Anionic Water-soluble Polymers Research Articles

New ternary water-soluble support from self-assembly of β-cyclodextrin-ionic liquid and an anionic polymer for a dialysis device.

We developed a new hybrid material resulting from an innovative supramolecular tripartite association between an ionic liquid covalently immobilized on primary β-cyclodextrins rim and an anionic water-soluble polymer. Two hydrophilic ternary complexes based on native and permethylated β-cyclodextrins substituted with an ionic liquid and immobilized on poly(styrene sulfonate) (CD-IL+PSS- and CD(OMe)IL+PSS-) were obtained by simple dialysis with a cyclodextrin maximal grafting rate of 25% and 20% on the polymer, respectively. These polyelectrolytes are based on electrostatic interactions between the opposite charges of the imidazolium cation of the ionic liquid and the poly(styrene sulfonate) anion. The inclusion properties of the free cavities of the cyclodextrins and the synergic effect of the polymeric matrix were studied with three reference guests such as phenolphthalein, p-nitrophenol, and 2-anilinonaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid using UV-visible, fluorescent, and NMR spectroscopies. The support has been applied successfully in dialysis device to extract and concentrated aromatic model molecule. This simple and flexible synthetic strategy opens the way to new hybrid materials useful for fast and low-cost ecofriendly extraction techniques relevant for green analytical chemistry.

Evaluation of adhesion properties of blends of cottonseed protein and anionic water-soluble polymers

There is increasing interest in agro-based, biodegradable and eco-friendly wood adhesives as partial replacements for petroleum-based adhesives. In this work, we studied the adhesion of cottonseed protein isolate (CPI) blended with several anionic water-soluble polymers. Anionic vinyl polymers studied included poly(acrylate), poly(acrylate-co-acrylamide), poly(vinyl sulfate), poly(vinyl sulfonate), and poly(vinyl phosphonate). Anionic polysaccharides studied included three types of carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), low-methoxy pectin, alginate, and chondroitin sulfate. In general, the adhesive strength of CPI increased with the addition of anionic polymer up to a certain level and then decreased with further polymer addition. Different anionic polymers showed different enhancements. The best result for vinyl polymers was observed for the CPI/poly(vinyl sulfate) blend, which exhibited a 30% improved dry strength over CPI alone. The best results for the polysaccharides were obtained for the CPI/CMC and CPI/pectin blends, with improvements in dry adhesive strength over the CPI control of 66% and 50%, respectively. The CPI/CMC and CPI/pectin blends also showed improved hot water resistance. These findings suggest that the CPI/anionic polymer blends might be useful components in biobased wood adhesive formulations.

Novel poly(amide-azomethine) nanocomposites reinforced with polyacrylic acid- co -2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid modified LDH: Synthesis and properties

Abstract A novel functional polyamide containing azo, azomethine groups and pyridine ring was synthesized using a novel azomethine based dicarboxylic acid by direct polycondensation reaction. Polyacrylic acid-co-poly-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (PAA-co-PAMPS) as anionic water-soluble polymer was synthesized and used for preparation of modified Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (MLDH) by one-step co-precipitation method. MLDH was used for preparation of new poly(amide-azomethine) (PA) nanocomposites (PANC). The X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that the LDH nano-sheets were uniformly distributed in the PA matrix. The UV–Vis spectra of all PANC exhibited reduction in intensities with MLDH loading. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results exhibited that the temperature at 5% mass loss (T5) increased from 283 °C to 315 °C for PANC containing 8 mass% of MLDH, as well as 7 mass% enhancement of char residue compared to the neat PA. Also, PA and PANC were studied as reactive adsorbent for the removal of lead ions and the results showed high removal efficiency.

