Anschluss Research Articles

The stage of Austria's annexation of Germany until the May Crisis of 1938

يتناول البحث مرحلة ضم النمسا لألمانيا لغاية أزمة أيار سنة 1938, حيث أصر الالمان على المطالبة على القيام باستفتاء الى ما وراء تعداد سنة ١٩١٠ وأثار هذا غضب هندرسون ومع ذلك، فقد أظهر استعدادها للوقوف في وجه الالمان بشأن مسألة الاستفتاء بل وكان مستعداً للاستقالة من المفوضية احتجاجاً على السلوك الالماني . لم يذهب هندرسون في اي وقت خلال مراسلاته بعيداً في محاولته استرضاء الالمان بل وأصبح في النهاية مدافعاً عن الاتحاد السوفيتي، حيث انتقدت وزارة الخارجية سياسة هندرسون وقد اظهر هندرسون حساسية تجاه انتقادات وزارة الخارجية.

Critical Analysis of “Divided Nation” Model Applications to China-Taiwan: A Case Study of Germany’s Annexation of Austria in 1938

Scholars have argued that “divided nations” (i.e., countries that have split into separate political entities) have distinct characteristics in the international system, and this model has been applied to China-Taiwan relations. Yet, despite ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and historical ties, the current state of cross-Strait relations does not resemble classic cases of the “divided nation” model such as East and West Germany, North and South Vietnam, or North and South Korea, not least because power asymmetry is a major feature of the relationship. China’s largely one-sided demands for “reunification” with Taiwan share more similarities with Germany’s approach to Austria in the 1930s. Both are cases of an aggressor state seeking to annex the territory of a smaller, sovereign neighbor based on a revanchist ideology that stems from perceived notions of “national humiliation” by outside powers and ethno-nationalist ideas of a shared blood community. Germany’s annexation of Austria in 1938 was the result of overwhelming German military power and political decision-making in the dictatorship of the Third Reich rather than ethnic, cultural, or historical ties. Germany’s invasion and occupation of Austria and the transformations of German and Austrian national identity after 1945 show that the “divided nation” model is contingent on historical and ideological subjectivities and not objective, scholarly analysis. Scholars of cross-Strait relations should approach the subject without reference to this model and instead focus on the political struggle between Chinese authoritarianism and Taiwanese democracy on the question of Taiwanese sovereignty in addition to Taiwan’s pivotal role in the great power conflict between the United States and China.

The Evolution of Hanne Wassermann’s ‘Gymnastik Methode’ in Vienna’s Golden Autumn

Hanne Wassermann’s contributions to teaching gymnastics and body culture during Vienna’s interwar period took place within the rich contexts of ongoing developments in radium research, psychology, physiology and anatomy, and gynecology. This paper explores the movement theories she developed for her classes as well as the ways in which she distinguished her teaching from other renowned female physical culturalists of the time. In ‘Tägliche Gymnastik’, a workbook on daily gymnastics that Hanne co-edited with Jewish gynecologist Oskar Frankl in 1934, and other published and unpublished manuscripts, she described the psychological theories supporting her ‘Gymnastik Methode’—mainly the principles of Gestalt psychology learned from psychologists Karl and Charlotte Bühler at the Vienna Institute of Psychology. She was able to tap into a remarkable network of associates and acquaintances, including celebrated physicians, scientists, movie stars, multi-millionaires, and royalty—and use their influence and status to popularize and begin to commercialize her ‘Gymnastik Methode’, as well as to assist her escape from Vienna following the Anschluß Österreichs (Annexation of Austria) and develop a successful career in massage and remedial gymnastics in North America. She took with her copies of ‘Tägliche Gymnastik’ and the as yet unpublished ‘Methode’ which became important supports to her future livelihood in North America.

