Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies Research Articles

Comparing inflationary models in extended Metric-Affine theories of gravity

We study slow-roll inflation as a common feature in Metric-affine Theories of Gravity. In particular, we take into account extended metric, teleparallel and symmetric-teleparallel theories of gravity, based on different geometric invariants, discussing analogies and differences. The analysis for each model is performed in two approaches. First, we focus on the potential-slow-roll approach by studying the reconstructed potentials for different forms of the extended models related to the considered gravitational theory in the Einstein frame. Secondly, we investigate the Hubble-slow-roll approach for some conventional inflationary potentials related to the specific extended model in the Jordan frame. We compare all results with cosmic microwave background anisotropy observations coming from Planck 2018 and BICEP2/Keck array satellites in order to find the observational constraints on the parameters space of the models as well as their prediction from the spectral parameters. Eventually, we attempt to present a qualitative comparison between three classes of considered modified gravities using the obtained inflationary results. The aim is to select, in principle, cosmological signatures capable of discriminating among concurrent models in view to point out the representation of gravity, according with geometric invariants, which better addresses the early universe dynamics.

Cosmic Reionization in the JWST Era: Back to AGNs?

Deep surveys with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revealed an emergent population of moderate-luminosity, broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at 4 ≲ z ≲ 13 powered by accretion onto early massive black holes. The high number densities reported, together with the large Lyman-continuum (LyC) production efficiency and leakiness into the intergalactic medium that are typical of UV-selected AGNs, lead us to reassess a scenario where AGNs are the sole drivers of the cosmic hydrogen/helium reionization process. Our approach is based on the assumptions, grounded in recent observations, that (a) the fraction of broad-line AGNs among galaxies is around 10%–15%; (b) the mean escape fraction of hydrogen LyC radiation is high, at ≳80%, in AGN hosts and is negligible otherwise; and (c) internal absorption at 4 ryd or a steep ionizing EUV spectrum delay full reionization of He ii until z ≃ 2.8–3.0, in agreement with observations of the He ii Lyα forest. In our fiducial models, (1) hydrogen reionization is 99% completed by redshift z ≃ 5.3–5.5 and reaches its midpoint at z ≃ 6.5–6.7; (2) the integrated Thomson scattering optical depth to reionization is ≃0.05, consistent with constraints from cosmic microwave background anisotropy data; and (3) the abundant AGN population detected by JWST does not violate constraints on the unresolved X-ray background.

Spectral distortions from acoustic dissipation with non-Gaussian (or not) perturbations

A well-known route to form primordial black holes in the early universe relies on the existence of unusually large primordial curvature fluctuations, confined to a narrow range of wavelengths that would be too small to be constrained by Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies. This scenario would however boost the generation of μ-type spectral distortions in the CMB due to an enhanced dissipation of acoustic waves. Previous studies of μ-distortion bounds on the primordial spectrum were based on the assumptions of Gaussian primordial fluctuations. In this work, we push the calculation of μ-distortions to one higher order in photon anisotropies. We discuss how to derive bounds on primordial spectrum peaks obeying non-Gaussian statistics under the assumption of local (perturbative or not) non-Gaussianity. We find that, depending on the value of the peak scale, the bounds may either remain stable or get tighter by several orders of magnitude, but only when the departure from Gaussian statistics is very strong. Our results are translated in terms of bounds on primordial supermassive black hole mass in a companion paper.

Re-examining the Lithium abundance problem in Big-Bang nucleosynthesis

One of the three testaments in favor of the big bang theory is the prediction of the primordial elemental abundances in the big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). The Standard BBN is a parameter-free theory due to the precise knowledge of the baryon-to-photon ratio of the Universe obtained from studies of the anisotropies of cosmic microwave background radiation. Although the computed abundances of light elements during primordial nucleosynthesis and those determined from observations are in good agreement throughout a range of nine orders of magnitude, there is still a disparity of 7Li abundance overestimated by a factor of ∼2.5 when calculated theoretically. The number of light neutrino flavors, the neutron lifetime and the baryon-to-photon ratio in addition to the astrophysical nuclear reaction rates determine the primordial abundances. We previously looked into the impact of updating baryon-to-photon ratio and neutron lifetime and changing quite a few reaction rates on the yields of light element abundances in BBN. In this work, calculations are performed using new reaction rates for 3H(p, γ)4He, 6Li(p, γ)7Be, 7Be(p, γ)8B, 13N(p, γ)14O, 7Li(n, γ)8Li and 11B(n, γ)12B along with the latest measured value of neutron lifetime. We observe from theoretical calculations that these changes result in improvement by causing further reduction in the abundance of 7Li than calculated earlier.