Experimental study of drag reduction of polymer-polymer mixtures in horizontal dispersed oil-water flow

An experimental investigation of the effect of various mixtures of different polymers on drag reduction was studied in a dispersed horizontal oil-water flow. The study was carried out in a horizontal pipe flow loop system of 30.6-mm ID and 24m length. All the polymers are anionic water-soluble polymers prepared in 1000ppm master solution and injected at different flow rates to achieve polymer concentrations in the range of 5 to 30ppm in the water phase. As expected, the percentage drag reductions of the individual polymers and of the binary polymer mixtures increased with the increase in the mixture velocity but decreased with the increase in the oil fraction. It has been found that the drag reduction of the mixed polymer solution is higher than the drag reduction of the lower molecular weight polymer. In most of the cases, the drag reduction of the binary mixtures shows a positive deviation from the additive straight lines. The positive deviation is more dominant for the mixture of the high and low molecular weight polymers than the mixture of the high and medium molecular weight polymers. Also, the drag reductions of the mixture of the high and low molecular weight polymers are higher than the drag reductions of the mixture of the high and medium molecular weight polymers. Finally, although positive deviation was observed in this study, no synergism was obtained for all the investigated polymer-polymer mixtures conditions.

Preparation of highly concentrated inverse emulsions of acrylamide‐based anionic copolymers as efficient water rheological modifiers

ABSTRACTHighly concentrated inverse anionic polymeric emulsions (with a solid content of up to 63 wt %) were prepared using a two‐step methodology: (i) First, acrylamide, acrylic acid, and its ammonium salts crosslinked copolymers were obtained by inverse emulsion polymerization, (ii) The water/volatile oil mixture was then separated from the heterogeneous system by vacuum distillation. To maintain sufficient stability during the reaction and distillation processes, a ternary surfactant mixture was used. A surface response methodology was employed to obtain the optimal values of the factors involved in both process and product specifications, and to maximize the high performance of these inverse anionic polymer emulsions. This yielded a product containing up to 63.2 wt % solids capable of achieving Brookfield viscosities as high as 40.3 Pa·s, using an aliquote of these concentrated inverse polymer emulsions (1.8 wt % in deionized water). Rheological characterization (oscillatory and rotational measurements) was carried out to evaluate the behavior of the diluted inverse anionic polymer emulsion in water thickening. The methodology developed can be used to formulate a wide range of viscoelastic (G″/G′) water‐based products from anionic water soluble polymers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43502.

Scalable preparation of monodisperse micron-sized carbon microspheres and their application in anion-exchange chromatography

Polyacrylic acid sodium (PAAS), which is an anionic water-soluble polymer, is widely utilized as a thickener in the food industry and flocculant in water treatment owing to its high anion density, low cost and nontoxicity.

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ АРОМАТНОЙ ОТДЕЛКИ ТЕКСТИЛЬНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

The review of scientific literature characterising basic directions of modern researches on the creation of textile materials with function of prolonged aromatization is presented. The mechanism of human smells recognition and influence of essential oils and aromatic on a human body is described.Various methods of formation of the microcapsules including flavouring substances are considered including a method of interfacial monomer polymerisation when on border of the water dispersive medium and disperse phase – oils is created by a solid polymer shell forming a spherical microcapsule with a fragrant oils as a core; a complex coacervation technique based on the abilities of cationic and anionic water-soluble polymers to interact with water, forming a polymer-rich phase; self-organising of supramolecular host-guest assemblies comprising guest molecule without strong chemical bonds formation; microemulsion or dispersion of perfume compositions based on organic compounds. Classification of supramolecular assemblies and the structure of host-guest microcapsules where flavoring agent acts as a guest is shown. Due to the absence of strong chemical bonds in this case the effect of mild and prolonged release of aroma are achieved. The modern perfume compositions having a therapeutic effect are described. The ways of fragrant substances immobilization on the textile material surface by means of electrostatic interaction of oppositely charged synthetic polyelectrolytes are reported. Effective ways of developing textile materials with ability to neutralize unpleasant odors and to prevent the life of bacteria based on the fixation on the surface of preliminary activated by deodorizing preparation fibrous materials are given.The publications devoted to themethods of unpleasant smells elimination using sorbents and bacteria with the subsequent action on the human olfactory receptors of such substances as menthol, camphor, methyl lactate and other esters are analysed.