Ilse Aichinger/Helga Michie: Zwischen Abschied und Ankunft: Between Departure and Arrival ed. by Geoff Wilkes

Reviewed by: Ilse Aichinger/Helga Michie: Zwischen Abschied und Ankunft: Between Departure and Arrival ed. by Geoff Wilkes Kirsten A. Krick-Aigner Geoff Wilkes, ed., Ilse Aichinger/Helga Michie: Zwischen Abschied und Ankunft: Between Departure and Arrival. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2021. 240 pp. Geoff Wilke's edited volume Ilse Aichinger/Helga Michie is a timely collection of twenty insightful articles and a creative dramatized narrative that reflect on the intertwined personal lives and cultural contributions of the Austrian twins, author Ilse Aichinger and artist Helga Michie. The full scope of their creative work had not yet been thoroughly considered until the three-day conference in London organized in anticipation of the 2021 celebration of the twins' centenary. [End Page 92] Aichinger and Michie, born 1921 in Vienna, grew up in a family that enjoyed rich cultural experiences and was influenced by their Jewish heritage on their maternal side. The annexation of Austria in 1938 and ensuing World War II and Holocaust would lead to trying and tragic consequences for the family, forever permeating the twins' creative work in a type of "intellectual and emotional symbiosis" (17). Having sent Helga with the last Kindertransport to England to join her already exiled aunt Klara in London, Ilse and the twins' mother Berta stayed behind to endure the war in Vienna. For Ilse, seeing her grandmother Gisela Kremer, her aunt Erna Kremer, and her uncle Felix Kremer deported from Vienna by truck to their death in Minsk was a traumatic memory that reappears throughout her work, both in her only novel Die größere Hoffnung (1948) and in her later prose. Memories of Aichinger's beloved grandmother in particular resurface in countless articles within the volume, further evoking the grandmother's spirit and Aichinger's devotion to her memory. The first grouping of articles by Lynne Heller, Andrew G. Bonnell, Belinda Kleinhans, and Samuel Moser focuses on how the war experiences shaped the twins' creative oeuvre. Gernot Wimmer and Dolors Sabaté Planes give fresh readings of Aichinger's prose through the lenses of Franz Kafka's surreal writing style as well as magic realism. Irene Fußl examines how Aichinger and Michie's friendship with fellow Austrian author Ingeborg Bachmann, whom they nicknamed their "third twin" (83), influenced the creative output of all three women; it includes a moving close reading of Bachmann's poem "Mirjam," which was dedicated to Michie's daughter. It is of note that Fußl and Roland Berbig have recently edited a 2021 Bachmann volume that was made possible by approval from heirs despite the current sealed correspondences in the estates of Aichinger and Bachmann. Christoph Leitgeb further explores the uneasy tension that exists between individual memory and official commemoration in Bachmann's poem "Ende der Silbergasse." Underscoring Aichinger's love of films and movie-going that she associated with happiness and escape, Jacqueline Vansant demonstrates the importance of the perspective of the victim in scenes of filmmaking in Aichinger's first version of Die größere Hoffnung. Referring to the over 100 fragments of prose written by Aichinger, published in Der Standard between 2001 and 2003, Christine Ivanovic traces Aichinger and her mother's journey to England to reunite with Michie and Klara at the end of 1947, despite being able to obtain the desired permit to stay. However, Ivanovic shows [End Page 93] that the journey itself "made it possible for the persecuted and traumatised individuals to live on" (113). Andreas Dittrich encourages readers to enjoy her work from a fresh perspective through his analysis of the "Leerstellen" and typescripts in Aichinger's prose while exploring the author's own reading process of searching, "Das Suchen" (131). In a similar vein, Mathias Müller poetically showcases Aichinger's prose from the perspective of quiet listening and searching for words. Further articles by Barbara Thums, Wilkes, Matteo Iacovella, and Ruth Vogel-Klein seek out the intersections of Aichinger's act of writing and remembrance. Thums sets Viennese coffee houses as centrifugal spaces in which Aichinger explored power structures that foster both inclusion and exclusion. Wilkes further discusses Aichinger's prose as revealing an "intentional manipulation of memory" (159) within the limitations of memory. Whereas Iacovella...

Archival Silence in the Collections of Dietrich Schulz-Köhn

Archival Silence in the Collections of Dietrich Schulz-Köhn

What’s in a Name? Asperger’s Syndrome in the Formation of Otherness

Abstract: In this contribution I revise the changes that have been put in place for phasing out Asperger's syndrome based on the DSM-5 and question its implication to individuals with Asperger’s in terms of their disability identity and positionality as the Other in autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, recent backlash against the eponym of Asperger's syndrome have struck the autistic/Asperger community affecting once again their self-concept and sense of belonging. In view of these two instances in the Asperger community, I argue that fluctuations in the disability identity have become a matter of rhetoric of naming and of a repositioning of Otherness as a result of complex relations and contexts that involve clinical medicine and history. Hence, I aim to show that Asperger’s disorder has become a contested diagnosis of Otherness in autism studies by analysing extracts from Temple Grandin’s published autobiography Thinking in picture and from comments posted by viewers of a YouTube Channel, “The Aspies World”, in which a video reveals Hans Asperger’s involvements with the Third Reich during the annexation of Austria. Keywords: Hans Asperger; DSM-5; disability identity; Otherness; Temple Grandin.