LiteBIRD science goals and forecasts: a full-sky measurement of gravitational lensing of the CMB

We explore the capability of measuring lensing signals in LiteBIRD full-sky polarization maps. With a 30 arcmin beam width and an impressively low polarization noise of 2.16 μK-arcmin, LiteBIRD will be able to measure the full-sky polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) very precisely. This unique sensitivity also enables the reconstruction of a nearly full-sky lensing map using only polarization data, even considering its limited capability to capture small-scale CMB anisotropies. In this paper, we investigate the ability to construct a full-sky lensing measurement in the presence of Galactic foregrounds, finding that several possible biases from Galactic foregrounds should be negligible after component separation by harmonic-space internal linear combination. We find that the signal-to-noise ratio of the lensing is approximately 40 using only polarization data measured over 80% of the sky. This achievement is comparable to Planck's recent lensing measurement with both temperature and polarization and represents a four-fold improvement over Planck's polarization-only lensing measurement. The LiteBIRD lensing map will complement the Planck lensing map and provide several opportunities for cross-correlation science, especially in the northern hemisphere.

Constant-roll inflation with a complex scalar field

We consider inflation with a constant rate of rolling in which a complex scalar field plays the role of inflaton during the inflationary epoch. We implement the inflationary analysis for an accredited angular speed θ̇ which satisfies our dynamical equations. Scalar and tensorial perturbations generated in the framework of constant roll inflation with a complex field are studied. In this respect, we find analytically solutions to the gauge invariant fluctuations, with which an expression for the scalar power spectrum together with its scalar index spectral in this scenario were found. By comparing the obtained results with the observations coming from the cosmic microwave background anisotropies, the constraints on the parameters space of the model and also its predictions are analyzed and discussed.

Lensing convergence and anisotropic dark energy in galaxy redshift surveys

Analyses of upcoming galaxy surveys will require careful modelling of relevant observables such as the power spectrum of galaxy counts in harmonic space Cℓ(z,z′). We investigate the impact of disregarding relevant relativistic effects by considering a model of dark energy including constant sound speed ceff2, constant equation of state w, and anisotropic stress sourced by matter perturbations π. Cosmological constraints were computed using cosmic microwave background anisotropies, baryon acoustic oscillations, supernovae type Ia, and redshift space distortions. Our results are consistent with w=−1, ceff2=1, and π=0. Then, a forecast for the performance of an Euclid-like galaxy survey was carried out also adding information from other probes. Here we show that, regardless of the galaxy survey configuration, neglecting the effect of lensing convergence will lead to substantial shifts in the galaxy bias b0 and the neutrino mass ∑mν. Shifts in the dark energy sound speed and anisotropic stress also appear, but they depend on the survey configuration and hence lack robustness. While neglecting lensing convergence also leads to a Hubble constant H0 moving downwards, the significance of the shift is not big enough to play a relevant part in the current H0 tension.

Testing CCC+TL Cosmology with Observed Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Features

The primary purpose of this paper is to see how well a recently proposed new model fits (a) the position of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) features observed in the large-scale distribution of galaxies and (b) the angular size measured for the sound horizon due to BAO imprinted in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy. The new model is a hybrid model that combines the tired light (TL) theory with a variant of the ΛCDM model in which the cosmological constant is replaced with a covarying coupling constants’ (CCC) parameter α. This model, dubbed the CCC+TL model, can fit the Type Ia supernovae Pantheon+ data as accurately as the ΛCDM model, and also fit the angular size of cosmic dawn galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope, which is in tension with the ΛCDM model. The results we obtained are 151.0 (±5.1) Mpc for the absolute BAO scale at the current epoch, and the angular size of the sound horizon θ sh = 0.°60, matching Planck’s observations at the surface of the last scattering when the baryon density is set to 100% of the matter density and ∣α∣ is increased by 5.6%. It remains to be seen if the new model is consistent with the CMB power spectrum, the Big Bang nucleosynthesis of light elements, and other critical observations.