Sensitive detection of acid phosphatase enzyme and screening of inhibitors using an anionic polyfluorene derivative

An assay method, that includes a ferric iron bound to a novel anionic water soluble polymer (P1), is developed, for the continuous and real time fluorescent amplification detection of acid phosphatase (ACP) enzyme activity under acidic conditions in nanomolar quantities. The ferric iron bound P1 offers a sensitive and rapid turn on assay for inorganic phosphate (Pi) selectively. The most frequently used phosphatase substrate p-nitro phenyl phosphate (p-NPP), which was inactive towards the dequenching of P1–Fe3+ fluorescence, has been utilized in the study as a model compound for the enzymatic hydrolysis and a very small concentration of enzyme in nanomolar regime was sufficient to generate a significant fluorometric change during enzymatic hydrolysis. Kinetic parameters were derived by observing the fluorometric changes of P1 during enzymatic hydrolysis providing vital information on the changes observed in the enzyme kinetics in a competitive environment. Additionally, this assay also offers high throughput screening of ACP inhibitors that may render the usefulness of this method in drug discovery.

A fluorescence turn on trypsin assay based on aqueous polyfluorene.

A new method based on the electrostatic interaction of a novel anionic water soluble polymer P1 with a positively charged polypeptide Arg6 was developed for a continuous and real time turn on assay for the enzymatic activity of trypsin under alkaline conditions with a limit of detection of 0.17 nM. This method was also able to screen the inhibitors of trypsin. P1 fluorescence intensity was significantly decreased by the positively charged Arg6 due to the electrostatic interaction, whereas the enzymatic action recovered P1 fluorescence due to the fragmentation of Arg6 into small positively charged fragments and these were unable to quench the P1 fluorescence. Therefore, by triggering the fluorescence intensity change, it was possible to assay the enzymatic activity. Use of water soluble conjugated polymer P1 and no labeling on the substrate enhances the utility of this method significantly.

Investigation of key influence parameters for synthesis of submicron carboxymethylcellulose particles via rapid expansion of supercritical CO2 solution by Taguchi method

The viscosity of suspensions depends strongly on the properties of the applied particles like particle size, particle size distribution, and solid load and especially on the specific surface area. Carboxymethelcellulose is an anionic water soluble polymer. CMC HV is a high viscosity carboxymethylcellulose which is used as a viscosifier and fluid loss reducing agent in different types of water based drilling fluids. The micronization of carboxymethylcellulose using the rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process was investigated in this study. The effects of the operation parameters for the RESS process were discussed by design of experiment (DOE) for the extraction temperature (35–55°C), extraction pressure (150–200bar), nozzle diameter (500–1200μm), spraying distance (1–5cm) and cosolvent (deionized water, isopropanol). Results from analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that extraction pressure and cosolvent were the most significant factors, and using deionized water favored the production of smaller particles as cosolvent. The CMC particles were micronized from the original average size of 15μm to the smallest average size of 0.14μm through the RESS process in this study. The optimal operation condition for preparing CMC micro-particles in the range of this work is: the pressure of 200bar, the temperature of 55°C, with 500μm nozzle and 1cm spraying distance in the presence of deionized water as cosolvent. Smaller particles were produced with increasing extraction pressure and temperature. In addition, the smaller the nozzle diameter, the smaller the particles and the narrower the PSD obtained.

Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes of Anionic Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers and Proteins as Platforms for Multicolor Protein Sensing and Quantification

A simple method for protein detection and quantification has been developed by taking advantage of the aggregation-induced fluorescence change of anionic water-soluble conjugated polymers. These polymers contain charged carboxylate groups and a π-electron delocalized optically active backbone composed of fluorene segments and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BT) units. The polymers were synthesized through the Suzuki coupling between 2,7-[bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9,9-bis(3-(tert-butyl propanoate))]fluorene, 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis(3′-(tert-butylpropanoate))fluorene, and 4,7-dibromo-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, which was followed by treatment in trifluoroacetic acid to afford the functional carboxylic acid groups. P1-BTx and P2-BTx refer to the neutral precursor polymers and the anionic water-soluble polymers, respectively. The subscript in P1-BTx and P2-BTx (x = 7.5, 15, 30) refers to the molar percentage of BT units in the polymer backbone, which is 7.5%, 15%, and 30%, respectively. Both the optica...