The Role of German Academic Medicine and Science in the Medical Crimes of the Third Reich and the Shoah: The Continuing Legacy.

Despite the revelations of the Nuremberg Medical Trial and subsequent prosecutions, the reality is that, with particular respect to medicine and the role of leading academic and scientific institutions during the so-called "Third Reich," the postwar period war was marked by a "Great Silence." With few exceptions, this silence continued until the 1980's, when increasing systematic scholarly research and inadvertent discoveries revealed the significant role played by the German and Austrian medical profession during the Nazi period and the Shoah. The discoveries included body parts of victims of Nazi terror in the collections of university institutes of anatomy and scientific research. The Pernkopf Atlas of Human Anatomy represents a legacy from Nazi medicine. Although it includes images from Nazi victims, its accuracy makes it a valued resource in surgery. The Vienna Protocol is a new halachic responsum on the question of what to do with newly discovered remains from Nazi victims and their data, and can provide guidance in the ethical reasoning on whether to use the Pernkopf atlas.

The Medical University of Vienna and the legacy of Pernkopf’s anatomical atlas: Elsevier’s donation of the original drawings to the Josephinum

Eduard Pernkopf (1888–1955) became head of the Second Anatomical Institute in 1933, dean of the medical faculty in 1938 with the Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, and rector of the University of Vienna in 1943. He gained worldwide recognition with his anatomical atlas, which many consider unequaled to this day. In the decades that followed, suspicion arose that the drawings were made using corpses of people who had been victims of Nazi persecution and, following international inquiries and critique, the University of Vienna appointed a historical commission to the matter. The commission published its results in 1998, concluding that anatomical specimens used for the illustrations in Pernkopf’s atlas had in all likelihood been made using corpses of victims of the Nazi judicial system. In total, the Anatomical Institute received the corpses of at least 1377 executed people, including many members of the anti-Nazi resistance.Through the acquisition of Pernkopf’s original publisher Urban & Schwarzenberg in 2003, the original drawings and the publishing rights went to Elsevier. While existing copies of Pernkopf’s Anatomy remain in use, printing or licensing of the atlas or its illustrations were stopped in 1994, inducing an effective ban on publishing the illustrations in other contexts, for example in works dealing with history and ethics of anatomy.In December 2019, Elsevier donated the remaining original drawings and proofs to the Medical University of Vienna, ensuring that these returned to the institution where they originated. They are now part of the university’s historical collections held at the Josephinum. Moreover, the transfer of the originals to Vienna ensures appropriate archiving and conservation, cataloging and digitization, as well as access to the illustrations for historical and related research.

Max Clara and Innsbruck — The origin of a German Nationalist and National Socialist career

This investigation aims to summarize hitherto scattered pieces of evidence of the early biography of Max Clara, especially considering his connections with the Histological Institute of the University of Innsbruck.Max Clara was born in 1899 in South Tyrol, at that time part of the Habsburg Empire. After high school in Bozen and his participation in World War I, Clara studied medicine in Innsbruck, Austria and Leipzig, Germany, graduating from Innsbruck University in 1923.He joined the Corps Gothia, a German Student Corps, at the start of his studies and became socialized as a German nationalist. When the Tyrolean Parliament conducted an illegal referendum in 1921, in which a majority voted for the merger of Tyrol with Germany, the active members of the Gothia spontaneously removed the border barriers between Austria and Bavaria in the municipality of Scharnitz. They brought them to Innsbruck to be deposited in the statehouse. Clara’s participation in this activity is not documented but is very likely. Seventy-four per cent of the members of this corps joined the Nazi party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP), even before the annexation of Austria by National Socialist (NS) Germany in 1938. Clara likely met Maximinian de Crinis, an SS officer and high-ranking member of the NS health administration, through contacts within their respective corps. De Crinis supported Clara decisively in the anatomist’s appointments as chair of anatomy at the University of Leipzig and later at the University of Munich.Initially, Clara began his academic career at the Institute of Histology and Embryology in Innsbruck as (student) demonstrator, and in 1923 as an assistant. In December 1923 Clara had to leave Innsbruck for Blumau, South Tyrol to take over the medical surgery of his father, who had passed away unexpectedly. Back in Italy, he continued his histological research in his spare time and published a large number of scientific papers. His connections with Innsbruck and especially with histologist Jürg Mathis never ceased.

