation and CO2 emission reduction by coupling medium and low-grade waste heat, electricity and cold water in the process. Based on verifying the accuracy of the model and simulation, the proposed system is studied from four aspects: energy, exergy, economy and environment (4E). The results show that the process can meet the industrial requirements of syngas purification and CO2 products. The thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency are 35.58% and 35.96% respectively. The annual total cost is 2.45 million dollars, and the annual CO2 emission reduction is 113.6 kt. By exploring the exergy destruction and cost distribution of components, the parts that need attention and improvement in the process are determined. In addition, the effects of heat transfer temperature difference and refrigeration temperature on the performance of the process are also studied. This provides a reference for the comprehensive performance analysis and application feasibility of the coupling process of syngas purification, CO2 capture and waste heat utilization.

Hybrid photovoltaic/solar chimney power plant combined with agriculture: The transformation of a decommissioned coal-fired power plant

Due to fossil fuel shortage and high carbon emissions, more and more inefficient coal-fired power plants are being decommissioned. Many redundant resources like chimneys and electric equipment are thus left behind, which can be combined with renewable energy for transformation. Therefore, a hybrid photovoltaic/solar chimney (PV/SC) power plant combined with agriculture is proposed to transform a decommissioned thermal power plant in Ningxia, China. The collector canopy is partially covered with PV modules and simultaneously serves as an agricultural greenhouse for planting activities. Meanwhile, the hot air flow under the canopy can be integrated with air source heat pumps (ASHPs) for domestic heating. Detailed mathematical models are developed to investigate power generation and heat collection performance. The economic and environmental benefits are quantitatively evaluated. The results show that the average daily power generation capacity of PV and SC can reach 334.2 MWh and 9.3 MWh, respectively. The total power generation capacity increases by 5.98% compared with an equivalent single PV power plant. The annual CO2 emission reduction can be up to 1.27 × 106 tons, and the total annual revenue is more than $ 5.47 million. The transformed plant has an impressive comprehensive solar energy conversion efficiency of 14.2% considering power generation, agricultural production and heating, which is 36.9% higher than that of an equivalent conventional PV power plant. The proposed plant has a power generation capacity of 343.5 MWh/d and can bring about notable economic and environmental benefits, which are of great significance to the transition of renewable energy and achieving lower carbon emissions. This work can provide a feasible reference for the upgrading of industries with high pollution and low efficiency.

Energy-efficient effect evaluation of air-source heat pump engineering in a hotel

Adopting the comprehensive correction coefficient and the three-phase statistical approach of electricity charge, energy saving and its benefit were identified. When electric boilers were replaced by air-source heat pumps to produce hot water in a hotel, the annual-saving electricity and energy-saving benefits were 443700 kWh and 363400 Yuan, and the ratio of energy-saving and energy-saving benefits were 63.45% and 71.24%, respectively. The COP of this project was increased from 0.8 to 3.52, and the annual CO2 emission reduction was 552.85 tCO2. The power consumption and cost per ton of hot water were 12.44 kWh and 7.13 Yuan, respectively. The comprehensive correction coefficient was proposed, considering a three-phase statistical approach of electricity charge, namely peak, flat and valley periods. The innovative method can be applied to energy-efficient effect evaluation when some problems cannot be solved according to the standards.

Design and evaluation of a wind turbine-driven heat pump system for domestic heating in Scotland

The Climate Change (Scotland) Act sets greenhouse gases net-zero emissions targets by 2045, and wind energy can be used as the alternative energy source to reduce domestic energy consumption. Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Carlisle were selected as typical regions based on population density, energy consumption, and wind resources, and a wind turbine-driven heat pump system is designed to heat detached houses by using DesignBuilder and TRNSYS. Wind heating efficiency, load satisfaction, CO2 emission reduction, and profitability indicators are proposed to evaluate the performance. Results show that wind turbines can meet energy requirements of detached houses with the assistance of the municipal grid. The wind heating efficiency and the load satisfaction probability reached 69% and 98% in these four regions, respectively. Compared to the modeled emissions, the annual CO2 emissions reduction ratio is 3.0–6.5%. Increasing the capacity of batteries and wind turbines can increase wind heating efficiency, load satisfaction, and CO2 emission reduction. The increase of the wind turbine's capacity can reduce the wind heating efficiency. Since the low profitability could affect the economic feasibility of the system, increasing the government economic incentives and reducing costs are of great significance to the promotion of this system in Scotland.