Anionic Agents Research Articles

Using polyvinyl alcohol-ionic hydrogels containing a wound healing agent to manage wounds in different environments.

To explore the effects of pH on properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-ionic hydrogels containing wound healing promoters. PVA was combined with a natural wound healing promoter (silk sericin (SS)), and an anionic agent (eosin (ES)) or cationic agent (methylene blue (MB)), and made into hydrogels. Properties of the hydrogels and behaviour at different pHs were investigated. The density and gel fraction of PVA/SS-ES hydrogel and PVA/SS-MB hydrogel were considerably lower compared with hydrogel without SS. The swelling ratio and degradation of the hydrogels increased with increasing SS concentration in all pH solutions. The influence of SS in interrupting long-chain PVA molecules was confirmed based on changes in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The SS released from the gels was found to interact with the ionic agent and influenced the release profile of the ionic agent. Surprisingly, the anionic agent in PVA/SS-ES hydrogel showed 70% release in high pH solution whereas the cationic agent in PVA/SS-MB hydrogel showed 86% release in low pH solution. Moreover, the active agent could accumulate on the skin layer and had a positive effect on a specific wound area. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is suggested to use anionic hydrogels containing wound healing promoter for wounds at high pH and cationic hydrogels containing wound healing promoter for wounds with low pH. Ability to improve wound healing using a natural healing agent combined with ionic agents and controlling the pH of hydrogels will help in developing quick and low-cost treatment for wounds.

Preparation and performance of a chelating anionic foaming agent

In this article, a chelating anionic foaming agent(SDPN) was prepared by the aminolysis reaction of sodium fatty acid methyl ester sulfonate and N, N'-Dimethyl-1,3-propyldiamine. The prepared SDPN was structurally characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR, which proved the successful preparation of the product. The critical micelle concentration of SDPN was 2.3 × 10−3mol/L and the surface tension was 30.15 mN/m. The effects of temperature, salinity, pH, etc. on the foam height and liquid carrying capacity of SDPN were studied. The results showed that the initial, 3 min and 5 min foam heights and liquid carrying capacity were used as indicators, and the foam height and liquid carrying capacity could reach 155 mm and 140 mL at a temperature of 90 °C, 200000 mg/L of sodium chloride, and 4000 mg/L of calcium chloride at a mass concentration of 0.5% SDPN. Comparing SDPN with some commonly used anionic foaming agents under the same conditions, it is concluded that SDPN is good in both foaming performance and liquid carrying performance. Finally, the effect of different concentrations and mineralization degrees on the microscopic morphology of the foam was observed by polarized light microscopy, and it was concluded that the diameter of the foam varied less and was evenly distributed and stable when the SDPN was added at a mass concentration of 0.5% and mineralization degree of 204000 mg/L.

Recovery of Water from Textile Dyeing Using Membrane Filtration Processes

The aim of the work was to purify model textile wastewater (MTW) using a two-stage membrane filtration process comprising nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO). For this purpose, a nanofiltration membrane TFC-SR3 (KOCH) and reverse osmosis membrane AG (GE Osmonics) were used. Each model wastewater contained a selected surfactant. The greatest decrease in flux in the initial phase of the process occurred for the detergents based on fatty-acid condensation products. An evident decrease in performance was observed with polysiloxane-based surfactants. No fouling effect and high flux values were observed for the wastewater containing a nonionic surfactant based on fatty alcohol ethoxylates. During RO, a significantly higher flux and lower resistance were observed for the feed that originally contained the anionic agent. For the MTW containing the nonionic surfactant, the conductivity reduction ranged from 84% to 92% depending on the concentrate ratio at the consecutive stages of RO. After treatment, the purified wastewater was reused in the process of dyeing cellulose fibers with reactive dyes. The research confirmed that textiles dyed with the use of RO filtrates did not differ in quality of dyeing from those dyed in pure deionized water.

Synthesis and Characterization of Lipophilic Salts of Metformin to Improve Its Repurposing for Cancer Therapy.