Jane HirshfieldLedger

Equally fascinating are the texts following the poems—where we also get a glimpse into the surprising complexity of translation approaches employed across this map of this endangered poetic world. For example, the Tamajaght poetry quoted above is a third cousin to the original— first transcribed by the poet, Hawad, from Tamajaght into a graphic illustrated version , rendering the poetry using a modified Tifinagh alphabet with added vowels; then it has passed through French translation by his scholar-wife, Hélène Claudot-Hawad, thence into English by Judith Fleiss. By the way, this poem about Ti-n-El (“She of the season of new grasses”) and others explore the forced exile and unresolved fate of the Tuareg people. Because of the dizzying variety of translation strategies and challenges, there is a necessary unevenness in translation, with some stilted lines and other minor stylistic clutter creeping in. No matter. This volume enchants, dignifies, educates, uplifts, transports , and ultimately may even help redeem and heal us, in our presently unhinged global frenzy—if only we let it. There is much more to do, of course— these sixty poets/languages represent but a slightest fraction of our endangered literary heritage now disappearing by the month. Even so, Chris McCabe has made something exceptional here. This is that rare collection that every one of us can treasure and pass on. I cannot hope strongly enough that this book may find its way into our libraries—and our hearts. Andrew Singer Trafika Europe Elisabeth Åsbrink And in the Vienna Woods the Trees Remain:The Heartbreaking True Story of a Family Torn Apart by War Trans. Saskia Vogel. New York. Other Press. 2020. 421 pages. A LIFETIME—seventy-five years— has passed since the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bergen-Belsen, and other hellholes emblematic of the European extermination of perceived Otherness. Lest we forget, we need books like And in the Vienna Woods the Trees Remain: a slow-burning, relentless investigation of the persecution of the Jews and, at the same time, a compassionate study of an exiled child and family bonds stretched to breaking point. Elisabeth Åsbrink is a brilliant journalist with a personal stake in exposing dark periods in contemporary history. The core narrative in 1947, her wonderfully readable “biography of a year,” is the post–World War II struggle of Europe’s surviving Jewry to find a refuge in Israel; the historical account is illuminated by the story of her father, a Jewish-Hungarian boy whose family is gradually eliminated. And in the Vienna Woods is an earlier work, and the child adrift is another Jewish boy, Otto Ullmann. Otto’s parents loved him, their only child, so well that they sent the thirteen-year-old away from Vienna within a year of Nazi Germany’s annexation of Austria in 1938. Just a few months later, it had become clear that Jews would be brutally punished for existing at all. Books in Review Jane Hirshfield Ledger New York. Knopf. 2020. 128 pages. A NEW VOLUME of poems by acclaimed poet Jane Hirshfield is an event. After reading the poems in Ledger—a capacious, varied volume—it seems as if ordinary life is richer and deeper than before, yet it is hard to pin down why. Her limpid style, sometimes riddling yet never obscure, provides part of the answer. With every word, Hirshfield allows us to enter her poems and feel at home there. Even when she challenges us most forcefully , she does so together with us, holding our gaze, inhabiting a shared space. Not for nothing does she see poetry as a vehicle for transformation—and yet the poetic speaker feels like a friend rather than a guide or moralist . Humility is often her very subject: “In the end, / I was like others. / A person.” Hirshfield’s poems work against our typical , daily egocentrism. This interest unifies her oeuvre, allowing us to recognize her poems by their perspective and curiously voiceless voice rather than by more conventional means, such as imagery or leitmotifs. A Hirshfield poem is an exercise in opening the self. This is not an evacuation as much as an endless multiplication: until we see each character in a story...