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 Gravitational Lensing Map and Cosmological Parameters

We present cosmological constraints from a gravitational lensing mass map covering 9400 deg2 reconstructed from measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) made by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) from 2017 to 2021. In combination with measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations and big bang nucleosynthesis, we obtain the clustering amplitude σ 8 = 0.819 ± 0.015 at 1.8% precision, S8≡σ8(Ωm/0.3)0.5=0.840±0.028 , and the Hubble constant H 0 = (68.3 ± 1.1) km s−1 Mpc−1 at 1.6% precision. A joint constraint with Planck CMB lensing yields σ 8 = 0.812 ± 0.013, S8≡σ8(Ωm/0.3)0.5=0.831±0.023 , and H 0 = (68.1 ± 1.0) km s−1 Mpc−1. These measurements agree with ΛCDM extrapolations from the CMB anisotropies measured by Planck. We revisit constraints from the KiDS, DES, and HSC galaxy surveys with a uniform set of assumptions and find that S 8 from all three are lower than that from ACT+Planck lensing by levels ranging from 1.7σ to 2.1σ. This motivates further measurements and comparison, not just between the CMB anisotropies and galaxy lensing but also between CMB lensing probing z ∼ 0.5–5 on mostly linear scales and galaxy lensing at z ∼ 0.5 on smaller scales. We combine with CMB anisotropies to constrain extensions of ΛCDM, limiting neutrino masses to ∑m ν < 0.13 eV (95% c.l.), for example. We describe the mass map and related data products that will enable a wide array of cross-correlation science. Our results provide independent confirmation that the universe is spatially flat, conforms with general relativity, and is described remarkably well by the ΛCDM model, while paving a promising path for neutrino physics with lensing from upcoming ground-based CMB surveys.

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Measurement of the DR6 CMB Lensing Power Spectrum and Its Implications for Structure Growth

We present new measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing over 9400 deg2 of the sky. These lensing measurements are derived from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) CMB data set, which consists of five seasons of ACT CMB temperature and polarization observations. We determine the amplitude of the CMB lensing power spectrum at 2.3% precision (43σ significance) using a novel pipeline that minimizes sensitivity to foregrounds and to noise properties. To ensure that our results are robust, we analyze an extensive set of null tests, consistency tests, and systematic error estimates and employ a blinded analysis framework. Our CMB lensing power spectrum measurement provides constraints on the amplitude of cosmic structure that do not depend on Planck or galaxy survey data, thus giving independent information about large-scale structure growth and potential tensions in structure measurements. The baseline spectrum is well fit by a lensing amplitude of A lens = 1.013 ± 0.023 relative to the Planck 2018 CMB power spectra best-fit ΛCDM model and A lens = 1.005 ± 0.023 relative to the ACT DR4 + WMAP best-fit model. From our lensing power spectrum measurement, we derive constraints on the parameter combination S8CMBL≡σ8Ωm/0.30.25 of S8CMBL=0.818±0.022 from ACT DR6 CMB lensing alone and S8CMBL=0.813±0.018 when combining ACT DR6 and Planck NPIPE CMB lensing power spectra. These results are in excellent agreement with ΛCDM model constraints from Planck or ACT DR4 + WMAP CMB power spectrum measurements. Our lensing measurements from redshifts z ∼ 0.5–5 are thus fully consistent with ΛCDM structure growth predictions based on CMB anisotropies probing primarily z ∼ 1100. We find no evidence for a suppression of the amplitude of cosmic structure at low redshifts.