Epidemiological evidence has accentuated the repurposing of metformin hydrochloride for cancer treatment. However, the extreme hydrophilicity and poor permeability of metformin hydrochloride are responsible for its poor anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of several lipophilic metformin salts containing bulky anionic permeation enhancers such as caprate, laurate, oleate, cholate, and docusate as counterions. Of various counterions tested, only docusate was able to significantly improve the lipophilicity and lipid solubility of metformin. To evaluate the impact of the association of anionic permeation enhancers with metformin, we checked the in vitro anticancer activity of various lipophilic salts of metformin using drug-sensitive (MYCN-2) and drug-resistant (SK-N-Be2c) neuroblastoma cells as model cancer cells. Metformin hydrochloride showed a very low potency (IC50 ≈ >100 mM) against MYCN-2 and SK-N-Be2c cells. Anionic permeation enhancers showed a considerably higher activity (IC50 ≈ 125 μM to 1.6 mM) against MYCN-2 and SK-N-Be2c cells than metformin. The association of metformin with most of the bulky anionic agents negatively impacted the anticancer activity against MYCN-2 and SK-N-Be2c cells. However, metformin docusate showed 700- to 4300-fold improvement in anticancer potency compared to metformin hydrochloride and four- to five-fold higher in vitro anticancer activity compared to sodium docusate, indicating a synergistic association between metformin and docusate. A similar trend was observed when we tested the in vitro activity of metformin docusate, sodium docusate, and metformin hydrochloride against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells.

New synthesis of binate herbicide-interleaved anionic clay material: synthesis, characterization and simultaneous controlled-release properties

A new synthesis nanohybrid herbicide compound was successfully synthesized by the simultaneous insertion of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxybutyrate (TBA) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetates (MCPA) as a binate guest anion into the interlamellar space of the host Zn/Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) using the ion-exchange method. Two different basal spacings of 23.1 A and 23.8 A were detected by the Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) of the nanohybrid accounting for the presence of two distinct intercalated phases. Direct insertion mass spectroscopy (DIMS), Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Sulfur analysis (CHNS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), thermogravimetry analysis-derivative thermogravimetry analysis (TGA-DTG) confirmed that both anions were intercalated to yield a biphasic well-ordered nanohybrid material. The study of the release properties showed that both ions were released, but at different rates, offering the possibility of using this biphasic nanohybrid for the controlled-release of more than one active anionic agent at different controlled rates. The release of MCPA and TBA from the nanohybrid fitted a pseudo-second order model and the material possessed good controlled-release properties. This property demonstrates the potential use of the layered materials as both supply system and reservoirs, particularly when multiple active agents are simultaneously used to shape an organic inorganic host–guest nanohybrid.

Polypyrrole coated tin oxide nanocomposite: an efficient dye adsorbent and microbial disinfectant

The present study was aimed to synthesize polypyrrole coated tin oxide (PPy/SnO2) nanocomposite in order to be effectively used as nanoadsorbent for the removal of Acid Blue 62 anionic dye and antibacterial agent for the disinfection of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The nanoadsorbent was fabricated by the polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of SnO2 nanoparticles and further characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared, x-ray diffraction, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. The adsorption behavior of PPy/SnO2 nanocomposite for the removal of Acid Blue 62 was studied in a batch system with pH of solution, adsorbate–adsorbent contact time, dose of adsorbent, Acid Blue 62 dye concentration, and temperature considered as the main system parameters. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found to have the highest consistency with the equilibrium experimental data rendering maximum adsorption capacity of 75.102 mg g−1. The disk diffusion tests were applied to evaluate the ability of PPy/SnO2 for E. coli and S. aureus eradication; based on the obtained results, it was revealed that PPy/SnO2 provides exceptional disinfection ability for both bacteria, specifically S. aureus (inhibition zone diameter of 21.3 mm).