The Impact of Nazi Germany’s Annexation of Austria on the Psychoanalytic Movement

ABSTRACTI describe the situation in Vienna in the wake of the events of the spring of 1938 as well as the flight of psychoanalysts from Vienna. Subsequently, I provide an overview of psychoanalysis in Vienna from 1938 to 1945 and the reopening of the Society, which took place on the 10th of April 1946.

Approaches to the life and influence of the Austro-American sports physician Hans Kraus (1905-1996)

The Austrian physician Hans Kraus was a central figure in the founding of the American fitness movement. His life and work are to this day almost unknown both within the Austrian scientific community and to a broader public.Kraus was born in Trieste in 1905 and obtained a doctorate in medicine from the University of Vienna in 1929. Subsequently he trained as an orthopedic surgeon at the Vienna General Hospital. After the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938, he flew to the United States and worked at the prestigious Columbia Presbyterian Hospital (now the New York Presbyterian Hospital). His field of research was the physical performance and fitness of the American youth. At the beginning of the 1950s Kraus noted enormous deficits compared to the European youth. This attracted much public attention and led to significant public health interventions such as the founding of the "President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports". This council should encourage the American population to engage in physical activity. In addition, Kraus gained great prominence as one of John F. Kennedy's doctors. On the occasion of his death in 1996, the New York Times described him as the "originator of sports medicine in U.S.". This study has two goals: Firstly, it will outline the migrant biography of Hans Kraus based on the work of Susan Schwartz (2005). Secondly, approaches for the classification of the scientific work of Kraus in the cultural history of fitness and physical enhancement will be presented. The theoretical background to this is Foucault's concept of biopolitics. The knowledge gained by physicians such as Kraus is interpreted as knowledge of power, which has a disciplining and regulating effect on the body and the population.

Austria's annexation of Cracow in 1846: A Contribution to the history of Austrian-German relations in the Pre-March Period

The main aim of this study is to analyse Austria’s annexation of Cracow in November 1846 and its influence on the development of Austrian-German relations in the second half of the 1840s. The decision to end the independent existence of the Free City of Cracow was a violation of the Final Act, signed at the Congress of Vienna on 9 June 1815, which was considered by many contemporaries as a crisis that seriously jeopardized the continuation of the European peace order. It was an event that had a number of serious consequences both political and international-legal, as well as economic and social. The text seeks to outline the main events leading to Austria’s decision to declare the incorporation of Cracow into the Habsburg Monarchy and then analyses the consequences of this act. It focuses primarily on the dispute between Austria and Prussia over trade and customs issues. Particular attention is given to the reaction triggered in the territory of the German Confederation by the announcement of the termination of Cracow and its incorporation into Austria. While acknowledging the legitimacy of the Austrian action against Cracow, smaller German states did not resist the fear that they might be caught by the same fate and lose their free status and be annexed by one of the larger German states. The governments of Vienna and Berlin had to make considerable efforts to convince them that the rule of law would be maintained within the German Confederation. Prussia initially resisted negotiations on Austria’s annexation of Cracow because of its own primarily economic interests there. Although in the end virtually none of the Prussian requirements for its approval of annexation were taken into account by Austria, the alliance between the two German powers was not disrupted.