A new precise determination of the primordial abundance of deuterium: measurement in the metal-poor sub-DLA system at z = 3.42 towards quasar J 1332+0052

ABSTRACT The theory of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, coupled with an estimate of the primordial deuterium abundance (D/H)pr, offers insights into the baryon density of the Universe. Independently, the baryon density can be constrained during a different cosmological era through the analysis of cosmic microwave background anisotropy. The comparison of these estimates serves as a rigorous test for the self-consistency of the standard cosmological model and stands as a potent tool in the quest for new physics beyond the standard model of particle physics. For a meaningful comparison, a clear understanding of the various systematic errors affecting deuterium measurements is crucial. Given the limited number of D/H measurements, each new estimate carries significant weight. This study presents the detection of D i absorption lines in a metal-poor sub-Damped Lyman-α system ($\rm [O/H]=-1.71\pm 0.02$, log N(H i) = 19.304 ± 0.004) at zabs = 3.42 towards the quasar SDSS J133254.51+005250.6. Through simultaneous fitting of H i and D i Lyman-series lines, as well as low-ionization metal lines, observed at high spectral resolution and high signal-to-noise using VLT/UVES and Keck/HIRES, we derive log (D i/H i) = −4.622 ± 0.014, accounting for statistical and systematic uncertainties of 0.008dex and 0.012 dex, respectively. Thanks to negligible ionization corrections and minimal deuterium astration at low metallicity, this D/H ratio provides a robust measurement of the primordial deuterium abundance, consistent and competitive with previous works. Incorporating all prior measurements, the best estimate of the primordial deuterium abundance is constrained as: (D/H)pr = (2.533 ± 0.024) × 10−5. This represents a 5 per cent improvement in precision over previous studies and reveals a moderate tension with the expectation from the standard model (≈2.2σ). This discrepancy underscores the importance of further measurements in the pursuit of new physics.

Patchy screening of the CMB from dark photons

We study anisotropic (patchy) screening induced by the resonant conversion of cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons into dark-sector massive vector bosons (dark photons) as they cross non-linear large scale structure (LSS). Resonant conversion takes place through the kinetic mixing of the photon with the dark photon, one of the simplest low energy extensions to the Standard Model. In the early Universe, resonant conversion can occur when the photon plasma mass, obtained as the photon propagates through the ionized interstellar and intergalactic media, matches the dark photon mass. After the epoch of reionization, resonant conversion occurs mainly in the ionized gas that occupies virialized dark matter halos, for a range of dark photon masses between 10-13 eV ≲ m A' ≲ 10-11 eV. This leads to new CMB anisotropies that are correlated with LSS, which we refer to as patchy dark screening, in analogy with anisotropies from Thomson screening. Its unique frequency dependence allows it to be distinguished from the blackbody CMB. In this paper, we use a halo model approach to predict the imprint of dark screening on the CMB temperature and polarization anisotropies, as well as their correlation with LSS. We then examine the two- and three-point correlation functions of the dark-screened CMB, as well as correlation functions between CMB and LSS observables, to project the sensitivity of future measurements to the kinetic mixing parameter and dark photon mass. We demonstrate that an analysis with existing CMB data can improve upon current constraints on the kinetic mixing parameter by two orders of magnitude with the two-point correlation functions, while data from upcoming CMB experiments and LSS surveys can further improve the reach by another order of magnitude with two- and three-point correlation functions.

Minkowski Functionals in 𝖲𝖮(3) for the spin-2 CMB polarisation field

The study of the angular power spectrum of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies, both in intensity and in polarisation, has led to the tightest constraints on cosmological parameters. However, this statistical quantity is not sensitive to any deviation from Gaussianity and statistical isotropy in the CMB data. Minkowski Functionals (MFs) have been adopted as one of the most powerful statistical tools to study such deviations, since they characterise the topology and geometry of the field of interest. In this paper, we extend the application of MFs to CMB polarisation data by introducing a new formalism, where we lift the spin 2 polarisation field to a scalar function in a higher-dimensional manifold: the group of rotations of the sphere, SO(3). Such a function is defined as f = Q cos(2ζ) - U sin(2ζ). We analytically obtain the expected values for the MFs of f in the case of Gaussian isotropic polarisation maps. Furthermore, we present a new pipeline which estimates these MFs from input HEALPix polarisation maps. We apply it to CMB simulations in order to validate the theoretical results and the methodology. The pipeline is to be included in the publicly available Python package Pynkowski .