Evidence of incompatibility for topical anionic agents used in conjunction with chlorhexidine gluconate: A systematic review

<p>Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) is a widely used antiseptic agent for skin and wound disinfection. The cationic properties of CHG may allow its inactivation and precipitation by anionic agents in commonly used topical agents. We conducted a systematic review by searching through PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases and selected original research articles reporting on CHG incompatibility, defined as inactivation or precipitation. The search yielded 22 publications that demonstrated CHG incompatibility via: 1) reduced antibacterial activity (carbomer, acrylates/C10-C30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer, dentin, bovine serum albumin, copolymer M239144, sodium lauryl sulfate, heat-killed microbes, triethanolamine, and bark cork); and 2) visible precipitate formation (sodium hypochlorite, EDTA, saline, ethanol, andnystatin). Only three publications reported on CHG incompatibility in dermatology, specifically for carbomer, triethanolamine, and acrylates/C10-C30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer. Although limited evidence linking CHG incompatibility and anionic agents exists, clinicians should carefully consider the nature of topical agents used if CHG is concurrently applied. Increased awareness of CHG incompatibility may result in better antibacterial activity thus ensuring optimal patient management.</p>

Compatibility of water treatment agents and produced water from oilfield

Aimed at corrosion inhibition and sterilization requirements from conventional produced water (CPW) and polymer-containing produced water (PCPW) in Shengli oilfield, functional agents screening was conducted through agent performance, suspended solids content (SSC), turbidity and filtration time. The interaction between polymer in PCPW and functional agent was discussed based on molecular structure and zeta potential of the functional agents. Results show that SSC of PCPW were significantly increased with addition of diquaternary ammonium salt, polyorganoguanidine and 9-octadecenoic acid imidazoline respectively, while slightly increased with addition of quaternary phosphonate and 9-octadecanoic acid epoxy imidazoline, respectively. Poor water-soluble aggregates were formed between anionic polymer and cationic agent with long chain alkyl groups through electrical attraction coming up with turbidity increased. Retention of aggregates and smaller suspended solid particles on filter membrane generated an increase on SSC, a prolonged filtration time and a darker color of filter membrane. “Deterioration” of water quality will happen with addition of such cationic agents with long chain alkyl groups. For the first time, the influence of polymer on selection of functional agents is figure out, and SSC should be taken into consideration besides functional performance when screening of water treatment agents. Also, the types of functional agents applicable to different produced water are proposed.

阴离子改性抛光剂对磷酸盐激光钕玻璃抛光的影响

阴离子改性抛光剂对磷酸盐激光钕玻璃抛光的影响

SN2 Reactions in Hydrocarbon Solvents Using Ammonium-Terminated Polyisobutylene Oligomers as Phase-Solubilizing Agents and Catalysts.

Although SN2 reactions have been thoroughly studied in polar aprotic and protic solvents, not many studies have been done to study the rate of SN2 reaction in nonpolar solvents like alkanes due to the insolubility of anionic nucleophiles in these solvents. In this study, we investigated the use of N,N-diethyl- N-methylammonium-terminated polyisobutylene oligomers as phase-solubilizing agents for nucleophilic anions that could react with hydrocarbon-soluble substrates in alkanes. The results of these kinetic studies showed alkanes were comparable to MeCN as solvents in many reactions. Based on these studies, we developed a solid/liquid catalytic process using insoluble alkali metal carboxylate salts and a recyclable soluble polyisobutylene-bound catalyst that can be used to carry out SN2 reactions both in heptane and in hydrocarbon oligomeric solvents known as poly(α-olefins) (PAOs).

The Chemistry of Chitin and Chitosan Justifying their Nanomedical Utilities

Chitin and chitosan are among the most commonly used natural polymers in nanomedicine because they display very attractive characteristics for drug delivery and have proven very effective when formulated in nanoparticle forms. Properties such as the cationic character and the solubility of chitosan in aqueous medium have been reported as determinants of the success of this polysaccharide. However, its most attractive property relies on its ability to adhere to mucosal surfaces, leading to prolonged residence time at drug absorption sites and enabling higher drug permeation. This is because chitin and chitosan are able to interact with anionic agents and form water-soluble barriers which participate in drug release. The wide nanomedical applications of chitin and chitosan are due not only to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, ordourless nature and economic efficiency but also due to their distinct chemical structure with high percentage of primary amino groups and acetamido groups in chitosan and chitin respectively, for easy binding to bio-molecules such as DNAs and proteins. This review highlights the properties and modifications of chitin and chitosan which are responsible for the wide range of applications of these materials, particularly in nanomedicine for drug delivery and gene therapy, thereby encouraging more research into the exploration of their properties and modifications for improved applications.