Novel cell sheet carriers using polyion complex gel modified membranes for tissue engineering technology for cell sheet manipulation and transplantation

A novel hydrogel membrane composed of polyion complex gels was developed to transfer cultured cell sheets from thermoresponsive cell culture dishes. Polyion complexes have been prepared by mixing poly( N, N-dimethylacrylamide- co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) (P(DMAAm- co-AMPS)) as anionic water-soluble polymers and poly( N, N-dimethylacrylamide- co-2-acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride) (P(DMAAm- co-AETA-Cl)) as cationic water-soluble polymers. Various polyion complexes have been prepared by changing the composition of two polyelectrolytes. Through a set of Teflon ® ring device, polyion complexes have been modified on porous membranes by electron beams irradiated cross-linking and covalent grafting technique. NIH/3T3 mouse cells as demo cells have been cultured to prepare cell sheets. This cell sheets could be recovered by using the resulting polyion complex gels as cell sheet carriers from temperature-responsive cell culture surfaces and be transferred to new collagen-coated tissue culture polystyrene dishes. This new technique has potential applications not only for transplantation but for creation of three dimensional layered cell sheet tissues.

Retention of transforming growth factor β1 using functionalized dextran-based hydrogels

Functionalized dextrans (FD) are anionic water-soluble polymers bearing carboxylate, benzylamide and sulfate groups, which exhibit binding capacity to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). In this paper, we have investigated the ability of dextran-based hydrogels containing FD, to bind and release recombinant human TGF-β1. Hydrogels were prepared by chemical crosslink native dextran and FD with sodium trimetaphosphate in 1m NaOH at 50°C. A wide range of hydrogels were prepared as particles ranging of 1–1.6mm of diameter and characterized with various amounts of FD and with different crosslinker feeding ratios (CFR). Dried particles were soaked with recombinant human transforming growth factor-β1 (rhTGF-β1) to determine their capacity to deliver the growth factor. Results indicated that the in vitro kinetics releases of rhTGF-β1 were related to FD and CFR. Retention capacity of rhTGF-β1 increases with an increase of negative charges of the matrices brought by both phosphate linkages and FD as demonstrated by an additional release of growth factor in high ionic strength solution. Highly crosslinked hydrogels that contained the highest amount of FD (18% (w/w)) retained up to 88% of rhTGF-β1. Bioactivity of released growth factor was confirmed in a cell assay. These functionalized hydrogels may have important uses for the stabilization and the protection of rhTGF-β1 as entrapment systems and could be applied to other proteins of clinical interest.

Studies on the Water-Soluble Polymers VII

The application of polyethyleneimine to paper making was studied in succession to the previous work.Polyethyleneimine was found to be combined with anionic water-soluble polymer such as sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose and starch derivatives in aqueous solution to give a high molecular complex compound. The complex compound indicated the properties of cationic polyelectrolyte as a whole in many cases, because the cationic properties of polyethyleneimine are stronger than the anionic properties of above-mentioned polymers. The cationic complex polyelectrolyte was readily adsorbed at pulp fibers, for the fibers are slightly acidic in water. The adsorption was sufficiently effective in not only acidic but neutral and alkaline media.In paper making, the complex compound was found to be useful for fixing of strengthening agents of paper on pulp fibers in the presence or absence of aluminium sulfate, and gave a excellent dry and wet strength to the paper.Polyethyleneimine was also found to be useful for fixing of sizing agent on pulp fibers. It is especially effective interesting that it was effective to the sizing of paper of chemical fibers.Polyethyleneimine was able to be applied to the complete fixing of all kinds of sizing agent on paper.Sizing agent made of petroleum resin had been known to have a defect in comparatively easy blurring of ink in spite of its good Stockigt's sizing effect on paper. The defect was removed by using the fixing action of polyethyleneimine.