Deep Photometry of Suspected Gravitational Lensing Events: Potential Detection of a Cosmic String

Cosmic strings (CS) are one-dimensional cosmological-size objects predicted in realistic models of the early Universe. Analysis of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and Planck surveys revealed several CS candidates. One of the candidates, CSc-1, was found to be most reliable because of the statistically significant chains of gravitational lensing (GL) candidates in its field. We observed the brightest of the objects in the CSc-1 field, a galaxy pair SDSSJ110429.61+233150.3. The significant correlation between the spectra of the two components indicates the possible GL nature of the pair. Our simulations of observational data in the CSc-1 field shows that a large number of pairs can be explained by the complex geometry of the CS. Simulations of the SDSSJ110429 galaxy pair has shown that the observed angle between the components of the pair can be explained if the CS is strongly inclined and, possibly, bent in the image plane. In our preliminary data, we also detected the sign of the sharp isophotal edge in one image, which along with CMB and spectral data strongly suggests the possibility of a CS detection.

Cosmological constraints from the tomography of DES-Y3 galaxies with CMB lensing from ACT DR4

We present a measurement of the cross-correlation between the MagLim galaxies selected from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) first three years of observations (Y3) and cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 4 (DR4), reconstructed over ∼ 436 deg2 of the sky. Our galaxy sample, which covers ∼ 4143 deg2, is divided into six redshift bins spanning the redshift range of 0.20<z<1.05. We adopt a blinding procedure until passing all consistency and systematics tests. After imposing scale cuts for the cross-power spectrum measurement, we reject the null hypothesis of no correlation at 9.1σ. We constrain cosmological parameters from a joint analysis of galaxy and CMB lensing-galaxy power spectra considering a flat ΛCDM model, marginalized over 23 astrophysical and systematic nuisance parameters. We find the clustering amplitude S 8 ≡ σ 8(Ω m /0.3)0.5 = 0.75+0.04 -0.05. In addition, we constrain the linear growth of cosmic structure as a function of redshift. Our results are consistent with recent DES Y3 analyses and suggest a preference for a lower S 8 compared to results from measurements of CMB anisotropies by the Planck satellite, although at a mild level (< 2σ) of statistical significance.

Non-minimal unimodular inflation

We study an extension of the unimodular cosmological inflation in the context of the non-minimal coupling of a generic scalar field with gravitational sector. We consider the non-minimal coupling of the scalar field and gravity as the only source of energy–momentum tensor in this setup. Without introducing new particles other than those already existing in electroweak theory, the generic scalar field’s non-minimal coupling is responsible for the generation of the seeds of perturbations for structure formation and the observed Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies in this scenario. We calculate inflation parameters in both the Jordan and Einstein frames, and then we study primordial spectral indices for slow-roll parameters in Einstein’s frame at the first and second orders. The numerical results of this model are consistent with the Planck2018 and BICEP/Keck joint data sets in some subspaces of the model parameters space. By considering a sufficient amount of inflation, we estimate the strength of the non-minimal coupling parameter, ξ, to find appropriate new constraints on the values of this parameter. By comparing the numerical values of the inflation observables in two frames and also with observation, we comment on the issue of frames in this framework.

Tracking the multifield dynamics with cosmological data: a Monte Carlo approach

We introduce a numerical method specifically designed for investigating generic multifield models of inflation where a number of scalar fields ϕ K are minimally coupled to gravity and live in a field space with a non-trivial metric 𝒢> IJ (ϕ K ). Our algorithm consists of three main parts. Firstly, we solve the field equations through the entire inflationary period, deriving predictions for observable quantities such as the spectrum of scalar perturbations, primordial gravitational waves, and isocurvature modes. We also incorporate the transfer matrix formalism to track the behavior of adiabatic and isocurvature modes on super-horizon scales and the transfer of entropy to scalar modes after the horizon crossing. Secondly, we interface our algorithm with Boltzmann integrator codes to compute the subsequent full cosmology, including the cosmic microwave background anisotropies and polarization angular power spectra. Finally, we develop a novel sampling algorithm able to efficiently explore a large volume of the parameter space and identify a sub-region where theoretical predictions agree with observations. In this way, sampling over the initial conditions of the fields and the free parameters of the models, we enable Monte Carlo analysis of multifield scenarios. We test all the features of our approach by analyzing a specific model and deriving constraints on its free parameters. Our methodology provides a robust framework for studying multifield inflation, opening new avenues for future research in the field.