Ein Staat stirbt: Österreich 1934–38 by Georg Wieser

Reviewed by: Ein Staat stirbt: Österreich 1934–38 by Georg Wieser Britta McEwen Georg Wieser, Ein Staat stirbt: Österreich 1934–38. Vienna: New Academic Press, 2018. 260 pp. Ein Staat Stirbt has a fascinating backstory. The book was written on the eve of the Munich crisis by an Austrian living in exile named Otto Leichter, writing as Georg Wieser. It is cinematic, punchy, and fast-paced as it narrates the demise of independent Austria in a partisan tone—the author was no fan of the Ständestaat. But the book itself was forgotten for years, languishing in the Augustinerlesesaal of the Austrian National Library until scholar Béla Rásky, managing director of the Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies, found it there and began reading. He has now brought it to light again, offering a helpful introduction to the text and ensuring that it would be reprinted. It deserves to be read by a wide audience, both in Austria and America. The era of the Ständestaat is receiving more attention as of late, although it remains a very politically charged topic to write about. Wieser's account, [End Page 103] written so close to the source, is of particular interest. It was accessible to exiles, not Austrians, at the time of publication and was intended as a plea for international intervention against fascism in all its forms. Yet it captures the concerns of Austrians, and particularly the Viennese, during the 1930s in a way that few accounts can claim to. As Rásky so rightly describes it in his introduction, the book is written in a style similar to a crime novel, tight and breathless, yet here the crime is the annexation of Austria. Wieser spreads the blame around: on those who crushed the workers in 1934, on Dollfuss and Schuschnigg for setting up a dictatorial regime, on the Catholic Church for abetting them, on Mussolini for inventing fascism and then getting so diverted in Abyssinia that he failed to protect Austria, and on Hitler for his unending greed. Wieser's thesis is that independent Austria died with the workers' freedoms in 1934; the ensuing four years were a farce that played out according to the whims of dictators. The tension between international politics and internal rule in Austria was too great for Dollfuss or Schuschnigg to overcome, according to the author, and thus they dug themselves deeper into authoritarianism and were blind to the "brown threat" of Nazism. Along the way, the reader gets fascinating sketches of daily life in the Ständestaat, including a chapter that opens with the drop in butter and veal consumption in the latter part of the 1930s as an illustration of the dip in quality of life that authoritarianism brought to the Viennese. Terror and fear are the watchwords of this slim book. Wieser opens with the Nazis marching into Vienna and the mobs attacking Jewish citizens and closes with the Aryanization of businesses and economic misery of the summer of 1938. In between, he explores how Fascism and authoritarianism behave in all sorts of situations: how dictators treat each other, how regimes crush resistance, how resignation creeps into the population, how governments gloss over the loss of democracy. Readers also learn that the Social Democratic Workers Party of Austria did not give up in 1934 but rather continued to organize, smuggle in copies of the Arbeiter-Zeitung, and work for a return of labor power. Yet terror and fear remain the overwhelming motifs of the book, leavened only by the disdain the author uses to sketch the personalities of people like Dollfuss, Schuschnigg, and Starhemberg, who so misunderstood the stakes of their posturing. In one of the most trenchant chapters for scholars of this period, Wieser outlines just how few people supported Schuschnigg in 1936. Group by group, he shows that the Ständestaat simply was seen as a lesser evil, rather [End Page 104] than a supported entity, in the waning days of independent Austria. Perhaps 30 percent of the population backed the government, in his estimation; surely not enough to make it a viable alternative given the "red" and "brown" undercurrents it was suppressing. This sobering assessment of...

Walter Kohn (1923–2016)

Walter Kohn (1923–2016)

Ilya Mark Scheinker: Controversial Neuroscientist and Refugee From National Socialist Europe.

Russian-born, Vienna-trained neurologist and neuropathologist Ilya Mark Scheinker collaborated with Josef Gerstmann and Ernst Sträussler in 1936 to describe the familial prion disorder now known as Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. Because of Nazi persecution following the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, Scheinker fled from Vienna to Paris, then after the German invasion of France, to New York. With the help of neurologist Tracy Putnam, Scheinker ended up at the University of Cincinnati, although his position was never guaranteed. He more than doubled his prior publications in America, and authored three landmark neuropathology textbooks. Despite his publications, he was denied tenure and had difficulty professionally in the Midwest because of prejudice against his European mannerisms. He moved back to New York for personal reasons in 1952, dying prematurely just 2 years later. Scheinker was twice uprooted, but persevered and eventually found some success as a refugee.

Le traitement de la Shoah dans la pièce de Thomas Bernhard, Place des héros

This article looks at Thomas Bernhard’s play, Heldenplatz, which he wrote in 1988, on the anniversary of the Third Reich’s 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany. The play, which explores Jewish history through the lens of a Jewish family in Vienna, provoked a heated debate. The scandal caused by the play can be seen as a Kulturkampf over the meaning of the fifty-year period in Austrian history leading up to 1988. Heldenplatz is not directly about the Holocaust. However, Bernhard uses the play to address Austria’s attitude toward its Nazi past and its post-war guilt.