Electrolytes’ influence on foamability and foam stability of cement suspensions

In this work, the foamability and foam stability of two Air-Entraining Agents (AEAs), an anionic and an amphoterous, were evaluated in cement suspensions. The anionic agents are the most used AEAs for cementitious materials, mainly due to their low cost. However, they may displays sensitivity in suspensions with high electrolytes concentration, as when mixed into cements. Amphoterous agents are known to be less sensitive, but their complex synthesis make them more expensive. Foamability and foam stability tests were performed in water and in aqueous suspensions with electrolytes from hydrated Ordinary Cement Portland (OPC) to investigate the air-entraining capacity of these AEAs. The AEAs performance were also tested regarding the addition of the alkali-catch Al-Anodizing Waste (AAW) as an air-entrainment adjuvant into cement suspensions. The AEAs were firstly characterized by FT-IR and surface tension tests. Chemical and physical features of AAW and OPC were determined by XRF, particle size and surface area analyzes. The electrolytes’ influence and chemical interactions between materials were investigated by foaming tests, surface tension analysis, electrical conductivity and atomic absorption. The results demonstrated that the anionic agent is strongly affected mainly by Ca and also by K electrolytes. On the other hand, the amphoterous agents are unaffected. AAW showed high reactivity with electrolytes from hydrated cement and its alkali-catch ability may help sensitives AEAs to improve their air-entraining capacity.

Carrageenan as a dry strength additive for papermaking.

Carrageenans are commercially important sulfated gums found in various species of red seaweeds (Rhodophyta), wherein they serve a structural function similar to that of pectins in land plants. In this study, carrageenan was used independently or in combination with cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) and/or Al2(SO4)3 to explore its application as a dry strength additive in papermaking. Strength index determination, ash content detection, FTIR characterization and SEM observation were performed on prepared handsheets. The results showed that with 0.6% Al2(SO4)3 and 0.2% carrageenan as additives, the tensile index increased by 13.53% and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) retention increased by 57.06%. With 0.6% Al2(SO4)3, 0.2% carrageenan and 0.03% CPAM as additives, PCC retention increased by 121% while the tensile index did not fall compared to handsheets without additives, indicating that carrageenan could enhance the strength of handsheets and be used as an anionic dry strength agent.

A novel method for natural dyeing of cotton fabrics with anthocyanin pigments from Morus rubra fruits

A novel pathway to improve the substantivity of anthocyanin pigments from Morus rubra fruits onto cotton fabrics is proposed by preparing and applying an anionic agent (sodium, 4-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazinylamino)-benzenesulfonate) to fabrics. Successful modification of cotton fabrics with few negative effects was carried out and evidenced by the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, tensile strength and the whiteness index. The optimum amount of anionic agent was identified to be about 70 mg/g under the following conditions: 20% (owf) anionic agents, 1:20 material-to-liquor ratio, 100 g/L sodium sulfate, 30℃ for 60 min and pH 11.0. A temperature of 40℃ and a time of 60 min were found to be the optimal conditions for cotton fabrics dyeing with anthocyanin pigments. Dyed cotton fabrics had a shade of brilliance and saturation red with acceptable fastnesses for potential commercial applications. The influences of pH and temperature on the stabilities of the extracts were also investigated.

Evidence of incompatibility for topical anionic agents used in conjunc-tion with chlorhexidine gluconate: A systematic review

<p>Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) is a widely used antiseptic agent for skin and wound disinfection. The cationic properties of CHG may allow its inactivation and precipitation by anionic agents in commonly used topical agents. We conducted a systematic review by searching through PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases and selected original research articles reporting on CHG incompatibility, defined as inactivation or precipitation. The search yielded 22 publications that demonstrated CHG incompatibility via: 1) reduced antibacterial activity (carbomer, acrylates/C10-C30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer, dentin, bovine serum albumin, copolymer M239144, sodium lauryl sulfate, heat-killed microbes, triethanolamine, and bark cork); and 2) visible precipitate formation (sodium hypochlorite, EDTA, saline, ethanol, andnystatin). Only three publications reported on CHG incompatibility in dermatology, specifically for carbomer, triethanolamine, and acrylates/C10-C30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer. Although limited evidence linking CHG incompatibility and anionic agents exists, clinicians should carefully consider the nature of topical agents used if CHG is concurrently applied. Increased awareness of CHG incompatibility may result in better antibacterial activity thus ensuring optimal patient management.</p>

A systematic, evidence-based review of clinical compatibility for application of products containing topical anionic agents concurrent to chlorhexidine gluconate use on skin

A systematic, evidence-based review of clinical compatibility for application of products containing topical anionic agents concurrent to chlorhexidine gluconate use on skin

Bis(imidazolium) salts derived from amino acids as receptors and transport agents for chloride anions

Binding properties towards different anions and chloride transport activity have been studied using different bis(imidazolium) salts.