Disentangling patchy reionization signatures from primordial gravitational waves using CMB E-mode and B-mode polarization

ABSTRACT The detection of large angular scale B mode in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization signal will open a direct window into not only the primary CMB anisotropies caused by the primordial gravitational waves (PGW) originating in the epoch of inflation, but also the secondary anisotropies imprinted during the epoch of cosmic reionization. The existence of patchiness in the electron density during reionization produces a unique distortion in the CMB B-mode polarization, which can be distinguished from the PGW signal with the aid of spatial frequency modes. In this work, we employ an EB estimator by combining E-mode and B-mode polarization for the τ power spectrum signal generated in a photon-conserving seminumerical reionization model called SCRIPT. We developed a Bayesian framework for the joint detection of the PGW and reionization signal from CMB observations and show the efficacy of this technique for upcoming CMB experiments. We find that, for our model, the τ power spectrum signal effectively tracks the inhomogeneous electron density field, allowing for robust constraints on the patchy B-mode signal. Further, our results indicate that employing the EB estimator for the τ signal will facilitate ground-based CMB-S4 to detect the patchy B-mode signal at approximately ≥2σ confidence level, while observations with space-based PICO will improve this detection to ≥3σ going as high as ≥7σ for extreme reionization models. These findings not only highlight the future potential of these experiments to provide an improved picture of the reionization process but also have important implications towards an unbiased measurement of r.

Minkowski functionals of CMB polarization intensity with pynkowski: theory and application to Planck and future data

ABSTRACT The angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies is a key tool to study the Universe. However, it is blind to the presence of non-Gaussianities and deviations from statistical isotropy, which can be detected with other statistics such as Minkowski functionals (MFs). These tools have been applied to CMB temperature and E-mode anisotropies with no detection of deviations from Gaussianity and isotropy. In this work, we extend the MF formalism to the CMB polarization intensity, P2 = Q2 + U2. We use the Gaussian kinematic formula to derive the theoretical predictions of MFs for Gaussian isotropic fields. We develop a software that computes MFs on P2healpix maps and apply it to simulations to verify the robustness of both theory and methodology. We then estimate MFs of P2 maps from Planck, both in pixel space and needlet domain, comparing them with realistic simulations that include CMB and instrumental noise residuals. We find no significant deviations from Gaussianity or isotropy in Planck CMB polarization intensity. However, MFs could play an important role in the analysis of CMB polarization measurements from upcoming experiments with improved sensitivity. Therefore, we forecast the ability of MFs applied to P2 maps to detect much fainter non-Gaussian anisotropic signals than with Planck data for two future complementary experiments: the LiteBIRD satellite and the ground-based Simons Observatory. We publicly release the software to compute MFs in arbitrary scalar healpix maps as a fully documented python package called pynkowski.

GW_CLASS: Cosmological Gravitational Wave Background in the cosmic linear anisotropy solving system

The anisotropies of the Cosmological Gravitational Wave Background (CGWB) retain information about the primordial mechanisms that source the gravitational waves and about the geometry and the particle content of the universe at early times. In this work, we discuss in detail the computation of the angular power spectra of CGWB anisotropies and of their cross correlation with Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies, assuming different processes for the generation of these primordial signals. We present an efficient implementation of our results in a modified version of CLASS which will be publicly available. By combining our new code GW_CLASS with MontePython, we forecast the combined sensitivity of future gravitational wave interferometers and CMB experiments to the cosmological parameters that characterize the cosmological gravitational wave background.