Art

Freud Museum, London 10 October 2013–2 February 2014 The house is unmistakably Sigmund Freud’s, although he only occupied it for a year. Emigrating to England as a result of Germany’s annexation of Austria in June 1938, Freud died there in 1939. Now a museum, visitors can see his collection of heavy furniture, rich cloths, and archaeological treasures and totems of many traditions: Greek, Roman, Mesopotamian. He called them his ‘old and grubby gods’ who aided him in his work. Archaeology and psychoanalysis were closely connected for Freud since both require digging to reveal the truth. Inspired by Lisa Appignanesi’s acclaimed 2009 book Mad, Bad and Sad: …

Austrian Academy of Sciences Faces Its Nazi History

The new exhibit, the academy's first extended examination of its actions during the Nazi period, coincides with the 75th anniversary of Austria's annexation to Germany.

Traduire l’exil: Das Exil Übersetzen by Michaela Enderle-Ristori

what point in their training? The goals of programs and the needs of students should be paramount in making these decisions, but it is also important for teachers themselves to be aware of linguistic variation and to know where to find innovative pedagogical materials. This volume serves as a useful resource for considering these issues and serves its intended readership well. Harvard University (MA) Stacey Katz Bourns Enderle-Ristori, Michaela. Traduire l’exil: Das Exil Übersetzen. Tours: PU François-Rabelais, 2011. ISBN 978-2-87706-642-6. Pp. 227. 18 a. Bringing together historians and literary critics, this volume addresses the political relationship between exile and translation in a specific geographical space—the cultural transfer from Germany to France—and at a particular historical moment, the years 1933 to 1945. Four essays look at the challenges Jewish German-language writers experienced in French exile and in French translation. Deborah Viëtor-Engländer focuses on Alfred Kerr, who at 65 was forced to flee with his young family to France. Once in exile, the German theater critic was not only cut off from his audiences but also from the language in which he wrote. Thus, Viëtor-Engländer argues, Kerr not only lost his characteristic style but also his social critique. Carl Einstein, as Marianne Kröger explains, had valuable French connections to the art scene—Picasso, Braque, and the Cubist art dealer Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler were his personal friends—as well as to the publishing world long before he took up residence in Paris in 1928. Well respected, Einstein, who was fluent in French, found work as an art critique and translator until 1933, after which he economically struggled in what he called an “artless” time. While Kerr survived the war in England, the Leftist Einstein, who in 1936 left Paris to fight in the Spanish Civil War, committed suicide upon returning to now German-occupied France, where his life was once again in danger. Unlike Kerr and Einstein, Lion Feuchtwanger was no Francophile. Frédéric Teinturier maintains that Feuchtwanger’s ambivalent attitude towards France,a country that he critically portrays in The Devil in France should be read as the“aesthetic critic”rather than as a straightforward portrayal of France. Deliberating why the mediocre memoirs of Viennese journalist and salon hostess Bertha Zuckerkandl were instantly translated into French and English when she went into French exile in 1938, Sigurd Scheichl suggests that they had, from the beginning, been written with a Francophone audience in mind, an audience that she believed would share her opposition to Nazi Germany’s annexation of Austria while wishing for an ongoing Austrian-French cultural exchange. The remaining essays analyze the politics of translation. Looking at which French translators were still translating German exile texts after 1933 (Sylvie Aprile), or how French writers in the resistance viewed Germany’s literary and cultural heritage from before 1933 198 FRENCH REVIEW 87.2 Reviews 199 (Isabella Kalinowski on René Char), or, for example, how German exile texts are being translated today (Roussel and Schulte on Anna Seghers), these articles emphasize the social role of literature and language during times of national crisis. Equally of interest is Patrice Arnaud’s essay in which he provides a linguistic portrait of the 600,000 Frenchmen who were sent to Nazi Germany as forced laborers between 1942 and 1945. Concluding that the majority of these Frenchmen did not know German beforehand,he describes the strategies that helped them cope in the foreign language and the rational and political success behind each choice. Pennsylvania State University Bettina Brandt Schneider-Mizony, Odile, et Maurice Sachot, éd. Normes et normativité en éducation: entre tradition et rupture. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2011. ISBN 978-2-29656856 -3. Pp. 188. 19 a. The eleven contributors to this volume seek to interrogate the epistemological construct of the “norm,” with the goal of destabilizing its signification. Such a move is critical: rather than belonging to the domain of uncontested sacral dogma, norms serve to mediate between subject and object. Moreover, they are socially constructed, or more precisely, politically motivated instruments of control and authority, whose articulation and adoration generate considerable academic capital. This admixture of...