Solid-Phase Extractive Preconcentration of Trace Copper as its Calmagite Anionic Chelate using a Polyaniline Column for Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination

A new solid phase extraction method based on the application of polyaniline as the sorbent and calmagite as the anionic chelating agent is reported for selective preconcentration of trace copper, prior to its determination by microsample injection system-flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The parameters that influence the extraction and chelate formation were optimized. The copper was retained on a polyaniline minicolumn at pH 4.0 and eluted with 2.0 mL of 3.0 mol L−1 nitric acid. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection, the relative standard deviation, and the preconcentration factor were 1.98 µg L−1, less than 5.4%, and 50 to 200, respectively. The method was validated through the analysis of certified reference water samples and standard addition measurements. Quantitative recoveries between 93.4% and 103.5% were obtained. The method was successfully applied to the determination of copper in water.

Application of ASTER SWIR data on detection of alteration zone in the Sheikhabad area, eastern Iran

This research was focused on different techniques of remote sensing to identify the external alteration structures at Sheikhabad region, especially mining exploration of hydrothermal alteration of typical structure using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data. We have applied the ASTER data, including three visible and near infrared (VNIR), six shortwave infrared (SWIR), and five thermal infrared (TIR) bands to determine the alteration minerals of Sheikhabad area. Spectral analysis of the surface reflectance SWIR manifests absorption in 2.20 and 2.33 μm wavelength regions. Absorption at 2.20 μm (band 6), due to Al-OH anionic agent is consistent with the presence of clay minerals (illite, kaolinite) and sericite, whereas absorption at 2.33 μm (band 8) due to Mg-OH anionic agent and carbonates is consistent with the occurrence of chlorite, epidote, and calcite minerals. In this research, by using the satellite image processing of ASTER sensor, different methods such as false color composite (FCC), band ratio (BR), and principal component analysis (PCA) as well as the direct data from the Mokhtaran geological map (1:100,000) were applied. The results obtained from ASTER data are compatible with the conclusions inferred from petrology and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies of the surface samples. Based on petrographic studies, these rocks have different compositions and include trachyandesite, andesite, rhyodacite, and porphyric diorite. According to petrology and chemical analysis (XRD) and remote sensing results, six alterations zones consisting of kaolinitization, silicification, alunitization, carbonatization, sericitization, and propylitic are distinguished; thus, it is suggested to explore Cu-Au mineralization.

Effect of the Interfacial Agents with Different Types of Hydrophilic Functional Groups on the Rheological Properties of Coal-Water Slurry

Five interfacial agents with different hydrophilic groups (DBS, SDS, SO, TX, CTAB) are used as model additives to prepare coal-water slurry (CWS). The effects of different interfacial agents on the rheological properties of CWS are systemically investigated, the microscopic aggregation behavior of coal particles in the suspensions and the zeta potentials in coal-water interface are also studied. Based on the interpretation of the results, the rheological behavior of CWS is greatly influenced by the adsorption pattern of the interfacial agents in coal-water interface. The adsorption patterns of anionic interfacial agents on coal surface are mainly influenced by the combining force between the anionic hydrophilic groups with Ca2+, the stronger combining force with Ca2+ leads to the apparent viscosity increase and heavier pseudo-plastic property of CWS. The adsorption pattern of nonionic interfacial agent on coal surface is seldom influenced by the hydrophilic polyoxyethylene chain, and the addition of nonionic interfacial agent reduces the apparent viscosity of CWS. The adsorption pattern of cationic interfacial agent on coal surface is determined by its cationic head, and the addition of cationic interfacial agent increases the apparent viscosity of CWS. The concluded adsorption models of the interfacial agents with different hydrophilic groups can be guidance for the molecular design of high-performance additives of CWS.